PayPal Name Lynn@butkus.

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 I. E Averbach

DIRECTIONS mike
Digitally signed by mike
butkus
DN: cn=mike butkus,
'lilinding Knob o=orphancameras, ou=29,

butkus
[email protected],
c=US
Date: 2016.12.07 09:58:15
-05'00'
Press Button
Shutter Speed Dial
Clip for View-Finder

Built-in Range Finder

Back-winding
Knob

Counting
Disc

Counting
Arrow

w
Lever for adjusting
aperture
Reversing Lever
A. Advancing Film
R. Winding back Direet-vision Vierv-Finder

Focusing Lever

Leica Camera Model ll

E. LEITZ INg., NEW YORK
6O East lOth Street
SPECIAL NOTE: Outside of the United States the model D
LEICA is known as the model II, therefore reference to the model
II in this booklet signifies mpdel D.
 butkus.us

Contents Page
A. Leitz Leica Camera Model II with focal'plane shutter:
l. External parts of the Leica Carnera. 3
2. Opening the camera 5
B. The Leica Spool Chamber Model B:
l. Its components 6
2. Loading of film chamber model B 8
(Daylight loading film sPools)
3. The Agfa Leica Film Cartridge . l0
4. Loading of film chamber model B t2
(Darkroom loading film sPools)
C. Loading of Camera. . t5
D. Taking the photograph . . t9
E. Unloading of camera re
F. Some additional hints on the use .i in" ;",;, .20
l. Tapering loose film
2. Trimming Template 9,0
qq
3. Hand Film Winder . . .42
.,,
4. Mechanical Winder
5. Winding of film in carnera .23
6. Adjusting and setting focal-plane shutter 24
7. Release .24
8. Range Finder .24 o4
9. View-finder : . ta
G. 'I'he fnterchangeable Leica Lenses .28
' l. "Elmat" and "Ilektor" Lenses . 29-3r
2. Helical Mount and Infinity Catcir. . 3L-32
3. Automatic CouPling .32
4. Iris diaphragm .33
5. Depth of Focus collar .33
If . Accessories to the Leica I

l. Angular View-finder .35

2. Universal Viev'-finders . 36-39
3. Reflecting \riew-finder 39
4. Supplementary Front Lenses 40
5. Yellow Filters, GreenFilter & U.V. ProtectiveFilter 42-45
6. Panoramic Tripod Head ancl Case Level . 46
7. Lens Hood 47
8. Ball-jointed Tripod Head 47
9. Stereo-Slide . 48

ii i
 Leica Camera Model ll
for sti ll (sin$le) pictureil cinemato$raph
:td.Sndard
3 79

1+ 16 18 20 22
X'ig.I
l. The External parts of the Leic,a Camera
l. Winding Knob, for simultaneous rvinding of film and sctting
of shutter.
7 butkus.us

2. Counting Disc, automatically recording the number of pho-

tographs taken.
3. One of the two lugs by means of which the counting disc is
turned anti-clockwise and against the direction of the anow
on the winding knob for zero setting.
4. Counting Arrow, indicating the number of photographs
taken.
5. Press Button, to which may be screwed a Wire Release
(after the milled protective ring has been removed).
6. Reversing Lever for engaging (towards A) and disengaging
(towards R) the automatic coupling of film advance and
shutter mechanism before and after expostlres have been
made (before re-winding film).
,. Shutter-speed Dial, for adjustment of speed required (to
be set after winding of shutter) See (I).
8.
-
Index Arrow, for figures of Speed Dial (7).
I
9. Clip, to hold Ilniversal View-fin<ler, etc.
10. View-finder showing size of image.
ll. The two Object Glasses of the Range Finder, the rnechanism
of which is interconnected with the focusing mount of the
It lens.
12. Back-winding Knob (extensible) to wind the film back into
spool chamber aft,er exposure.
13. Camera Lid.
14. Pin over which the camera licl is hooked at one end. (See
also 23.)
15. Lens changing flange for interchange of Leica lenses of
various focal lengths.
16. Distance Scale.
17. Lens focusing lever with Catch for infinity, actuating the
adjustment of range finder and focusing of lens simul-
taneously (index not visible in illustration).
18. Stop Screw for infinity position of iens (o).
19. Oeptfr of Focus Collar (scale not visible in illustration).
20. Tubular Socket of Lens, to be pulled out for photographing,
when the lens is locked in a bayonet catch by turning it to
I the right (clockwise).
21. Lever with index line for adjusting aperture.
22. Front of lens mount with diaphragm figures.
23. Swivel (not visible) for opening and closing camera lid
(see Fig. 2).
 2. Opening the Leisa Camera

Fig.2

'I'rrrrr the carnera trpside tlowrt and open lid f3 lry raising
swivel 23 and turning same from "closed" to "open" as far as it
will go. Lift lid ancl therr rtnhook at pin 14.

