STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1

MODULE 2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 2t + 222 = 260

𝐭 = 𝟏𝟗 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦
CE BOARD November 2012 A steel pipe
column is supported on a circular steel base b. Minimum required diameter of the base

plate and a concrete pedestal. Column ends plate

are hinged and sideway is prevented.

P
Sb =
A
Given: 800,000
10 =
Axial load = 800 kN A
Column outside diameter = 260 mm A = 80,000
Column unsupported length = 3 m
Allowable compressive stress = 55 MPa Diameter of base plate:
πd2
Allowable bearing stress on the pedestal = 80,000
4
= 10 MPa d = 319.2 say 320 mm

a. What is the minimum required c. Critical slenderness ratio if the thickness

thickness of the column based on of the column is 10 mm
the allowable compressive stress?
b. Find the minimum required diameter π
A= [(260)2 − (240)2 ]
of the base plate 4
A = 7854 mm2
c. If the thickness of the column is 10
mm, calculate the slenderness ration.
π(D4 − d4 )
I=
64
Solution: π(2604 − 2404 )
a. Minimum required thickness of the I=
64
column based on the allowable I = 61.46 × 106 mm4
compressive stress.
Radius of gyration:
P
Sb = I
A r=√
800,000 A
55 = π
(D2 − d2 ) 61.46 × 106
4 r=√
D2 − d2 = 18520 7854
r = 88.46 mm
2
d = 260 − 18520
d = 222 mm Slenderness ratio:
KL 1.0(3000)
Thickness of pipe column: =
r 88.46
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 2

𝐊𝐋
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗
𝐫

CE BOARD November 2012 A rigid bar AB

is hinged at A and is supported by a rod CD
at C. The rod is pin connected at D, as
shown. Neglect deflections of the bar due to
bending. Use E = 200 GPa.

∑ MA = 0
a. What is the displacement of the
loaded and of B of the bar? 1.8 T = 80(3)
b. Determine the tensile stress induced T = 133.33 kN

in rod CD by the 80 kN load

π
c. IF the allowable stress in rod CD is A= (36)2
4
124 MPa, what weight W can be A = 1018 mm2
safely applied?
TL
δ1 =
AE
133330(2000)
δ1 =
1018(200000)
δ1 = 1.31 mm

By ratio and proportion:

δ1 δ2
=
1.8 3
1.31(3)
δ2 =
1.8
𝛅𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦𝐦

b. Tensile stress induced in rod CD by the

80 kN load
Solution:
a. Displacement of the loaded end B of the T = A s fs
bar 133330 = 1018fs
𝐟𝐬 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3

a. Determine the peak shearing stress

c. Weight W is allowable stress in rod for the aluminum shaft
CD is 124 MPa b. Determine the peak shearing stress
for the steel shaft
c. Determine the angle of twist at B

Solution:
a. Peak shearing stress for the aluminum
shaft

T = A s fs
T = 1018(124)
T = 126232

∑ MA = 0
T(1.8) = W(3) Angle of rotation of aluminum is equal to
126.2(1.8) = 3W that of steel at B
𝐖 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟕 𝐤𝐍
TL
θ=
PROBLEM A stepped shaft has the JG
appearance shown. The region AB an T1 L1 T2 L2
=
aluminum has a value of G – 28 GPa and the J1 G1 J2 G2
region BC is a steel having G = 846 Pa. The
πd4
aluminum portion is of solid circular section J1 =
32
45 mm in diameter and the steel region is J1 = 402578
circular of 60 mm outside diameter and 30 π
J2 = [(60)4 − (30)4 ]
mm inside diameter. Ends at A and C are 32
J2 = 1192823
rigidly clamped. A torsional load of 4000 N-
m is applied at B
T1 L1 T2 L2
=
J1 G1 J2 G2
T1 (1.2) T2 (2)
=
402578(28) 1192833(84)
T1 = 0.1875T2

T1 + T2 = 4000
0.1875T2 + T2 = 4000
T2 = 3368 N ∙ m
T1 = 0.1875(3368)
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 4

T1 = 632 N ∙ m a. Compute the maximum value of P

b. Compute the total elongation of the
Shearing stress of aluminum assembly
T1 r 632(10)3 (22.5) c. Compute the equivalent spring
τAB = =
J 402578 constant by dividing the load by the
𝛕𝐀𝐁 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚
total elongation.

