The document discusses the development of science and technology during ancient times in several early civilizations including:
1) The Sumerians who developed one of the earliest writing systems (cuneiform), used clay tablets, invented the wheel and sailboat, and made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and agriculture.
2) The Babylonians who developed systems of law, accounting, and made accurate astronomical predictions under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II.
3) The Egyptians who had advances in irrigation, metallurgy, glassblowing, hieroglyphic writing, anatomy, calendar, astronomy, architecture including pyramids, shipbuilding, and agriculture along the Nile River
The document discusses the development of science and technology during ancient times in several early civilizations including:
1) The Sumerians who developed one of the earliest writing systems (cuneiform), used clay tablets, invented the wheel and sailboat, and made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and agriculture.
2) The Babylonians who developed systems of law, accounting, and made accurate astronomical predictions under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II.
3) The Egyptians who had advances in irrigation, metallurgy, glassblowing, hieroglyphic writing, anatomy, calendar, astronomy, architecture including pyramids, shipbuilding, and agriculture along the Nile River
The document discusses the development of science and technology during ancient times in several early civilizations including:
1) The Sumerians who developed one of the earliest writing systems (cuneiform), used clay tablets, invented the wheel and sailboat, and made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and agriculture.
2) The Babylonians who developed systems of law, accounting, and made accurate astronomical predictions under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II.
3) The Egyptians who had advances in irrigation, metallurgy, glassblowing, hieroglyphic writing, anatomy, calendar, astronomy, architecture including pyramids, shipbuilding, and agriculture along the Nile River
The document discusses the development of science and technology during ancient times in several early civilizations including:
1) The Sumerians who developed one of the earliest writing systems (cuneiform), used clay tablets, invented the wheel and sailboat, and made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and agriculture.
2) The Babylonians who developed systems of law, accounting, and made accurate astronomical predictions under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II.
3) The Egyptians who had advances in irrigation, metallurgy, glassblowing, hieroglyphic writing, anatomy, calendar, astronomy, architecture including pyramids, shipbuilding, and agriculture along the Nile River
Zamboanga del Sur Provincial Government College. I hope that your summer was filled with new adventures and special memories together with your loved one’s despite of the pandemic that we are experiencing today. I am Maricel S. Antiga, your Science, Technology and Society instructor and I’ am looking forward to working with you this school year.This will be an extremely and fruitful year with much to learn. This course packet is very relevant to you. This includes all the concepts, ideas, and activities that will cater your needs. Make sure that you can notice and answer the learning materials being posted. Finish and pass it on time as part of your requirement to the course also a responsibility as a student. Let’s work hand in hand for the betterment of the future. Let’s embrace one another as we face the adversities of the new normal. Golden rule: Be good to me and I will be good to you!! Stay tune! Enjoy the ride!
Sincerely yours, Unit 2 Lesson 2 ….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Evidences of Science and Technology during
Ancient Times( 3500 B.C.- 1200 In the Old World)
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and Technology during Ancient Times.
Learning Outcomes: The students will be able to:
1. Describe the development of Science and technology during ancient times;
2. Determine and recognize the significance of the development of science and technology during ancient times and its impact to society.
DISCUSSION First civilizations emerged independent of one another along fertile river valleys in Mesopotamia ( Tigris-Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), China ( Huang Ho valley), and India. People of each civilization developed a unique way of life, religion, form of government, language and system of writing, arts and crafts, advances of science and technology: astronomy. agriculture, medicine, mathematics, engineering,and architecture. They grew plants and domesticated animals and settled down in places.
I. Sumerian civilization ( Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq))
Location: Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia ( modern-day Iraq and Kuwait). It is cradle of the world’s earliest known civilization and was first established in the region in about 3600 BC. It is also known as the “ the first cities’ in the world. It transformed families into tribes that occupied territories which soon became cities and later were called the states. Science and Technology Development:
A. Cuneiform is the first writing system, it is a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks around 3100 BC. Pictograms or drawings representing actual things were the basis for cuneiform writing.
B. Sumerian clay tablet- contains the Sumerian historical information and culture. It began as a record keeping for trade and evolved into the use of symbols for writing down laws and stories.
C. The concept of the wheel actually grew out of a mechanical device that the Sumerians had invented shortly after 3500 B.C.-- the potter’s wheel. This was a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay. It was spun horizontally on an axis to allow the potter to form evenly. The Sumerians simply turn this clay-splattered wheel on its end and hook it to a wagon to make a wheel as a means of practical method for moving heavy objects from one location to another.
D. Sailboat was also first invented by Ancient Mesopotamia. Five thousand years ago Mesopotamians started using sailing boats. Since Mesopotamia was situated between two famous rivers, namely the Euphrates and the Tigres, they needed water transportation for travel and trade.
E. The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the movement of stars, planets and moon ibto sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks.
F. Sumerians were also recognized for building the foundations of logic, mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture, transportation and medicine;
G. Sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60 which served as the basis of 360
degree circle and the 60 minute hour
H. Developed systematized technique of farming: seed plow and irrigation
I. Wool from sheep made into textiles, mastered the arts of bleaching and dyeing
II. Babylonian Civilization
Location: Babylonia was the ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates river (Iraq). Babylon is the capital, and served as commercial and religious center in the Tigris-Euphrates valley. Science and Technology Development A. Hammurabi ( 1792-1750 B.C.), the first leader of the Old Babylonian Empire, promulgated the famous law code that served as rule and standard which helped maintain a period of stability in this region, as well as the establishment of science and technology.