Fig. 3

'Ihe irrte-r'ior therr 1rt'esetrts tlre appeal'ance as sltown itr

Fig. 3. Nou.'r,'r'itlrdrar'r'tlre spool chamber B by the milled knob.
r butkus.us

B. The Leica Spool Chamber Model B

1. Its Components

ll
85 B

(Dl -
|

I
82 83
Fig. 4 and 5
--
B - Complete Spool Chamber Model B
Br - Outer Shell
82 : Inner Shell
fJ3 - Centre Spool
84 : Spring of Centre Spool
85 : Milled Knob of Centre Spool
BG : Slots of Spool Chamber
B7 - Knob of Spool Chamber
88 : Safety Spring
B

The Leica Charnber Model B is of cylindrical form arrrl

consists of three components: the Outer shell Br, the fnner'
shell 82, and the eentre spool 83.

[r
 The guicle-groove on the inner shell and the pin inside the
outer sneu lopposite the safety spring, which is not visible in
illustrationl mLke the opening and closing of the chamber
meehanical.

Fig. 6. Leica Spool Chamber Model B open

As will be seen in the illustratibn, Fig. 6, the guide-groove

first runs along the inner shell and then terminates in a semi-
circle at the upper rim of the shell. The guide-pin of the outer
shell then conitrains the inner shell to be moved along the slot
in the required manner' thus:
l. Introduce the inner shell with spool dn the outer shell
until its rim comes to a stop, the slot openlngs being
then one above the other;
2. Turn inner shell to the left (anti-clockwise) up to
the limit stop, when the safety spring will then engage.
Again, the chamber can only be opened by first slightly
tifting the safety spring, turning the inner shell to the right
(clockwise), and then withdrawing it, i. e. by going through the
same process in exactly the reverse order. (See Fig. 7.)
 butkus.us

2. Loading Spool Chamber Model B

by subdued daylight
(Daylight loadinp film spools)

Fig. 7. How the spr-rol clrtr,nrber ll shoul<l be operrerl

t. Operr Spool Chamber. To this end release witlr the index

finger of the left, hantl the safety spring 88 by pulling it
backwards (Fig. 7) and turn the inner shell with the right
hand at the knob towards the right (clocku'ise), to the encl
of the movement. Then rvitlrth'arv inner sliell.
2. Remove the centle spool from the inner shell anrl lieep it
as it is only requirecl for clarkroom loarling.
 F'ig. 8

3. Insert daylight loading film spool into the inner shell with
the milled knob first, and so that the seal lies in the slot.

Fig. 9

4. Put both togethor into the outer shell, the two slote super-
imposing; bieak seal and withdraw pa,per strip and the
beginning of the film to about 2 inches through the open slot
of the cha,mber.
 butkus.us

5. Close spool chamber by giving the inner shell half a turn to

the left, when the safety spring will engage at the rnark Z;
now withdraw the paper strip only, holding the film so that
it does not come out together with the paper.
6. If the loaded chamber is not to be used in the camera imme-
diately, it should be kept in the aluminium container so
that it is not exposed to daylight too long. With highly
sensitive Leica films the projecting beginning of the film
conducts the light into the spool chamber and thus causes
fogging. This is not the case with backed films or films
having an intermediate Iayer against halo. For this reason
we particularly commend these brands.
Dayli$ht loadin$ Leica Films are supplied by Perutz,
Mimosa, Gevaert, I(odak, Selo. Each spool contains a strip of
film of 5rf nf.eet, sufficient for any number of exposures up to 36
of the Leica size 36 x 24mm 1ltfr" x l't approximately).
Re Agfa Leica cartridge, see below.
Loadin$ of camera, exposure and unloadin$ of carnera
are dealt with on pa$es 15 to 19.

3. The Agfa Leica Cartridge

for dayli$ht loadin$ and unloadin$
The Leica Spool Chamber Model B as supplied with every
Leica camera may be loaded into the camera in daylight and ma;r
also be removed in daylight, but the film cannot be taken out
l0
of the spool chamber in daylight, so that under special circum-
stances one may need a larger number of spool chambers in
order to circumvent unloading of spool chambers in the dark'
room.
fn such cases the Agfa Leica film cartridge offers an agreeable
solution. Messrs. Agfa supply their Leica fine grain film, Leica
isochrome film, and Leica super-panchromatic film in special
Leica cartridges for daylight loading. The cartridge is used
only once and is torn open only for developing of the film in
the darkroom.
The loading of the Agfa Leica cartridge into the camera and
also the unloading is done in the same way as a loaded spool
chamber model B. Details on this will be found on pages 15
to 19.
Pleasenote. Leica cameras which are not yet equipped
with the lock V2 (see Fig. ll) must have this part fitted in
place of Vl if the Agfa Leica cartridge is to be used.

