UNIT-3 KINETIC HEORY DF 5ASES

colozl2023

Gas is made Smallest indivisible paticles calei

moleLcles and thhe molele ne Aae for a
goy and vaul er for dibberent gea
The intey molecular dirtance between tle molelen fol
qas > liouid > so lics
Gases hove enly hinetic
move randoms, collide wtth each other,
these
colide with wals e the containe and d e to
collisio,there s nono change ín he moleulan denstty o
diterent velocittes.
the gs. They ncve in
free path cund
The dustane between two colisions s
he molecele n
the avcMage dutane covesed by denoted by A
AUCCessive oisiors is mean free path
presswe

much AMalleH hon the time

he tme e colision is
Auccessive coision
taken by the molecle in
becase no
AUl the eney s punly hinetic enerquy
inteinoleculas 91ea tion.

Review of o Laws:
or a qiven nas o qs,
q3, pHesswe is
) Boyle's law :
invcUey Proportional to volume
P

2) Chale's low:. At corstant P, Volume x Tempenote

Vo T
VI Ve
Te
 At constant voume, Dresse x Termperatw
Px T

’ Enpressior for
pressue exteol
exetedl by the gau:
Lat the
gus be enelosed in the
cubical wangement. let 7
n- total oleules
C, - veocity o
-

moleuue
velocity e
H

Ca
moecwle 22 A
P

Let i,Vi ,Wi be the componnt

K,y and 2z dieton. Let nm' be thevelocities Ci alon
Considleing x drection, moss o eachn n
moentm = mui
After hitting the wal cF
The GB.= - mu
change in Moentun mui- -mu)
The tine taken betwe en 2 successive inpacts
CFGB

mu mu'
(ad/u)
Force eXested on faces CE G1B and DEHA

Force acting per wit aa = M u

2
P, due to all the moleule

Similay the prAe eeted on tha face ARco nd

EFGH > Py mvVvit....*
T OYOseeerted sn the faey AH G18 and nEEC U

Aveage psue oy P= Pa+Py +P

3
P= m 2+... w

313

3
Let be the tms veloity
2

\oot men
vlsity

P= ne

P= (mn)
3V
M- totol mass
V- Voume
P pc f- density

C=3p
 13\01l2023
Imole H2 22.4itres

H2 ’ 2q lmde ’ 22 .4 tr

22.4 xIÞ
3P

P: 1.01 x lD N m ’ lat

(835 ms
'N 1.25 kg
22.4x LO

- 4q2 mls
|.25

Expresson for
P-fc
V

PV:!nmc
3

from idead g equat on

absoutt teup'
PV= HRT
Gas eonstant (8.314 Jmol K
moles

MRT = !nmc

NA
Avagadro mumber-6.02x0

1.38 x10 TK'-k

Boltzmann contant
kT mc - (amd)
 13lo 2023
mct
2

no. ol vo9iable renyuirod

poticle in mdium

Bo ttzmann equpostition theorem ?

cynanicad system in themo
The total ney e
quilcbum is equally shared by ll its degrees ob
frudom. The eneqy associated pe molele pH degree o
fredom is hatt kT
DoF = 3N-C
he-o pantices

Diatomic S Polyoutonic
MonoatoMiC (Polyatomie linea) (non-lieas)
2
3
Trandaonal Dof 2
2
3
Aototional Dof
3N -5
Vibrcuíona Dof

) 0=C=0
Trans Dof - 3
Rotat DF 2
Vibrat Def - 4 O=

H20

H
 (gas constant)
G-Cy =R
Ratio speitic heat Cv

= Cons tart
pv ’ i adiabatic Aystem

Nonoatormic qas (He, Xe , Ne,AY)

0
DoF = 3+ 0+ O 3vibrotional
tians yational
e monoatoc gas is
The enegY OUSOCiat ed with 3DoF

U: 3(3R1)
V3RT
Cv = dU : 3R
2

Cp- Cv =R
2
2

S/2 R
Cy 3

@ Diatonnic qas (H, Oz ,N:)

DoF 3+ 2 +
Rotat'onal
Tiars
.. DoF -5

dT
-23
Foom texperakue
KT eV |-38 x10 x 200
|.6 X16
energy 0.02 eV - Ih energy i not oul7icieut to gas padicleinToTen
vibrate but encay inue with indeases
14 feezet at Reom
 Cp =Cv+R
-5R+R -1R
2

1=|.+
5
Cy

At high tunp, Dof 6

Polyatomic
a) Linean (Go CO)
DoF = 3 + 2 =5 Vibrationad freezes
T ans Rototicnl

V= 5
(R) 2

Cy = 5R
2

5
At hgi rvinatwe, vibiatial deqee also

b) Non- linean (NH3 H20)

DoF 8+3= 6

1.333

NoTE: At higher tenperatues, we have to consider the

vi brgtio na degree ol freedom.
Probles:

)Calcutate the rms

velocity o hydugen oleules a
CgMS 3RT

M- 2gmo or
ax1o kg|mol
T- 300k R= 8.s1 JK
1
mol
CAuS 3x8.31 X300 |933 mls 1.93 kms

Aape velotty = I1.2 kmls

This i the 1eason all aoses on moon ciappe asvs.

