[ | | Principles of Information Systems, | Thirteenth Edition | | Chapter 3 ; Hardware and Mobile Devices ./*Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Identify and briefly describe the functions of the primary components of a computer Give an example of recent innovations in computer processor chips, memory devices, and input/output devices Identify the characteristics of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer system, and discuss the usage of each class of system Identify some of the challenges and trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a data center Define the term “green computing” and identify the primary goals of this program 45 CENGAGE —CG Anatomy of a Computer rd * Input + Processing + Datastorage + Output z tomy of a computer ‘Computer nardere components include the processor (CPU) memony, address ard data bus, and inpuoutput devices. Per eety Prey CENGAGE =LD processor 2 Ce ost acy onl a as vee eaten 3 ‘ #45 CENGAGEBP VSO ES 2 25SP SE Go eae ke oyoletime gy wettom = 4. CENGAGE — aona Multiprocessing rd % "s CENGAGE Tap ie Spynceee SS + Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time > pert iic tases ram Processor2 [| Processor3 [| Processor 4 Memory ead ead ied Results combinedarallel Computing common problem Yoh co AS S24 & Adsts BELQicgsrs. Wor God BZN G Gi, Ge: Day nes) gfe Pres tSiaG Aas ass Ze po #45 CENGAGE* Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU #45 CENGAGE ee Byte a SA SO Clegrne yor Ga SA ss Sis .gightbits that together represent a single character of data es TABLE 3.2 Computer storage units Abbreviation B KB MB GB 1B PB See 1 tx 7 RS tow [OS EF 1,000 os 1,000° SS Ds 1,000° “pe 3) 1,0007 1,000°or es of Memory ir =e O Random access memory (RAM) is temporary and volatile 6. peazenymemon (i nonvolatile ‘Itprovides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change #45 CENGAGECG Types of Memory rd i Cache memory Progossors can accoes this typo of hes By high-speed memory faster than main ~ emery. Locatedon ornear meCPuCPR GS GYAN” face chip, cache memory workswith main \spSdy> @>> ‘memory. A cache controller deter- aS mines how oiten the data is used, SOO transfers frequenty used data to ‘cache memory, and then deletes tne iss data when it goes out of use. Wpicatty ome Typically 256 KB #45 CENGAGE= ‘Secondary Data Storage Devices oss ye TT + Secondary storage aan cases seal AAS + Advantages over memory _ Le + Nonvolatility pom SS + Greater capacity wana L8G Qoheoe * Greater economy SNS SSS EG ep We we * Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU ose? Qh * Computers usuall input/output channels to access secondary storage and then ®yqtranstenthe desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage =S * Magnetic (ex: Hard disk drive (HDD) + Optical (ex: 6D, DVD) siurray) * Solid state (ex: (USB) flashidrive ) #45 CENGAGE = - - = == :—— &AAS ISS us + oa Enterprise Storage Options ar + Forms of enterprise storage |—= jase? Ss SSS Aw 35, 7 Caen : 2 "Attached storage! Includes devices connected directly to a single computer (HDD. ine Ahard disk drive storage device that is set up wit! “ i and provides fil files based storage services to other devices on Bt or Be SAS sas the Metwork 1g 92 <2 cay sie ander we nek, Ser sae ake Ni A high-speed, special-purpose network that mene ‘+ Storage area networks (SANs): A different types of data storage devices into a single storage system and connects that to computing resources across an entire organization .“Ys-£ ~s 23> as 8 PS data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations and rented data storage is accessed via the Internet (ex: Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple iCloud, Dropbox, Google (Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, andMozy) | _- 3 SN Ne YS RLS Ao ob #45 CENGAGE = - - oa = 2a Storage Area Networks rd Computer 1 FIGURE 3. Storage area network A SAN provides high-speed con- nections among data storage devices and computers over a network. CENGAGE[ie NAS vs SAN NAS Servers NAS ‘Switch User User User #,¢ CENGAGE_NAS vs SAN oe. CENGAGE Nas “Typleally used in homes and small medium sized businesses. Less expensive Easier to manage Data accessed as fit were a network attached drive fies), Speed dependent on local TCP/P usualy Ethernet network, ypeally 100 megabits to ‘one gigobit per second, Generally slower ‘throughput and higher lotency due to slower filesystem layer. 