I v2
Fig. tl

It is quite an easy matter to exchange the locks and any-

body can do this. The new lock is supplied free of charge. The
change-over is effected by loosening the two screws which
hold Vl, using the same screws to hold V2. After the change-
over of the lock, not only Agfa Leica cartridges but also all
other Leica spool chambers may be used in the camera.
ll
 butkus.us

4. Loading of Film Chamber Model B

in the darkroom
(In this ease darkroom loading film spools are used)

Fig. 12
How the spool chamber Model B should be opened

l. Open spool chamber. To this end release with the index

finger of the left hand the safety spring Bt by pulling it
backwards (Fig. 12) and turn the inner shell with the right
hand at the knob towards the right (clockwise) to the end
of the movement. Then withdraw inner shell.
2. Remove the centre spool from the inner shell. Take the
wrapping off the film.
t2
 lEaala{

Fig. l3

3. Thread the short tapered end of the film under the spring Ba
of the centre spool Bs (emulsion side inwards)in the direction
of the arrow and double over.
4. Wind film on centre spool moderately tight, emulsion side
inward, and if possible use hand film winder or mechanical
winder. Take care that emulsion is not touehed.

Fig. la

6. rntroduce film spool into tho inner shell, milled. knob first,
the beginning of the film lying in tho slot.
l3
 butkus.us

$
h
kg,

Fig. l5

6. Put both together into the outer shell, superimposing the

two slots. PuIl out the beginning of the film about 2 inches
through the open slots.

Fig. 16

t. Close spool chamber by giving the inner shell half a turn to

the left until the safety spring enga,ges ab Z.
8. Pull out the beginning of the film about 2 bo 3 inches from
the closed spool chamber, so that it does not slip back.
9. If tho loaded chamber is not immediately inserted into the
c&mera, it should be kept in the aluminium container after
the projecting piece has been wound around the chamber.
t4
 C. Loading
of the Camera in subdued daYlight

lb lu 'zu 44
14
Fig. r7

Note. The loading of the camera should be done in sub-

dued daylight and the slot of the chamber should be covered
up as *ett possible. The chamber should not be exposed to
"r than is absolutely necessary for loading'
daylight longer
l. Set the reversing lever 6 from R to A.
2. Wind the knob I once and release press button 5.
t5
 butkus.us

,
I

Fig. 18

3. The camera having been already opened a,s per Fig.2 and the
withdrawn spool chamber loaded, now withdraw also the
receiving spool M (counter spool).

MMND

[''ig. l1)

4. Hold leceiving spool M with left hand and the loaded cham-
ber D in the right, as shown in Fig. 19. Clamp the beginning
of the film (ernulslon side outwards) under the spring
Ml of the receiving spool. (The perforated edge of the film
should lie right against the flange with knob.) Do not,
however, wind film on. The tapering of the film should
begin close to the slot of the chamber.
t6
 Fig. 20
(please also refer. to lrig. l8 showing correct positioD of film by
a dotted line)
of you with the lens away
-Holcl camera in front the right ha.d ancl the
-- Place the openetl
5.
i;- you. spool chamber i.
spool i' ihe left hand, a'd introduce the film i'trr
"ecei.r"ing
theslit"W^witht,lretapereclsidedownwards.(Ifthespool
chamber does not arop iigtrt down, give a small turn
to back-
winding knob 12.) i"ttt back--winding knob gently in the
clirectio=nofarrowuntilthefilmbecomesquitetatrt.

Hook camera licl 13 (swivel 23 set to "opett") over

pirl 14'
6.
Close lid and
Turn su'ivel 23 right over to "closed"'
t7
 butkus.us

16

h'i1.22

8. Wind knob I once antl lelease press button. ll,epeat this

once more. (This in ortler to dispose of the useless tapered
heginning of film.)
9. Turn counting disc 2 by means of the two lugs 3 towards
the left (i. e. against the direction of the arrow of the winding
knob 1) to 0 position.
l8
 D. Taking the Photograph
1. Pull out lens, and turn it to the ri$ht (clockwise) so as
to lock it in the bayonet catch.
, Adjust iris diaphragm by means of lever 2l (Fig.22).
3. Wind knob I in direction of arrow right to stop.
4. See that shutter speed is correct or set it by lifting the speed
dial 7, at the same time turning it so that the required
figure lies against the index arrow 8. Let go knob which
will then settle in position. At' Z the shutter remains open
as long as the button is pressed down.
o. Sight the object through range finder 11, turning focusing
lever 17 or the lens mount 22 tnlil
the two images coincide
to view the whole field
(fuse into one). Ifse view-finder 10
and gently (not jerkily) release press button 5. When
photographing rapidly moving objects the range finder
should be used as view-finder.