Solution:
b. Peak shearing stress for the steel shaft
a. Maximum value of P
T2 r
τBC =
J
3368(1000)(30) 16PR 4m − 1 0.615
τBC = Ss = [ + ]
1192823 πd3 4m − 4 m
𝛕𝐁𝐂 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Angle of twist at B
T1 L1
θB =
J1 G1
632000(1200)
θB =
402578(28000)
θB = 0.067 radians
𝛉𝐁 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓°
For upper spring:
HELICAL SPRING
16P1 (100) 32 − 1 0.615
200 = [ + ]
π(25)3 32 − 4 8
PROBLEM Two steel springs arranged in P1 = 5182.29 N
series as shown in the figure support a load
P. The upper spring has 12 turns of 25 mm For lower spring:
diameter wire on a mean radius of 100 mm. 16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝑆𝑠 = [ + ]
The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20 𝜋𝑑3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
𝐷 150
mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 75 𝑚= = = 7.5
𝑑 20
mm. If the maximum shearing stress in 16P2 (75) 18.8 − 1 0.615
either spring must not exceed 200 MN/m2 200 = [ + ]
π(20)3 18.8 − 4 7.5
and G = 83 GN/m2 P2 = 3498.28 N
𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐏 = 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 𝐍
Use the following equations:
b. Total elongation
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615 64PR3 n 64PR3 n
𝑆𝑠 = [ + ] δ= +
𝜋𝑑3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚 Gd4 Gd4
64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛 64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
𝛿= +
𝐺𝑑4 𝐺𝑑4
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 5

64(3498.28)(100)3 (12) the shear in the barge be equal to

δ=
83000(25)4 zero?
(3498.28)(100)3 (10) Solution:
+
83000(20)4
a. Total length L so that the upward
𝛅 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝐦
pressure is uniform and the barge
remains horizontal
c. Equivalent spring constant

3498.28 N
K= = 22.72
154 mm
𝐊 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

CE BOARD May 2012 A barge shown,

diagrammatically supports the load W1 and ∑ MA = 0
W2 for every one meter strip along the L
longitudinal section 145(3)(1.5) + 290(3)(10.5) = qL ( )
2
qL2
= 9787.5
W1 = 145 kN/m L1 = 3 m 2
qL2 = 19575
L3 = 3m
W2 = 290 kN/m L2 = 6 m
∑ Fv = 0
145(3) + 290(3) = qL
1305 = qL

qL2 = 19575
qLL = 19575
1305L = 19575
𝐋 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦
b. Shear at 3 m from the left end when
upward pressure is 72 kN/m
a. Find the total length “L” so that the 72L = 145(3) + 290(3)
upward pressure is uniform and that L = 18.125 m
the barge remains horizontal
b. If the upward pressure is 72 kN/m,
what is the shear at 3 m form the left
end?
c. If the upward pressure is 87 kN/m, at
what distance from the left end will
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 6

By ratio and proportion:

x 6−x
=
174 348
348x = 1044 − 174x
x=2m
D=3+2
𝐃 = 𝟓 𝐦 (𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨)

THERMAL STRESS

Deformation due to change in temperature

δ = αL∆T

δ = elongation or shortening due to change

in temperature
α = 0.0000117/°C (coefficient of thermal
expansion)
L = original length of material

𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝟑 𝐦 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 PL

= −𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐍 δ=
AE
c. Distance from the left end where the εL =
PL
shear in the barge be equal to zero if AE
P
upward pressure is 87 kN/m ε=
AE
σ
ε=
145(3) + 290(3) = qL E
P
qL = 1305 σ=
87L = 1305 A
L = 15 m
stress
Strain =
modulus of elasticity
St = αL(∆T)

ΔT = change in temperature
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 7

c. Compressive stress when temperature

δ1 + St = δ (total elongation) reaches 45°C
𝐏𝐋 ∆T = 45 − 30.2
𝛅= + 𝛂𝐋∆𝐓
𝐀𝐄 ∆T = 14.8℃
PROBLEM Steel crane rails of the MRT are
laid with their adjacent ends 3.20 mm apart σ = αE∆T
when the temperature is 15°C. The length of σ = 0.0000117(200000)(14.8)
each rail is 18 m. Coefficient of thermal 𝛔 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
expansion is 0.0000117/°C, E =200000 MPa.
CE BOARD May 2011 A water tank 3 m in
a. Determine the temperature at which diameter and 6 m high is made from a steel
the rails will touch end to end having a thickness of 12 mm
b. Determine the gap between adjacent
ends when the temperature drops a. When the tank is filled with water,
to -10°C determine the circumferential stress
c. Determine the compressive stress in b. Determine the longitudinal stress at
the rails when the temperature the bottom of the tank when it is
reaches 45°C filled with water
c. If the circumferential stress is limited
Solution: to 5 MPa, what is the maximum
a. Temperature at which rails will touch height of water to which the tank
each other end to end maybe filled