) Calulote te temp' at wih the Yms

Loqun moleule vilU be eaual to thevelocity
huydtrogn scape
ob
veloity easth ( akn)s)
Mawe Boltzmann vlocity disti bution -fuhos:
24lo1|2023
Let the qo4 molecules liave dieent
Veloities. Let N- b te o
dNy - no moleules wuose velocities lie
butween and dy
Let d be t e no. o moeeleu whose
betwen
X- (OMpOnt o veloity lies
wand ,a cv,. Sinmlanly for dNvy
and dNye.
f(Ve).dua
N

N
f,). ds,
dNe f (u2).d,
N

moules, thue can be som moles

Out thue dN
velocit'es lie between Uy and Adv
sey compennt e
whose
d'N dNs
N

dNux dNsy
N

= N f(,).du. f(vy).du
mouules, thehe Can be some
Out oh the d y
YMoleules whosez ComDont o veloitls lies betwen
Ve and v,+ dv,.
dNoe
N

N
 d'N= NfU) dv, f(u) dvy f(v).dv,f
dnaity h repiuutotive points dNv NV) f(v)flv)f

Since the dumity oh vepresontatve points in e veloit

Spau is constant ’ df= o

21

f'u).dvat
f(Ux) f(v)
.dy

Equotion e shud be satified in combination en

along with th folloing Constrount:
at a dis tance v from ongin in velocty pal;
2

Vit Va tv v'- (constan)

Vyduy Vz dve = o
By Loqrange's method o,
ey wndetomnate multipliu,

fOv)
 Since VebyVz ae índapece vaiobles, teir
toetcents Can be independenty cqual to zeo.

dfo/dyx

veloity dflv) .dy

intearation Lonatat
2

1|o1|2023

-2

on e Sinvilady!

Now,
f: NfoV) f(v) fv)
-vivtV)
f= Na

plivs, lie witin v and vdv

No. oh mole cule ohose velocitie
vowm e te sphenical sholl enclosed
is given by the velocity Vand
between the spheres corresponding to
velocity Vtdu. io the velocty spacl.

dNy = (yrv) du.

Suscce
height
Inner sphere

dNy = 4TVdu. Ne
 2

Lut = B.
dNg =(sn)d. Ne

N= 4nx'N B
-dv
r)
Let By

p(2v.dv) dx
dv = da
2B
dy = dn dx
2B,
Let U
N= yr N . de moleeule
2p/
da

Gammo funcion:
rn)=( . d e (no)
Lut
" propty of d
r(n)

r(n+) nrn)
ro)= n(o-)ra-i)
(ra): n! |

r(4)=4)

2B
3/2

NT
kinetit
Let U be the total,enegH o al the gs
molecules. Then,
lmy. dNy
2

2
my. imy') dy. Na

2mTI'N
Lit
dv= d
2p2
x.6 d
r():
-
1 2p' r:):2 2

2p
rG-)
 total =
()
Utotal 3 mIN
4 B$
(As Lmc' - er)
N ) - 42 mp 2

3}2
KT= m
2 B
32

B : m
\2k+

V 2K

4TVdy Nd
3/2 2 2KT
.du
\2TTKT
- m
LN m 2KT

dv Jr 2kT

Nauwe's Boltzmann's velocity distibution foconula .

by2

ds

Gausian
finction
 1

Sigrtid fiendicn
func

dNy
dv AvcaN
T:200K

1:600
|:(000K
Vhp-Most
probable
velo city
Vn Mean

voüty Vap Vn Vms

Vrms =3cT
m

igner tempratue, more no. e paticdes ill have

At
highen velocity
Foot Mean Veloity:
Vms =
Mean souae velouty : 2
-my

dy
Let p'=n
B.2%.dy dx

d
d

Vms 2kT 2B
2

m
 2
2kT
Vims = m 2

m kT 3
m

3 KT
m

Mean Veloty :
2kT

4 | 3/2
T 2kT .e dy

3/2

3/2
(. . e.dr

()
2
3/2

8kT kT
1.546
S1
NP

NH

dung
1) 1f cntant pressw is maintainod, at what
ilt the ms velocity o a gat t*
tH be
ha \ornqsrob
o, it voval.g

Vims
V2

Vims 73
Vml2
313

73
T = 68. 25 k
4

alculate the most probable velouty, average

and ms velocity for o, mole cues velocity
t 300 K uing
he folo wing datai mo, = 5.3l6LO kq
k: L-38 x to
Vims =3kT .732 x Q19.3
m