E. Unloading of Camera
in subdued daYlight
l. Release once again press button 5 (whether knob I is wound
or not).
2. Set reversing lever 6 from A to R.
3. Pull out back-winding knob 12 and turn in direction of
arrow until a resistance is felt and wind over this resistance.
(This means that the end of the film comes off the spring of
the receiving spool.) Give about two more turns (t'he film
is now all wound back into the spool chamber).
4. Ttrrn swivel 23 of. carnera lid 13 torT'ards the left from
ttopen" and remove camera lid.
"closed" to
5. Pull out spool chamber by means of the rnilled knob anrl
keep in aluminiurn container for developing.
6. The removing of the film from the spool chamber must
only be done in the darkroom.
l9
 butkus.us
I
I
I

F. Some additional hints on the use I

of the Leica
Taperin$ loose film. If one does not use the ready made
ri
up Leica films, but cuts strips from a larger roll, one should take
care that the film ends are correctly tapered, as this is of the I
greatest importance for the good functioning of the c&mera,.
ft is advisable to use our trimming template for this purpose. l

Fig. 23. Film Trimming Template

(Trimming the film end for centre spool)

The film end which is to be attached to the centre spool

must be trimmed as shown in Fig. 23: a short taper with a
front of about 3/r" broad. If the trimming template is used it
should be unfolded and the film inserted with the emulsion
side downwards, and from the side into the narrow slit of the
bottom plate. The end of the film should project a little
beyond the point of the template. Then the template is folded
and the projecting piece of film cut off along the edges of the
template, as shown in Fig. 23. With the oxception of the por-
tion to be tapered, which lies between the template, the emul-
sion remains untouched in the hollow of the hand.
20
 Fig.24. Film Trimming TemPlate
('frimming the film end for receiving spool)

Half the wiclth of the film end which is to be attached to the

leceiving spool shoulcl be taperetl for at least 3t1r') to 4", attcl
in such a way that no perforation ltole is cut tltlough. This is
easily done with a t,rimming template. The fitm end is laicl
between the unfokled template, (emulsion sicle facing the
bottom plate - - the plate with the slit) so tlrat a small piece
of film projects beyoncl the encl of the template. The two pins
in the template erlgage in the lrerforat,ion. Having folded the
template one crrts along the lorrg ancl broad edge of the template
with a knife, tlrus obtair-rirrg a, tapering which has not only
the correct length attcl forrn but also has no llerforatiotl hole
ctlt through. 'Ihe film sltollcl be haldle<l lr.y holcling it only
at t|e edge, alrl torrc|irig of the, emttlsiol ttrttst lle avoicled.
2r
 butkus.us

Fis. 25. Hand Film Winrler

Spooling of the Filrn. The winding of the film on to the

centre spool is greatly facilitated by a special metal hand winder.
It is slipped into the centre spool as shown in Fig. 25, on that
sirle which contains the little eross-pin fitting the slit in the
u'inrler'.

Fig. 26. Mechanical Winder

The Mechanical Winder (Fig. 26)serves the same purpose.

This little instrument is best attached to the edge of a table in
the darkroom. A slit axis receives the centre spool, while the
eross-pin of the spool enga,ges in the slit. After the film end has
been fixed to the centre spool it can be conveniently wound
on with the aid of the crank. The film should always be wound
tightly at the outset, as subsequent tightening is liable to
22
procluce small scra,tches. A roller attached to a sprtrrlg a'rln
'prevents the film spool from loosening due to resilience. When
*i.rai.rg the film or, "r"u should be taken that it is not sclueezetl
in the !and, and that no undue pressure is exerciserl on the
edges of the film. fn the former case fogging mal arise: in the
latler so calle6 "liglrtnings", tSat is, marks with the appea,rance
-in <lue to electric tlischarges.
of ferns or trees may appear
winding of Filrn carnera. The aclvance of the film
from pictrr"" to picture is obtained simply by turning the
windirig knob f 1Fig. l) right round to the sto'. There is no
need tJ watch this through a film window as with other roll
film cameras.
The proof that the filrn is advancing properly is that
the back-windin$ knob 12rotates (anti-clockwise) when
the knob I is tuined. This point should be given parti-
cular attention at the be$innin$. If the back-wintling knob,
even after several turns of l<nob I (ancl release of press button 5)'
does not rotate, the reversing lever 6 should be set from A to R,
anrl the back-wincling knob pulled out (see Fig. 27) and turned
in the direction of the o""o*, so that the beginning of the film
is wound back into the chamber.