110 protocols: NFS, SMBYCIFS, HTTP Lower-end not high sealable high-end NAS scale to perabytes using clusters or seale-out nodes Does not work with virtualization Requires no architectural changes Entry level systems often have a single point of failure, eg. power supply Susceptible to network borlenecks Fle backups and snapshots economical ang schedulable SAN “yplaly wee in professional and enegpree More expensive Requites more administration Servers acess data as fit ware a loca hard dive (blocks) High speed using Flare Channel, 2 gigabitsto 128 gigabits per second. Some SANs use {SCSI as aless expensive butslower akernetive to Fibre Channel. SCSI, SCSI FCOE atwork architecture enables asmine to scale bath performance and capacity a2 needed Works with virtualization equitesarchtectural changes Foulolerant network with redundant functionalty Not atfeces by network traficbotlansce, ‘Simultaneous access to cache, benefiting applications such a video eeiting. Block backups and mirrors raquire mere storage* Organizations should keep their business goals in mind avon selecting input and output devic - easy) S55 as SM e's eure ices (atte Ups 53 212s) Go Ge DS * Desired characteristics ORF) Ge Jaa XG tS * Input devices: allow accurate and rapid entry = . P = Tas PSs) *Outputdevices:Producetimelyresuls) 34°27 APN Tg Gs > =p amsess [Olgas ee, “OSS How yas ne POSSs SH poate Be 98 TOBE 4. CENGAGE —[S ata Entry and input 1. Data entry: converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form_ @ Data input: transferring the machine- readable data into the system + Many companies are using online data entry and input A. oa dro #45 CENGAGECG Source Data Automation a * Capturing and editing data where itis initially created and in a form that can be directly entered intoacomputer™) <> 3 Qa FAY GbE SE» . imei t SNe os cbt DN RENSUESECCOSC PENANG a SNe oS A ees GOL, a Example: salesperson entering a sales order into the computer at the time and place the order is taken we ey sly Gon + Cees AV Baw es GET oe\s> co MSV Qaas Ge #45 CENGAGE— “Input Devices ae MICR device Magnetic ink character recognition technology codes data on the bot- tom of a check or other form using special magnetic ink, which is read- able by people and computers. (aT Shate eek om #45 CENGAGECy Input Devices rd #* Magnetic Stripe Cards =7, Vena Gio we es as Ceo 9° Chip Cards eo oe EE Save 7 ws os ese => « 4+ Smart ce WS Se Ose Jes Ces ree Oe foe Contactless Payment Cards = \ee es SS Oa * Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices = STE. SS egal + Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices er sie * Bar-Code Scanners S55. = * Radio Frequency dentification (RFID) Devices AP aROD sham GOUs BADE Sam are BOE EN * Pen Input Devices ane SSS oe) * Touch Screens hs an FIO tag ee A fener : Corel barcode abso used en ier im. £5 CENGAGETABLE 3.4 Various types of flat-panel displays Liquid erysal display (LCD) Lightemitiing diode (LED) Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) ‘Uses several layers of charged liquid crys- ‘tals placed between clear plates that are lit from behind by a fluorescent light to create light and images ‘An LOD display that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight on the sereen rather than a fluorescent lamp Functions by exciting organic compounds ‘with electric current to produce bright, sharp images Uses electricity to excite gas atoms to light ‘up appropriate phosphors on the screen ‘emit light and color ‘The viewing angle tends to he worse than that of plasma displays Provides better contrast and lower ‘energy consumption than LCDs Does not employ a backlight, which ‘enables improved contrast and lower power consumption than LOD and LED LCD displays Performs well in dark conditions but not as well in well rooms #45 CENGAGE26 de) g Vne 1 GE Output Devices oot rd @ ~ Two main types of printers © Laser | @ainket + Mobile print solutions enable users to wirelessly send documents, email messages and attachments, presentations, and other documents from any smartphone, tablet, or laptop to any mobile-enabled printer in the world _ (GEIOMEES 5c used Tor General design work —— > sro a Jesh We wo. Bas Stepes, ndayngscbulanes Sel * 3D Printers + SD technology takes a three-dimensional model of an object stored ona computer and sends it to a 3D printer to create the object using strands of a plastic filament or ~ 6S Gs Gr 4 gen , ao . i»7 **(Commonly used by aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other design-intensive companies - Uses 3D printers to build human parts and organs from actual human cells CENGAGECe > Output Devices as eI ‘3D printer ‘8D print technology is making it [possible o print objects ranging from everyday objects to houses. #, ¢ CENGAGEOutput Devices HO 8S 2X MPS a