δ = αL∆T Solution:
3.2 = 0.0000117(18000)∆T a. Circumferential stress:
∆T = 15.2℃
F = 9810(6)(3)(0.001)
b. The gap between adjacent ends when F = 176.58 N
the temperature drops to -10°C 2T = F
2t = 176.58
From 15°C to -10°C
∆𝑇 = 15℃ T = St A t
δ = αL∆T 88.29 = St (12)(1)
δ = 0.0000117(18000)(25) 𝐒𝐭 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
δ = 5.27 mm (shortened)

The gap between adjacent sides:

Gap = 3.2 + 5.27
𝐆𝐚𝐩 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝐦
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 8

b. Longitudinal stress: PROBLEM A beam having a T-shaped

cross-section is subjected to a vertical shear
πD 2
force of 44.6 kN. The cross-sectional
F= P
4 dimensions are:
πD2
P = σL (πDt)
4
PD b = 100 mm t = 25 mm
= σL t h = 200 mm h1 = 175 mm
4
PD
σL =
4t
P = 9810(6)
P = 58860 N/m2

58860(3)
σL =
4(0.012)
N
σL = 3678750
m2
𝛔𝐋 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Maximum height of water when

circumferential stress is 5 MPa
a. Determine the maximum bending
stress if it is subjected to a moment
F = PD(1)
of 32 kN-m

2T = PD(1) b. Determine the shear stress at the top

PD of the web
T=
2 c. Determine the maximum shear stress
PD
σt (t)(1) =
2
PD Solution:
σt = a. Maximum bending stress
2t
P(3)
5.0 × 106 =
2(0.012)
P = 0.04 × 106

P = 9810h
0.04 × 106 = 9810h
𝐡 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝐦
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 9

Neutral axis: c. Maximum shear stress

A1 = 100(25) = 2500 mm2
A2 = 175(25) = 4375 mm2
A = 2500 + 4375 = 6875 mm2

Ay̅ = A1 Y1 + A2 Y2
6875y̅ = 2500(12.5) + 4375(112.5)
y̅ = 76.14

Moment of inertia about the neutral axis:

100(25)3
I= + 100(25)(63.64)2
12
25(175)3 Q = 100(25)(63.64) + 51.14(25)(25.27)
+
12 Q = 191791.25 mm3
+ 4375(36.36)2
I = 27.2 × 10 mm4
6
VQ
τmax =
lb
MC 44600(191791.25)
fb = τmax =
I 27.2 × 106 (25)
36 × 106 (123.86) 𝛕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
fb =
27.2 × 106
𝐟𝐛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚 CE BOARD November 2013 A cantilever
hollow circular bar is 1.5 m long 5 mm thick
b. Shear stress at the top of the web
and with outside diameter of 75 mm. It is
subjected to a torque of 3 kN-m at its free
end. What is the resulting angel of twist
(degrees) of the bar. G = 78 GPa

Solution:

Q = 100(25)(63.64)
Q = 159100 mm3
VQ 44600(159100)
τ= =
lb 27.2 × 106 (25)
𝛕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 10

TL
θ=
JG
T = 3 kN ∙ m
π
J= [(75)4 − (65)4 ] = 1.35 × 106
32
3 × 106 (1500)
θ= = 0.0427 rad
1.35 × 106 (78000) ∑ MR2 = 0
0.0427(180)
θ= 10R1 = 100(4)
π
𝛉 = 𝟐. 𝟒° R1 = 40

PROBLEM A truck with axle loads of 40 kN

and 60 kN on a wheel base of 5 m rolls Maximum M = R1 (4)
across a 10 m span Maximum M = 40(4)
𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦

b. Position of maximum shear

a. Which of the following gives the

maximum bending moment
b. Which of the following gives the ∑ MR2 = 0
maximum shearing force 10R1 = 60(10) + 40(5)
c. Which of the following gives the 𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎 𝐤𝐍 (𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞)
location of the 40 kN from the left
support when maximum moment c. Distance of 40 kN from left support
occurs