I'ig. 27. Itrxtensible lJack-winding Knotr

l'hen the spool chamber is taken out of the camera and the
film inserted dgain as per the instructiotrs on l)ages 16 and 17.
If these points a"u cu,".f.,lly followed the film will not fail to
advance properlY.
23
 butkus.us

' The setting of the focal plane shutter, which is self-

capping, is done by winding the knob I (Fig. t) in the
direction of the arrow right up to the stop. The film is then
simultaneously wound on by the correct amount, for the next
picture.
For adjusting the speed of the focal plane shutter,
which shouldlonly be done when it is set (i. e. after winding I
knob 1) the shutter speed diaIT (Fig. l)is lifted and turned so
that the index arrow 8 points to the required speed, when it J
is let go. The figures engraved on the speed dial represent
fractions of seconds (e. g. 20 : r f zotkr. second i Z : Time). ft is
advisable to get used to working with the speeds from t l"oth.
to 1/uoth. and to regulate the intensity by means of the iris
diaphragm. The shorter exposures, such as l/rooth and l/uooth,
are only required for sports scenes under favourable lighting,
and then mostly with full open aperture. For time exposures,
which of course, cannot be made out of the hand, a short wire
release is used which screws on top of the press button 5 after
the protective ring has been unscrewed. If the focal plane
shutter (speed dial) is adjusted to Z, it remains open as long as
button 5 or the wire release is pressed down. The camer&
possesses normal screw thread for adaptation on a,ny tripod.
The Release of Press Button 5 (Fig. l) must be done
gently by resting the middle joint of the index finger on the
edge of the camera and pressing with the first joint in the
manner of a lever on the button, without, jerking. The protec-
tive ring greatly ;facilitates a correct release. Jerky releasing
results in blurred photographs.
For time exposures our screw-on Wire Release with fixing I
screw should be applied. This may also be used for instantaneous
exposures. When unscrewing the wire release from the press
button it is advisable to hold the speed dial so as to prevent the I
shutter from being set accidentally. Should this occur either
partially or wholly the winding knob I should be turned right
up to the stop so as to ensure that the shutter is fully set.
The Range Ftnder is built on top of the camera (together
with v_iew-finder) and lies in a horizontal position between
shutter speed dial and back-winding knob. It, is automatically
interconnected with the helical focusing mount of the lens, so
that both the adjustment of the range finder and the correct
24
 fopusing of the lens are simultaneous. I3y this the "ever,-retr-
diness" of the Leica camera has been still further increased.
Correct focus is obtained when the two images appearing
in the centre field of the range finder fuse into one (coincidence
principle). The two images are always both in the field of view
and focusing is therefore easy as compared with large basis
I range finders where one of the images may not be within the
field of view at a. certain setting.
J
For eorrect focusing follow this proeerlrrre:

For horlzont^l photographs:

I
I Fig. 28

Rest camera against cheek, keeping both elbows close to

the body the right hand clasping the camera the right
- ready on press button
index finger - finger on
the left index
the button of the focusing lever -the left thumb supporting
the camera on the side. -

25
 butkus.us

For upright photographs:

l'ig. 2f)

First Method. Hokl cAlnel'a in right harrtl from rrnrler-

neath r'iglrt t,humlr stretchetl over s'intling knob antl lesting
-
orr l)r'ess brrtton, tlrtrmll mrrst not touch speetl tlial -- right
elbow against body -- opelate fncusing lever with inrlex or
micklle finger of left harr<l whilst left thumb steadies camera
against forehearl.

The methocl as set out ab<tve obviates shaking with utmost

certainty. Obviously, the tlrumb must release the press button
gently. To hokl the camera in this way is particularly conven-
ient, when u'earjng a hat with a broacl brim.
 Second Method (see Fig. 30). This method is also greatly
favoured by many.

Fig. 30

Right hand on top right index finger on press button

-
finger actuating focusing lever
-
left thumb supporting
left index -
ca,mera.

The view-finder is fitted in the middle of the range finder.

It is a direct-vision finder and has to be held close to the eye'
For close-ups (9 to 12 feet) it gives the exact size of the photo-
graphic image, whilst for greater distances the image produced
on the film is slightly larger. This normal view-finder is used
with the standard lens "Elmar" F/3.5, 5 cm. focus and with the
"Ilektor" lens F/2.5, 5 cm. focus. Lenses of other focal lengths
require our universal view-finder which is slipped into the clip
on top of the c&mer&. Particulars on universal view'finders are
given on page 36.
27
 butkus.us

C. The Interchangeable Leica Lenses

Every Leica camer& is now fitted with a lens-chan$in$
flan$e which makes it possible to interchange lenses of variotts
focal lengths without any difficulty, as the camera as well as the
lenses are all normalised. The lenses are simply screwed mo-
derately tight into the changing-flange. In order to ensure
accuracy for all time we employ a changing screw flange and
not a ralticl or bayonet thread. When changing lenses the open
c&mera should not be exposed to bright light but held with the
aperture towards the body until the lens is screwed in.
All Leica lenses are high class Leitz anasti$rnats antl their'
optical data are chosen so as to suit various purl)oses. There
is therefore harclly a braneh of photography to which the
Leica camera cannot be applied u'ith strccess.

