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Motion Forces and Energy

This document discusses various physical quantities and measurement techniques including measuring length, volume, mass, and time. It also covers concepts such as scalars, vectors, density, forces, energy, momentum, and conservation of energy and momentum. Measurement tools include measuring cylinders, pipettes, clocks, rulers, micrometer screws, Vernier callipers, and balances. Key formulas define concepts like density, gravitational field strength, kinetic energy, work, and momentum.

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Abid Khan
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142 views13 pages

Motion Forces and Energy

This document discusses various physical quantities and measurement techniques including measuring length, volume, mass, and time. It also covers concepts such as scalars, vectors, density, forces, energy, momentum, and conservation of energy and momentum. Measurement tools include measuring cylinders, pipettes, clocks, rulers, micrometer screws, Vernier callipers, and balances. Key formulas define concepts like density, gravitational field strength, kinetic energy, work, and momentum.

Uploaded by

Abid Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motions, Forces and Energy

Physical quantities and measurement techniques


Making measurements (apparatus):
• Liquids: Measuring Cylinder.
A pipette (accurate for one specific measurement)
• Time: Clock, Digital Timers (reading to 0.1s or better)
• Length: Metre rule (graduated in mm)
Micrometer Screw Gauge
Vernier Calliper
• Volume: Measuring Length, Width, Height
Measuring volume by displacement
• Mass: Top pan balance, precision of 0.1g
Vectors and Scalars:
Scalar: has magnitude only
e.g. distance, speed, time, mass, energy and temperature
Vector: has magnitude and direction
e.g. force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, electric field strength and
gravitational field strength
a is acceleration

v is final velocity

u is initial velocity

Δt is change in time
Falling objects:

• Acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is constant and is

approximately 9.8 m/s².

• At the beginning of the paper, the instructions will tell you to use 10 m/s² or 9.8 m/s². This detail

can be very important.

Terminal Velocity:

An object which is falling because of acceleration due to gravity through the atmosphere

is subjected to two external forces. One force is the gravitational force, expressed as

the weight of the object. The other force is the air resistance or drag of the object.

An object has terminal velocity when those two forces are equal.

Mass and Weight


Mass: a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the observer.

The mass of a body is a measure of the amount of matter in it.

Weight: a gravitational force on an object that has mass.

Gravitational field strength g is defined as force per unit mass.

The equation for gravitational field strength is :

Gravitational field strength is equivalent to the acceleration of free fall.

Weights (and masses) may be compared using a balance.

The weight of an object is the effect of a gravitational field on its mass.


Density
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

The equation for density is:

With this equation, you can determine the density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid
and of an irregularly shaped solid which sinks in a liquid. You need to record its mass,
then volume and then substitute it through the equation.
Know whether an object floats based on density data. A higher density means that the
object will sink. A lower density makes it float. This is called buoyancy.
How to determine whether one liquid will float on another liquid based
on density data given that the liquids do not mix:
The liquid with a larger density will descend below the other liquid.
A liquid floats over the other liquid if it has a lower density.

Forces
• A force is a push or a pull.
• Forces may produce changes in the size, shape and velocity of an object.
• Solid friction is the force between two surfaces that may impede motion and produce heating.
• Friction (drag) acts on an object moving through a liquid or a gas (air resistance).
Centre of mass:
The centre of mass is the place at which all of the object's mass is concentrated.
Because gravity works only on one spot in the item. For regularly formed objects, the
centre of mass is in the centre.
It is critical to understand where a body's centre of mass is located, as this dictates the
body's stability. When a body is tilted slightly, the line of action of its weight passes
through its base, it is stable.
Resultant forces:
Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line.
An object either remains at rest (stationary) or continues in a straight line at constant
speed unless acted on by a resultant force.
A resultant force may change the velocity of an object by changing its direction of
motion or its speed.
Springs:
Sketch, plot and interpret load-extension graphs for an elastic solid (eg. metal wire) and
be able to describe any experimental procedures.
The limit of proportionality is a point on a load-extension graph beyond which the graph
is no longer a straight line.
Spring constant is defined as force per unit extension. \n Recall and use the equation:

When F is the force in N

m is mass in kg

a is acceleration in m/s²

Centripetal Force

• Describe the motion in a circular path due to a force perpendicular to the motion.

• In a circular motion, if speed increases, the force needed increases (mass and radius

are constants).

• In a circular motion, if radius decreases, the force needed increases (mass and speed

are constants). In a circular motion, if mass is increased, an increased force is required

to keep speed and radius constant.

Moments of forces

• Moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect.


• The moment of a force is defined as moment = force x perpendicular distance from the

pivot.

• Apply the principle of moments to situations with one force on each side of the pivot,

including balancing of a beam. When there is no resultant force and no resultant

moment, an object is in equilibrium.

• Apply the principle of moments in situations with more than one force on each side of

the pivot.

• Describe an experiment to demonstrate that there is no resultant moment on an object

in equilibrium.

The stability of an object depends on the position of its centre of gravity.

Energy Work and Power


Energy 'stores’ are: kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear

electrostatic and internal (thermal).

Energy is transferred between stores during events and processes.

Energy is transferred by forces (mechanical work done), electrical currents (electrical

work done), heating, and by electromagnetic, sound and other waves.

The principle of the conservation of energy.

The principle of energy conservation states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.

It may transform from one type to another.

Energy can only be used by converting it from one form to another. Unless energy is

added from the outside, a system always possesses the same quantity of energy.
The chemical energy of the batteries is transformed into electrical energy in a torch,

which is then converted into light and heat. This energy is either absorbed or reflected

by the environment.

Kinetic energy formula:


Units: Joules (J)
Where:
W = Work Done
F = magnitude of the force
d = the distance in the direction of the force
Energy Resources
Useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from:
ΔE = energy transferred (J)
T = time (s)
Momentum
Momentum is defined as mass x velocity (kg m/s)

The equation for momentum is p=mv Where:


p is momentum
m is mass
v is velocity
Resultant force is defined as the change in momentum per unit time:

Impulse of a force is defined as force x time for which force acts:


Impulse=FΔt=Δ(mv)
The principle of the conservation of momentum:
General law of physics according to which the quantity called momentum that
characterizes motion never changes in an isolated collection of objects; that is, the total
momentum of a closed system remains constant.

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