AVR Programming in C

Chapter 7

Sepehr Naimi

www.NicerLand.com
 Topics
 Data Types
 Time Delays
 IO Programming in C
 Logic Operation in C
 Data serialization in C
 Languages
 High Level Languages
 Easy to develop and
update
 C Language
 Acceptable performance
High Level Languages
 Easy to develop and (like VB)
update C Language
 Portable
Machine Language
 Low Level Languages
 High performance
 Not portable
 A simple C program
 Write a program that calculate the sum of {1,3,
…,13,15}
 A simple C program
 Write a program that calculate the sum of {1,3,
…,13,15}

int main ()
{
unsigned int sum;

for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2)

sum += i;

while (1);
return 0;
}
 Accessing I/O registers
 Example 1: Write an AVR C program to send
value 0xAA to PORTD.

#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRD = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0xAA;

while (1);
return 0;
}
 Accessing I/O registers
 Example 2: Write an AVR C program to calculate
PINB + PINC and send the result to PORTD.
#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRB = 0x00;
DDRC = 0x00;
DDRD = 0xFF;

while (1)
PORTD = PINB + PINC;
return 0;
}
What is happening in machine language?
int Fibonnaci (int n); int Fibonnaci (int n)
{
int main () int a1 = 1;
{ int a2 = 1;
unsigned int sum = 0; int i;
int temp;
for(int j = 0; j < 11; j++)
{ if(n == 0)
sum += Fibonnaci return 0;
(j); else
} if(n <= 2)
return 1;
while(1); else{
return 0; for(i = 2; i < n; i++)
} {
temp = a2;
a2 = a1 + a2;
a1 = temp;
}
return a2;
}
}
 Data Types
 Use unsigned whenever you can
 unsigned char instead of unsigned int if you can
 Data types (cont.)
 char c; c  long lng; lng

 int a1; a1
 unsigned int a;
a
 Data types (cont.)
 char c; c  long lng; lng

 int a1; a1
 unsigned int a;
a

What is the difference between int and unsigned int?

 int vs. unsigned int

 int a1 = 5;
int a2 = 3;
int a3 = 9;
b = (a1 * a2) + a3;
 int vs. unsigned int

 int a1 = 5;
AVR is an 8-bit. How could we multiply
int a2 = 3; 16-bit numbers?

int a3 = 9;
b = (a1 * a2) + a3;
Multiplications of Big Numbers
23 ab
*49 *cd
27 b*d
18 ad+bc
27
8 ac
 Choosing optimized data type
unsigned int sum; unsigned char sum;

for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2) for (char i = 1; i <= 15; i+=2)
sum += i; sum += i;
 Accessing I/O registers
#include <avr/io.h>

int main ()
{
DDRD = 0xFF;

while(1)
{
for (unsigned char i = 0; i <= 9; i++)
PORTD = i;
}
return 0;
}
 Time Delays in C
 You can use for to make time delay

void delay(void)
{
volatile unsigned int i;
for(i = 0; i < 42150; i++)
{ }
}
 Time Delays in C
 You can use for to make time delay

void delay(void)
{
volatile unsigned int i;
for(i = 0; i < 42150; i++)
{ }
}

If you use for loop

 The clock frequency can change your delay duration !

 The compiler has direct effect on delay duration!

 Time Delays in C
 You can use predefined functions of compilers to make time
delays

In Atmel Studio:

First you should include:

#define F_CPU 8000000UL
#include <util/delay.h>

and then you can use

_delay_us(200); //200 microseconds
_delay_ms(100); //100 milliseconds

 It is compiler dependant
 I/O programming in C
Byte size I/O programming in C

DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0xFF;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 0x55;
_delay_ms(500);
}
 I/O programming in C
Byte size I/O programming in C

DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0xFF;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 0x55;
_delay_ms(500);
}

Different compilers have different syntax for bit

manipulations!
 I/O programming in C
Byte size I/O programming in C

DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0xFF;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 0x55;
_delay_ms(500);
}

Different compilers have different syntax for bit

manipulations!
 I/O programming in C
Byte size I/O programming in C

DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0xFF;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 0x55;
_delay_ms(500);
}

Different compilers have different syntax for bit

manipulations!
It is better to use
Bit-wise logical operators
 Bit-wise logical operators

1110 1111 1110 1111

& 0000 0001 | 0000 0001 ~ 1110 1011
-------------- -------------- --------------
0000 0001 1110 1111 0001 0100
 Shift operations in C
 data >> number of bits to be shifted right
 data << number of bits to be shifted left

1110 0000 >> 3 0000 0001 <<2

-------------- --------------
0001 1100 0000 0100
 Setting a bit in a Byte to 1
 We can use | operator to set a bit of a byte to 1

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

| 0001 0000 OR | 1 << 4
------------- xxx1 ------------- xxx1
xxxx xxxx

PORTB |= (1<<4); //set bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB

 Clearing a bit in a Byte to 0
 We can use | operator to set a bit of a byte to 1

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

& 1110 1111 OR & ~(1 << 4)
------------- xxx0 ------------- xxx0
xxxx xxxx

PORTB &= ~(1<<4); //clear bit 4 (5th bit) of PORTB

 Checking a bit in a Byte
 We can use & operator to see if a bit in a byte is 1 or 0

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

& 0001 0000 OR & (1 << 4)
------------- 000x ------------- 00x0
0000 0000

if( ((PINC & (1<<5)) != 0) //check bit 5 (6th bit)

 Memory Types In AVR
 Flash Memory
 Not deleted when power is off
 Big in size
 Suitable for codes, tables and fixed data
 EEPROM
 Not deleted when power is off
 Not very big in size
 Suitable for small data that may be modified but should not be
lost when power is off

 RAM
 deleted when power is off
 Suitable for storing the data we want to manipulate because we
have fast access to read or modify them.
 Accessing Flash
 #include <avr/pgmspace.h>
 const unsigned char PROGMEM lookup[] ={5,6,7,4};
ourData = pgm_read_byte(&lookup[i]);

#include <avr/pgmspace.h>

const unsigned char PROGMEM lookup[] ={5,6,7,4};

int main(void)
{
unsigned char a;
a = pgm_read_byte(&lookup[i]);

while (1);
}
 Accessing EEPROM

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/eeprom.h>

unsigned char EEMEM myVar; //reserve a location in EEPROM

int main(void)
{
DDRC = 0xFF;

if((PINB&(1<<0)) != 0) //if PB0 is HIGH

eeprom_write_byte(&myVar,'G'); //read from EEPROM
else
PORTC = eeprom_read_byte(&myVar); //write to EEPROM

while (1);
}