8KT

Vnp 2kT .4|4 Xa79.3

 naction efmoleCules whose velocitiu lie
achionemouuies
s) (alculate the
pobable velocity at STP. wl tts valu
most
Dat within 1% of ot al
temperatures)
.. Ame tor all
gases
s valu
wil be blu
dNs
dv r2kTJ
Ool Sp
Vinp &Vmp t
2kT
wkt, Vmp

dNs
dv
At v= Bmp d : o.oI Vp
dN
-Vmpon .(o.01 Sp)
du
dNo 4
dv
e (0.o1)
louty
using
Vmp t 0.0|Vmp

KT, a19.3
mean

+) For a Maxuweian aho tnat the podut ob

voue eh V and

32 -mv
2lcT

My'
L
m
S2eT V.e2kT . dy

2n
 &B

: 4

2k]
eda
2p

2LT

4
Enpresson for Mean free path : 1o|ba|2023

weo símpuby the calculations, we futher aume thot

only t the mole cule nder Considration s to motian
whie all othe molles at rest.
a radius
wich is eaual to t e dianmeter o the moleue.
be the no. of molecles |unit vone
C- reloity
diamete o the moule
Volune (t=1sec)
the cylinder = Ttoc .n

colisions pe Beconds = Toc. n

Time betwen AUCcessive
Mean fre path 2=T.C

Claussis formwa
 The equation is nof exat because if is baed
on th
asunption that al the molecules ae at reut
he molucule wndea consideration.
If the motion ! all the ote
paticles
and MBB distibution oB veloitis
the correct formela for appied, then
mean tree path is
Mowell's formela

Voriotion of with T and P:

hom iceal qos equation. wkt
PV= RT (for I
mole of gas)
PV = NakT
k= R
P= NA

(jkT no. of molecules unit

voume
n =

kT

kT
27ro°p
 itrogen 3.2x\o m. Te
diamcteu
) The are
Moleculs,at
nd 1 atm Calcuate man tre path o
niroqen moleules.
mole
n = P (-38xiO'x 273

mole ueles
25

n = Q.68 x tO

V2 n 2

Rx2.68xI8x 3.14 x/3.2X1o)*

1
38.0XIS |21-86XIÞ

m
8.2 X I0

mocule e Qas is a Å and botemann

2) The diameter o mea free
onstat |-38xL6TK. Callate
path at T o and 1 atn.

k= 1.38 x (o
n= a.68 xLo at oc 1atn

ya 7t n a x3.1tx2.68xÞx(axI6°)

47.60 xÑ
a.xo m
No. e colislons sec.
25

C ís assumed
at SD0 ms l6,830., 4 x(Þ
= .68 x(0
npa2023

Transport popesties Since the

1) VisOsity - transfer o momnt
The prcpoty by vírtue e above it
whh
bluw adjaant layes isyuic
moton
relative moton opposes Thee wil be nt
viscoSity H is miQsLd by a quantity caled wndn conidercion
"&v Coetyiuit e wisosty' (n)

dy The ayMage no. e

Fiu A be 1ct t e toto
nA du vloity No. e moluules
-piodient second per wút ane
Fvise
Lay pen second t
Coctficiant o viscosity s deyinad orce pesA unit asiea lost mn)(
between a adyaant planes when a wit velcity gmadint mnc
eists. (
Similay, the no. E
Pa.s per wnt are
= Poise

het
gas encosec betwen
a planes a and a' and b and b Moryad
Vdv,)
shOuon. sepesated by dis tance h. dy
gained *nne (
Suppose the gos is Howing in positive
- oire ction. let v-du. Uhange in noment
dy
etst +ve
Ve
velouty grodint Chonge in Mnc
yaxi. MDMhum
Becaue o<
thonmal: otion, gos moleues mnc
both om above continuousy
UOSs the plane
& bel
 ore theL vlocty 70iet is tue ipuwends, tu
OlLules
Moleuules blow gain
above it lose nomrtm wule Chcssrng.
net trangfo Monentum
Thee will be
wnden (onsideration ín te dire ction
Let n be no. eh Molouler per unit volne
the mass eh each moecele
M be

c be Hhe verage vekodty

The avHage no. eb molecudes
Mo în awy qiven dírectien
moleules.
be leth the totol no eh
w- pen
No. of, molecues posing doun wand toM a-a to
1 nc
ity StCOnd per wit is

ost pe wit aea per nit tire

Momentum
p Aecond t teag aa is

uord,m(nc)(v*u
MOMtn
lost

dient dy
passing upuond om bb to
Sinuilay, the no. ef Mole culestie is
wit aea pei wit Lnc
pn unit oua per wnt time
The yorwosd mOMuntu gauno
nc) (-2)
2
goind dy
y-du
dy
Chungg in mnc 4d mnc
dy 2) dy
mnc du.
3