Solution:
a. Maximum bending moment
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 11

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 = 𝟗 𝐦 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝

=𝟓𝐦
CE BOARD May 2009 A truck and trailer b. Maximum moment:
combination crossing a 12 m span has axle First position to create max moment
loads of 10 kN, 20 kN and 30 kN separated
respectively by distance of 3 m and 5 m

a. Which of the following gives the

distance of the resultant from the 10
kN load
b. Which of the following gives the
maximum moment of the beam
c. Which of the following gives the
maximum shear developed in the
span One load goes out only 20 kN and 30 kN
are acting on the beam.
Solution: 50x = 20(5) + 30(0)
a. Distance of the resultant from 10 kN x=2m

load
∑ MR2 = 0
12R1 = 50(5)
R1 = 20.83 kN

Max M = 20.83 (5)

𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦

c. Maximum shear

60x = 10(8) + 20(5) + 30(0)

x=3m
Distance of resultant from 10 kN load
=3+2m
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 12

Ao = 75(50)
Ao = 3750 mm2
∑ MR2 = 0
12R1 = 60(9) Ao = A cos 15°
𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍 (𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫) Ao
CE BOARD November 2012 May 2013 The A=
cos 15°
tensile member shown. 50 mm x 75 mm in 3750
A=
cross section is subjected to a load P = 200 cos 15°
A = 3882.3 mm2
kN. The plane AA makes an angle 15° with
the axis.
T = 200 cos 15°
T = 193.19 kN

T
σ=
A
193.19
σ= × 1000
3882.3
σ = 49.76 MPa

b. Shear stress on plane A-A

a. What is the tensile stress at section

A-A
b. Determine the shear stress on the
plane A-A
c. At what angle of plane A-A is the
shear stress maximum?
As = 3882.3 mm2
Solution: As = P sin 15°
a. Tensile stress at section A-A
Fs
τ=
As
200000 sin 15°
τ=
3882.3
𝛕 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚

c. Angle of plane A-A for the shear stress

to be maximum
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 13

A
Ao =
cos θ Solution:
50(70)
Ao = a. Maximum bending stress
cos θ
3750
Ao =
cos θ M = 8(2)
M = 16 kN ∙ m
V = P sin θ
V 6(16)106
τ= fb =
Ao 120(200)2
P sin θ 𝐟𝐛 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
τ=
Ao
b. Shearing stress at a point 50 mm from
P sin θ
τ= the top surface
3750
cos θ VQ
τ=
P sin θ cos θ Ib
τ= V = 8000 N
3750
dτ P Q = 120(50)(75)
= [sin θ (− sin θ) + cos θ cos θ]
dθ 3750 Q = 450000 mm3
sin2 θ = cos2 θ 120(200)3
𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓° I= = 80 × 106
12
8000(450000)
τ=
PROBLEM A cantilever beam of length 2 m 80 × 106 (120)
supports a concentrated load of 8 kN at its 𝛕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
free end. The beam is made of wood with
c. Deflection of beam
cross-sectional dimension of 120 mm x 200
mm
PL3
δ=
3EI
a. Determine the max bending stress of 8000(2000)3
the beam δ=
3(180000)(80)106
b. Determine the max shearing stress at 𝛅 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝐦
a point located 50 mm from the top
surface of the beam in kPa PROBLEM A full draw, an archer applies a
c. Determine the max deflection of the pull of 130 N to the bow string of the bow
beam, neglecting its weight, shown.
Ew = 18000 MPa
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 14

a. Determine the tensile force of the bow 2T cos 70° = P

string 2(264.08) cos 70° = P
b. Determine the moment at the mid- 𝐏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝐍

point of the bow

c. If the allowable moment at the mid-
point of the bow is 150 N-m, determine
the max pull that an archer must apply
to the bow string

Solution:
a. Tension on the bow string
2T cos 70° = 130
𝐓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝐍

b. Moment at the mid-point of the bow

M = 190 cos 70° (0.7)
+ 190 sin 70° (0.35)
𝐌 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟖 𝐍 ∙ 𝐦

c. Max pull that an archer must apply to

the bow string

M = T sin 70° (0.35) + T cos 70° (0.7)

150 = 0.568T
T = 264.08 N