References:

CAMPBELL B I O L O G Y
(9th Edition)
Section; Unit 4, Chapter 22 Evolution
volution
DOUGLAS J. FUTUYMA
Lecture 3

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Evolution: Life on earth is one
big extended family

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/path-of-human-evolution/
 What is evolution?
• Evolution tries to explain how life must have diversified into multiple forms
as we see them today.
• It is change in the inherited traits of a population through successive
generations.
• When living organisms reproduce, they pass on to their progeny a
collection of traits.
• Present day organisms are descendants of a common ancestor: Due to
multiple heritable modifications.
• Genetic changes in population of an organism over time.
• It accounts for both unity and the diversity of life
• Skeletal architecture of limbs
• DNA, metabolic processes
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 What is evolution?

Skeletal architecture of limbs Genetic similarity

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https://evolution.berkeley.edu/teach-resources/homologous-tetrapod-limbs-5-of-6/
What is evolution?

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 Lamarckian Evolution
1809 – Lamarck proposed his
theory of evolution. Theory is
based on 2 hypotheses:
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
(1744–1829)
1. Organisms develop traits by the Vestigial organs
use and disuse of body parts.

Giraffes had short necks originally

and ate grass Grass died due to
2. Acquired characteristics – climate change, ate leaves of trees
As giraffes stretched necks, necks
passed from parents to offspring: grew Giraffe’s acquired long necks
Inheritance of acquired – passed to future generations
characteristics. 6
 Disproving Lamarck
Characteristics acquired during the lifetime of a parent are not passed
onto the offspring:

• In an attempt to disprove Lamarckism, he cut off the tails of mice for

several generations. August Weismann
• The babies born from this line of tailless mice still grew tails as long (1834-1913)
as their ancestors.
• They still found their tails useful

This was not exactly a fair test as the mice

had not stopped using their tails in an
attempt to adapt to their environment

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 Darwin’s Evolution
Theory based on 4 main ideas:

Variations The Galapagos Island

• Darwin was fascinated in particular by
the land tortoises and marine iguanas Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)
in the Galápagos.
• Giant tortoises varied in different ways
from one island to another.
• The shape of a tortoise's shell could be
used to identify which island a
particular tortoise inhabited.

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 Darwin’s Observations
Inheritance of traits:

• Variations (differences) of traits occur

among members of the same species.
• Examples are different breeds of dogs,
horses, cats, etc.
• Differences among the beaks of
finches.
• Once these adaptations are selected,
these traits are inherited.

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 Darwin’s Finches
►These are some of the finches that
Darwin studied on his voyage
►Though they are all finches, their beaks
distinguish them from one another
►Some finches developed short, strong
beaks that made it possible for them to
crack nuts
►Some developed long, fine beaks to
reach insect larvae in tiny holes
►This is an example of how these finches
adapted to their environment to survive
(natural selection)
 Darwin’s Observations
Overproduction:

• Organisms produce more organisms

than can survive and reproduce.
• This ensures that some offspring will
survive to reproduce.
• Overproduction is a driving force in
natural selection, as it can lead to
adaptation
• Examples are fish, insects, frogs, etc

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 Darwin’s Observations
Adaptation and survival of the fittest:

• Adjustments between organisms and the

environment are called adaptation.
• Adapted characteristics of organisms that
enhance their survival and reproduction in
specific environments favours natural
selection.
Examples:
 Homologous structures: Origin same but
functions different.
 Analogous structures: Origin different but
functions same.
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 Darwin’s Theory

The Struggle for Existence:

Members of each species have to
compete for food, shelter, other life
necessities.

Survival of the Fittest: Some

individuals better suited for the
environment.

Natural Selection: Environment

determines which variations will be
selected.

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Example of Natural Selection

Peppered Moth
 Moths can camouflage with trees to avoid being
eaten by birds.
►There were light moths and dark moths living near
English industrial cities in the 19th century
 The dark moths stood out on the light colored
trees and were more likely to be seen and eaten
by birds
►Thus, there were many more light colored
moths than dark colored moths.

►As English factories produced more and more soot, the Because the dark moth was able to
trees turned a darker color. This was able to camouflage it was able to avoid
camouflage the dark moths, but not the light moths being eaten.
 THEN, the light moths stood out on the dark trees
and were more likely to be seen and eaten by If the light colored moth is not
birds! able to adapt to its environment
►Thus, there were more dark colored moths then it will eventually become
than light colored moths. extinct.
Ontogeny Repeats Phylogeny

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)

Ontogeny: Individual development.

Phylogeny: Evolutionary descent.

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Three types of Natural selection

― Stabilizing selection
An example of disruptive
selection is oyster shell
color. Light colored oysters
blend in with the sand in the
shallow water and dark
― Directional selection colored oysters blend into
the shadows in dark water.
Medium colored oysters
show up against both
backgrounds and thus are
not selected for.
― Diversifying selection

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https://youtu.be/GRm__SOzz6c?t=76