B. Nebuchadnezzar II was the the Neo Babylonian Emperor who ordered the construction of the famous “ hanging Gardens of Babylons” ( one of the seven wonders of the world) and the Isthar Gate.
C. Contributed to the development of science and technology such as: irrigation
system of canals flanked by earthen dikes; system of book keeping, double entry, accounting, multiplication and division tables and calculations using geometry.
D. Adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60; made accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical phenomena.
III. Egyptian Civilization
Location: Situated in the northeastern part of the African continent, Egypt is located along the Nile River which provided a fertile delta.
Science and Technology Development:
Ancient Egypt depended on the waters of the River Nile, which flows through harsh and arid desert. The Nile river gave life to the civilization of Egypt. The early settlers were animal hunters, they were nomadic. Later changed their lifestyle to be farmland settlers. Agriculture was supported mainly by extensive irrigation system.
Ancient Egyptians learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold and bronze ) and made weapons and utensils. They may have been the first people to learn how to make glass ( glass-blowing). They learned how to heat sand in very hot furnace and then blow the molten sand into glass. They made glass jars and glass beads.
Egyptian writing wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds; their writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics. Their knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, surgery and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming their dead.
Created the calendar based on the phrases of the moon, consisting of 29 and 1/2 days. The first 365-day calendar was devised by IMHOTEP, early in the Old Kingdom. They were the first to divide the day into 24 hours, calculated the time by means of water clock. Their interest in Astronomy was focused on the stars and early calendar was based on the appearance and disappearance of stars Sirius, the brightest in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile river, help them forecast the seasons and predict the annual flooding on the Nile river.
They were engaged in Pottery of various shapes and sizes artistically done such as pots, jars, cups and bowls, they built houses made of sun dried mud bricks. Pyramids still stand today as the monumental evidence of scientific expertise and technical skills of the ancient Egyptians in geometry, engineering, architecture and labor management. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well as the Ruins of Memphis, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archeological study. The Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the ancient wonders and the only one still in existence. The Egyptians also engaged in ship building; Construction of canals, dikes and ditches with outlet system; Planted wheat, barley. Food was boiled, baked, stewed, fried, grilled or roasted. They bred ducks, geese, pigs, goats, cattle and sheep; Manufactured soaps, creams, oils, perfumes and eye make up.
Pyramid papyrus
IV. Cretan ( Minoan) Civilization
Location: arose on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands such as Santorini and flourished from approximately 2600 to 1400 BC. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as “the first link in the European chain”. Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization, ruled by King Minos. Knossos was the capital of Crete, the grandest site of Bronze age palaces, built between 2100 and 1575 B.C. Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors located midway between Turkey, Egypt and Greece.
Science and Technology Development
The Minoans were primarily a mercantile people engaged in overseas trade. Their culture,from 1700 BC onward, shows a high degree of organization.Many historians and archaelogists believe that the Minoans were involved in the Bronze Age’s important tin trade: tin , alloyed with copper apparently crafted works; in turn, they became importers of raw materials and food. In the process they built the first major navy ship in the world. Its primarily purpose, however, was trade, not war or conquest.
Minoans made sophisticated carved statues, ceramics, frescoes, jewels, and
inscriptions on these showed their knowledge of mathematics, engineering, and architecture which were applied scientifically and artistically. They constructed well drainage system, public halls, courtyards, and religious shrines. They were skilled in ship building.
The Minoans cities were connected with stone-paved roads, formed from blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were with good drainage and water and sewer facilities were available to the upper class, through clay pipes. Houses built from sandstone, gypsum, or limestone often had flat tiled roofs; plaster, wood, or flagstone floors, that stood two or three storeyys high. Typically the lower walls were constructed of stone stone and rubble, and the upper walls of mudbrick. Ceiling timbers held up the roofs. The Minoans raised cattle, sheep and goats and grew wheat, barley lettuce, celery, asparagus, carrots, peas, grapes, pears, figs, olives and poppies for poppy seeds and perhaps opium. The minoans also domesticated bees.
They developed Mediterranian polyculture, the practice of growing more than one crop at a time. Their more varied and healthy diet resulted in the growth of population. Theoritically this method of farming would maintain the fertility of the soil, as well as offer protection against low yields in any single crop. Around 1600, B.C., Akrotiri was shaken by a violent earthquake. Sometime later, an eruption occured. The Theran eruption was one of largest in human history- blasting more than 10 million tons of ash, gas, and rock 25 miles into the atmosphere. Incredibly, despite Crete’s close proximity to the volcano, the debris from Thera largely missed the major Minoan towns. 50 years later the civilization was wiped out. Earthquakes and fires destroyed Knossos and other palaces and the towns were deserted.
DO YOU KNOW?
Clay tablets were used as a writing medium, especially
for writing in cuneiform.Cuneiform characters were
imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus to a place
Simple shapes and lines into moist clay, which were then Baked until hard. This form of writing became known as
Cuneiform because of the wedge-shaped markings made
In the clay. The Sumerians had enormous libraries of clay
tablets containing their laws, business transactions, and
Literature.
Obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument
Which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. These were
Originally called “tekhenu” by the builders of the Ancient
Egyptians.
Sundial or shadow clock was used by the Egyptian about
1000-1500 BC. This instrument will tell time by means of
the shadow casted by the object as reflected by the sun.
The gnomon is the shadow-producing device. Usually a
metal plate set parallel to the earth’s axis and pointing
toward the celestial pole.
Check your understanding! ….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