popular format for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality e + Usually have'the capacit to store thousands of books \\ we Ne oo oO SE oy ° Lex ued? #45 CENGAGEee Comper Stemtypee | = x i #45 CENGAGECG Portable Computers 9 + An electronic device capable of storing and processing data that is incorporated into a person's clothing or personal accessories + Heath aching wrist bands and smart watches are exampesi®>? obs Gos jC 2D os. Nd wr Cs Goa co wee ble ene Qed @D svark Weel @® woe cavnQuhan #45 CENGAGE—_ So. © Portable Computers eS LD Sarton ees = + Allow users to place calls, download and run apps, send and receive text messages and email, view documents and files, take and send photos and videos, get driving directions via GPS, browse Web sites, and create playlists of digital tunes @ © ‘Laptops are designed for use by mobile users @ + Notebooks and ultrabooks are smaller than laptops Tablet computers are portable, lightweight computers with or without a keyboard i Tre amar Glen 101 #45 CENGAGEome gear © weet atl coy J. cho pes We [a lees Servers, Maintrames, and a Supermompiters “6? oy Ga Sis + Usually has special features that make it more suitable for operating in a multiuser environment SAS) + Enable the system to handle more users, more data; ormore’ transactions |=7 8 #45 CENGAGEServers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers HO ey eed er 1 ‘Tanhe2 — NUDT National University of Defense China 31 million 33.9 Technology (NUD) 2 ‘Viean Cray (Oak Ridge National United 0.56 million 17.6 Laboratory states 3 Sequoia IBM Lawrence Livermore National United 15 million 17.2 Laboratory States 4 x Fujitsu Riken Advanced Institute for Japan 0.75 million 10.5 Computational Science 5 Mira IBM Argonne National Laboratory United 08 million 86 States: Source: Lenina, janie, “Chin's Tashe-2 Si he Fastest Supecomputes inthe World, Du the US Is Guching Up,” Evreme Tc, july 13, 2015, wucerene tec comestrany 209704 chu tare atthe fasestaiperco mater tbeseritbubtbetes reasbineip #45 CENGAGE| server Farms, Data Centers, and Green Computing — This section provides an overview of what the computer industry and various\, organizations are doing to meet their computing needs in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner ‘a \> Oy $81 8S$o5 Ty Ges G+ USS + Server farft: a room used to house a large number of servers. K am \ |» Access tothe machines can be controlled and authorized support personnel can more ‘“y easily manage and maintain the servers y * % Virtual server: afmetnod)ot logically dividing the resources of a single sie 3 %\ server to create multiple logical servers s * Each sega server acts as its own dedicated machine - AD mmm oNTemnaatenoED + Include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage. and computer GeiMTKEOMNESHONSy j=) 36 he woe eas + Share a common power supply and air-cooling source within a single chassis 8S as a prenntSOy Ss Blake seer 9 gener for Co? ASA QUES, a, Go ME =F que 'slfer Boe —— = - SS eh Ses #45 CENGAGE <== - = : os© server Farms rd Virtual server Virtualization is an approach to improving hardware utilization by logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers. Without virtualization - Three physical servers each running at low level ef utilization With virtualization — ‘Single physical server running a high level ef utilization =» CENGAGE© Data Center ar ae? Zz + Aclimate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the — + Factors driving growth in data centers: — @+ Demand for additional computing capacity @ » Need for additional storage capacity @ * Some organizations are @onsolidating data centers from many locations down to just a EES OAV QS Eee t — Yes ge > #45 CENGAGE© Data Center rd 2 SUTRA UN Go. * Construction Considerations * @: atime : Q aere @ Ability to absorb the impact of a disaster attack, or war) anid quickly restore services OXF Baron GH EN EOIN Lag edo I SUN WIAVS Re \ says CENGAGEEx . ose eS SIGN DY a2 WES OF rotics® SS WES Oo r-related costs —> #45 CENGAGE+ Asystem that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of nvironmental criteria Nis Sg ebee sek TABLE 3.8 EPEAT product tiers for computers ee Number of Required Criteri: ree eicer ees caste Peso crs ecg Bets Cris Cag #45 CENGAGE ===: - = — osCG Summary ar * The computer hardware industry is rapidly changing and highly competitive, creating an environment ripe for technological breakthroughs * Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its supporting information systems * The computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and products #45 CENGAGE