I'ig.

The following Leica lenses are supplied:

"Elmar" Fi3.5, 5 cm. focus (standard lens),
"Elmar" F/3.5, 3.5 cm. focus (wide-angle lens),
"Elm&r" Fl4, g cm. focus (portrait and distance lens),
"Elma,r" Fi6.3, 10.5 cm. focus (light-weight distance lens),
"Elmar" F 14.5, 13.5 cm. focus (distance lens),
"Ilektor" F 12.5, 5 cm. focus (rapid lens),
"I{ektor" F/I.9, 7.3 cm. focus (ultra-rapid lens).
28
 The Standard Lens "Elrnar" F/3.5, 5 cm. focus. Oiving
to the favourable ehoice of focal length and relative aperture,
this lens is the most suitable universal lens for small size nega-
tive photography, and cannot be displaced by any of the
folloriing *p""i"i lenses, for it has a particularly well graded
d.epth ol fo"rrr, resulting in a remarkably realistic effect in
refoect of space. It will therefore always remain the most
ideal lens for the maiority of amateur photographers'
The tubular socket of the "Elmar" 5 cm. lens is pulled out
for photographing and locked in a bayonet catch by turning it
to tire right (tlocliwise). When the camera is not in use the lens
socket is turned to the left and pushed into the camela body.
The ..Elmar" lens F/3.5, 3.5 Crn. focus is intended pri-
marily for architectural photographs. with these it often happens
that the practicable d.istance between the camera and the build-
ing is noi sufficient to show the latter in its entirety upon th^e
ne-"gative. since the 3.5 cm. lens embraces an angle of nearly 650,
,rrd th" 5cm. lens only an angle of 480, the former has an un-
doubted advantage over the latter when architectural subjects
are to be photographed. The smaller lens is also very useful for
interiors. this lens, it shoqld be noted, is mounted in aninexten-
sible tube. we should. Iike to mention that photographs of
interiors are possible with long exposures even without a tripod,
by holding the camera with its back against, a wall. For the
3.S cm. lens the universal view-finder is used. (Particulars on
view-finders will be found on page 36.)
The "Elmar" lens 3.5 cm. focus also has a working aperture
of F/3.5, although a slight vignetting effect due to the large
u,p""in"" an4 wide angle is removed only by stopping down to
4.5 or 6.3.
The .,Elrnar" Lens F/6.3, 10.5crn. focus is a relatively
small and light distance lens, weighing aboub 7 ozs', and is
particularly lavoured by mountaineers. Its lesser aperture is
i' most cases perfectly sufficient, as when photographing
distant views one mostly has to stop down to 6.3 in any case.
in ord.er to overcome unsharpness which may arise due to
distant ha,ze. Those who demand a greater aperture (implying
increased weight and volume) will choose one of the following
distance lenses.
The"Elmar"LensesF/4, 9 crn.focus and F 14.5'13.5crn'
focus are mainly used for photographing distant views, but
they are also very suitable for portraits when it is desired to
2g
 butkus.us

fill the whole rregative witlr lread or lrea<l ancl shotrlclers withorrt
the necessity of getting too elose to the subject. Owing to the
inct'easerl working rlistance they freqtrently avoirl clistor.tion of
lrrolrort,ion. These lenses are usetl with our rrniversal view-
finrlers (see page 36). The image angle for f,eica negatives of
the "lllmar.'' 9 cm. lens is 270 anrl of the "Elmar" lens 13.5 cm.
190.
The "Elmar" lens 13.5 cm. is alllrroximately b" long and
weighs l1:tf oozs., whilst tlre "IIlmAr," lens 9cm. measures only
3" an<l weighs l0 ozs. Wher,e it is reqtrirerl, therefore, to have
a tlistance lens of fairly wirle aperture Jrut small size an<l weight,
the lattel lerrs wjll lre preferrerl.
Wlren u'orking with these long focal letrgth lenses it is
part,icularly imllortant to keelt the camerA stearly. When using
the l3.5cm. lens the left hanrl shorrl<l holrl the lens mount, from
Jrelolr'. irr lifle fashion, u'hilst the right hanrl should control the
lelease. This shoultl not lre clone in jerks l.lut by graclually
alUrlving pressule as rvherr u'orking the trigger of a rifle. Pre-
feralrlv a br ilro<l sttrttrl slrorrlrl lre rrse<l rvith this lens, irr orcler to
avoirl blulred pictrrr.es.

Fig. 32

30
 The "Hektor" lens F/2.5, 5 crn. focus meets the wishes
of those Leica photographers who desire to obtain snapshots
under unfavourable lighting conditions both out of doors and
indoors. The "Ifektor" lens is not a soft picture producer like
many other lenses of this aperture, although it naturally does
not quite attain the same crisp definition as the "Elmar" lens.
The tubular socket of the "Ifektor" 5 cm. lens is pulled out
for photographing in the same way a,s the standard lens and
locked in a bayonet catch by turning it to the right (clockwise).
When the camera is not in use the lens socket is turned to the
left and pushed into the camera bocly.

