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Research 8: Quarter 1
Research
- Prefix re means “re-try or repeat”
- Root word search, which means “to discover or search for”
- is systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may
lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction
and possibly ultimate control of events.

The Nature of Ideas

The difference between Invention and Innovation:
Invention- a creation of a new product; creation of an original idea and its working in theory
Innovation- adding value to something already existing
-A new or improved product or process (or a combination thereof)
Four Main types of Innovation:
1. Organizational Innovation- refers to the development of a new organizational strategy that will
somehow change a company’s business practices, as well as the way its workplace is organized
and its relationship with external stakeholders.
2. Process Innovation- is about implementing a new or improved production or delivery approach,
including changes in operational methods, the techniques used and the equipment or software.
3. Product Innovation- is the introduction of a new or improved good or service.
4. Marketing Innovation- means developing a new marketing strategy that produces changes in,
for instance, the way a product is designed or packed, or even other decisions regarding price or
promotion.

Characteristics of Research
o Systematic- It is systematic as there are interrelated steps or procedures a researcher
must observe in solving a problem. It originates with a problem, followed by the gathering
of data in a logical and orderly manner guided by a reasonable guess or hypothesis and
ends with a conclusion based on observable facts or data.
o Objective - It is not based on guesswork. This is because empirical data must be gathered
by the researcher prior to making conclusion or proposing new solution to an identified
difficulty or problems.
o Valid - Whenever a researcher formulates conclusions, these must be based on actual
findings.
o Comprehensive - If a researcher is serious about understanding a phenomenon, he needs
to examine and analyze all aspects or angles before making a generalization or
conclusion.
o Verifiable - Research is said to be verifiable as other researchers can check on the
correctness of the results by replicating the study, based on methods and procedures
employed by the researcher.
o Critical - This means that procedures employed by the researcher must be able to
withstand critical scrutiny by other researchers.
o Empirical - Research is empirical as generalizations drawn by a researcher are rooted
upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real-life experiences or
observations.
Importance of Research
 To gather vital data- Research gives you the vital data identified with your field of study
or work. For instance, a company can research first before assembling a product
 To improve way of life- Inventions and Innovations materialize through research.
 To ensure security and safety- Research has done incredible discoveries and
advancement in the field of medicine, innovation, health, and wellness. These things have
improved man’s longevity and aided in relieving infections and diseases.
 To discover and understand the truth- Research uncovers and investigates people’s
misbeliefs and inaccurate opinions. Tuning in to various opinions, reliable data and
authentic facts exposes the truth.
 To investigate our history- Research about our history empowers us to learn and
comprehend the past and plan for a brighter future.
 To understand various fields of studies- Research helps us in understanding the works of
experts and specialists in different fields of studies. Embracing knowledge daily will
provide to our refinement as an individual.
Two Major types of Research:
Basic Research- conducted for the sake of knowing also known as “theoretical research” or
“fundamental or pure research”
-It is a systematic investigation set to achieve a better and more detailed understanding of
a research subject or phenomenon; not to solve a specific problem
Applied Research- an investigation that does have obvious and immediate applications
-It is designed to solve practical problems
- a “practical research”

Research Methods:
 Identifying problem
 Formulating Hypothesis
 Conducting Experiment
 Drawing Conclusion

Research Process Planning:

Identifying Problem
 Outline areas of interest
 Narrow a topic
 Identify a research problem
 Identify a purpose for your study
Formulating Hypothesis
 Express your hypothesis in a declarative sentence
 Support your hypothesis with ideas based on theories, known facts, previous studies, or your
own experience and wisdom
 Establish a logical relationship between the research problem and the hypothesis
 Have your hypothesis predict the nature of relationship between or among the variable
 Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact or specific language in stating the hypothesis
Identification of the Variable- TYPES OF VARIABLES
 Independent Variable- is changed or choose to be manipulated in a scientific experiment
(IV) = What I change
 Dependent Variable- is the variable being tested & measured in a scientific experiment which
brings about the response or effect of the cause
(DV) = What I observe
 Control Variable- properties that the researcher hold constant for all observations in an
experiment
(CV) = What I keep the same
Types of Research Designs-
 Descriptive Research Design
 Correlational Research Design
 Experimental Research Design
 Diagnostic Research Design
 Explanatory Research Design
Planning of the Research Designs and Procedures-
Step 1: Consider your aims and approach.
Step 2: Choose a type of research design.
Step 3: Identify your population and sampling method.
Step 4: Choose your data collection methods.
Step 5: Plan your data collection procedures.
Step 6: Decide on your data analysis strategies.
Step 7: Frequently asked questions about research design.

Research Design:
- The method or plan for analyzing and resolving a research problem
- A structural framework of various research method as well as techniques that are utilized
by a researcher

Types of Quantitative Research Designs:

1. EXPERIMENTAL- Primary purpose is to find out whether an intervention considered as the
independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable
 Manipulation or Intervention
 Controlled extraneous variable
 Random selection of participants
2. CORRELATIONAL- In this study, the researcher is interested if the variables are related to one
another
-Used to study the association between two variables
- non-experimental procedure
 Positive (Direct Relationship)- as one variable increases, so does the other variable
 Negative (Inverse Relationship)- as one variable increases, the other variable decreases

3. DESCRIPTIVE- it simply describes a specific characteristic or behavior of a target population

- aims to obtain information to systematically describe a phenomenon, situation or population
- does not require hypothesis
- does not involve the manipulation of variables
 Survey Research- explores the trends in the characteristic of a group of people
 Demographic Research- is the study of a population-based on factors such as age, gender and
race
 Epidemiological Research- is often used by medicals and public health researchers who study
different patterns of disease and health

Qualitative Research Designs- refers to the general strategy in answering the research problem of
your qualitative study.
o CASE STUDY- involves the in-depth examination of a case
o PHENOMENOLOGY- explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a
phenomena; understanding essence of a phenomena
o ETHNOGRAPHY- study of the lifestyle and culture of a group of people
o GROUNDED THEORY- generates new theories from the research data
o HISTORICAL- the study of past events to understand present events
o NARRATIVE- study of a person’s life experience expressed in narrative