Fig. 33. "Elmar" Fig. 34. "Ifektor"

Iens F/6.3, 10.5 cm. focus lens F/1.9, 7.3 cm. focus

The "Hektor" lens F/l .9r 7.3 cm. focus, owing to its
extreme aperture and light-transmitting capacity, is of particular
importance for the press photographer whose camera must not
fail even under the most adverse lighting conditions. If we add
that the "I{ektor" lens F/I.9 has in addition to its large aperture
an exceptionally fine correction, we mean to infer that it
represents a universal lens of the highest order.
The Irna$e-ratio of the various lenses is proportionate to
their focal length. i. e. 3.5:5:7.3:9: 10.5:13.5.
The Helical Mount. Every lens possesses its own helical
mount for focusing. That of the "Elmar" lenses 3.5 and 5 cm.,
3l

l.
 butkus.us

also that of the "Hektor" lens 5 cm., is actuated by the focusing

lever 17 (Fig. l); that of all other lenses, however, bymeans of
the large milled ring (see Fig. 3a). An index line indicates the
distance.

I'ig. 35. The fnfinity Catch

The Infinity Catch. If the helical mount has reached the

"infinity position" (@) it is automatically engaged and locked.
By pressure orl the button of the focusing lever it may be
released. This device (see Fig. 35)is fitted to the lenses "Elm&r"
3.5 and 5 cm., also the "Ilektor" lens 5 cm.
Coupling. The mechanism of the built-in range finder is
interconnected with the helical focusing mount of the lens by
means of special devices. By screwing the lens into the camera
the connection is automatically ensured. The automatic coup-
ling represents fine motion mechanism of highest precision, and
guarantees utmost convenience and greatest rapidity in photo-
graphing with the Leica.
32
 The Dtaphragrn of the lenses "Elmar" 3.5 and 6cm. focus
and "I{ektor" 5cm. is adjusted by means of a small lever with
index line, as illustrated under No.2l in Fig. l. The other
lenses have a thin milled ring for the adjustment of the dia-
phragm. The figures read off are the relative apertures of the
lenses. Tho ratio of time of exposure compared with the full
open aperture is as follows:
Relative aperture: 1.9 2.5 (3.2) 3.5 4.5 6.3 g 12.5 l8
Ratio of exposure: 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.2 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 32.0

Depth of Focus Collar

Fig. 36. Depth of Focus Collar

In order to be able diroctly to read off tho range of depth of

focus obtaining at tho different lens apertures, the lens socket
is furnished with a special scalo giving the aperture figures
from 1.9, 2.6 or 3.6 respectively to 18, roading either way from

33
 butkus.us r
f
the main index. (See Figs. 34 and 36). To read the depth of
focus, proceed as follows:
First, set the main index to the appropriate distance figure
obtained by measuring or guessing of the distance to the object,
say 12 feet. With aperture 6.3 the two index lines marked 6.3
on the depth of focus scale indicate a range of depth of focus
from 9 to 18 feet; with aperture 4.5 a ra,nge from l0 to l5 feet;
and with aperture 18.0 a range from 6 feet to "infinity".
If it is desired to obtain the utmost depth of focus for a
distant view with foreground, not the main index is set to
infinity but that index line of the depth of focus scale which
corresponds to the aperture used. With aperture 18.0 the depth
of focus then covers a range from 6lfrf.eet to "infinity", and
with aperture 6.3 a range from 18 feet to "infinity".
ft is understood that the reading of the depth of focal range
is limited by the two ends of the distance scale, namely, 3.5 feet
and "infinity". All figures on the depth of focus scale appearing
beyond these limits have no significance on the reading. fn
other words, when setting the main index to 3.5 feet the near
point of the depth of focus range cannot be read off. When
set to 100 feet the far point of the depth of focus range for
aperture 3.5 lies at infinity, and similarly for all smaller aper-
tures, although the far index of these small apertures extends
beyond infinity.
The reading of the depth of focus at the depth-of-focus
scale is sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. A spe-
cially computed table issued by us contains more accurate
figures, the calculation of which is based on a circle of diffusion
of r/roth mm.

34
 H. Accessories to the Leica
'
Leitz Angular View-Finder
for the Leica Carnera with 5 cm.lens

Fig. 3?. The Angular View'Finder

The Leitz An$ular Vlew-Finder ("Wintu") enables one

to make exposures without attracting attention as the sighting
device lies ?t right angles to the object to be photographed-:
that is, the photographis taken as it, were "round the corner".
The forked bracket of the angular view-finder is slipped into
the clip on top of the c&mer& and the small prism attached to
-switched
the finder is in front of the eyepiece of the range
finder (see Fig. 37). The c&mer& is held during the exposure &s
illustrated. in rig. as. Focusing by means of the reflecting
prism of the angnlar view-finder is simplified if the object is
first sighted in the eyepieco of the finder.
Ttre angular view-finder can only be used with the Leica
c&mor& and Leica lenses of 5 cm. focal length. The image
appears right and left roversed.

I
 butkus.us

Fig. 38. I{ow to use the Angular View-X'inder

Leitz Universal Finders

for the Leica Camera with Interchangeable Lenses

When using the Leica camera with intercharrgeable lenses

bhe various fields covered by the different lenses are determined
with the aid of special optical view-finders (see Figs. 39 & 40)
which slip in the clip on top of the eamera bodv.

Fig. 39. The Small Universal View-Finder on the Leica

The Leitz Universal Finders are made in two t5ryes, the

small and the large universal finder. Both aro built after the
principle of a small astronomical telescope in combination with

36
 an imege-erecting prism. The image, however, appears right
and lefireversed. The unique arrangement of these finders has
the special and important advantage that a_ny slight tjlt of the
ea*e"a will cause the image seen through the finder to assume
a pronouncedly oblique position. 'Ihe tilt of the image in the
firider, due to ih" p"itttt arrangement, is twice as great' as that
of the camera body itself, thus providing an excellent means of
setting the camera, accurately horizontal or vertical, as the case
may be.
when the carnera is turned for takin$ upri$ht pictures
the image in both finders appears upside down,- owing to the '

optical i""ang"rnent of the finders. In order to be able to see

the view in its natural position the prism in the eyepiece is made
to turn through 900. Two index lines indicate the limits of the
movement, wlich is also felt by definite stops. It should be
noted that with the finder in working position the oblong
diaphragm in the eyepiece should always be set. horizontally.
nor compensation of the parallax between finder and lens
(displacement of both optical axes) both view-finders are fitted
witi a cam and lover motion for tilting the finder. By this
arrangement it is ensured that an object sighted through the
centrJ of the finder appears really in the centre of the photo-
graph. The parallactic effect is not, noticeable at distances over
1Z [eat,, For shorter d.istances, however, it' has to be compensa-
ted for by tilting the finder. This is done with the small lever
underneaih the eyepiece which is marked with figures for the
distances and for infinity (-).
^when short a portrait, for instance, after having focus_ed
respective
taking
the camora, thJdistlnce is read off at the focusing scale of the
lens, and tho parallax lever set accordingly.

The Small Universal Finder

for three lenses

This type contains line-drawn plates as shown in Fig.39a

and is supplied for four lens combinations:
For 3.5, 5 and 7.3 cm. focus lenses ("Viuna"),
For 3.6, 5 and 9 cm. focus lenses ("Vizwo"),
For 3.5, 5 and 10.5 cm. focus lenses ("Vitro"),
For 3.6, 6 and 13.5 cm. focus lenses ("Vifur")'
at,

I
 butkus.us

'Ihe thick lines indicate the normal field of view with the
various lenses expressed in focal length at distances over
30 feet. The fine lines show
the field when taking close-ups
(about 6 feet). A small cross
in the centre simplifies central
sighting.

Fig. 39a
The field of view in the Small
IJniversal Vi ew-Finder ('.Vifur " )

The Large Universal Finder "Vidom"

for all Leica Lenses
This finder contains &n oblong diaphragm which is ad-
justable in size. By means of a milled ring the field of view is
reduced or increased. The proportion of the sides remains
always 2 : 3. The millecl ring is engraved with the various focal
Iengths of theLeica lenses.
The diaphragm shows,
therefore, only the field
of that lens for the focal
length of which the index
line has been set, and this
for distances from 30feet
to infinity (-). A second
shorter index line close
to the other is referred to
when taking close-ups, i. e.
for distances from 3.5 to
6 feet. It gives the
reduced field obtained at
Fig.40 these short ranges with
The Large lfniversal View-X'inder all Leica lenses, with the
exception of the wide-
angle lens. For distances between 9 and 30 feet the milled ring
is best set between the two index lines.
38
 When followin$ rapidly rnovin$ objects, owing to the
left and right mirror reversal of the image in the finder, it is
advisable to keep both eyes open so as to retain the object more
easily in the centre.
ror ftndin$ the proper pictorial cornposition the
universal finderls used wittiout camera. Sighting through the
finder shows immediately whether the desired effect can be
obtained with any particular lens. This is of great convenience,
espocially when working with long focal -length lenses, &s one
,ruid troftake the and lenses from the case until the best
position has been"a*era
found.
Fitttng of the universal Finders is an easy matter. They
simply slif into the clip provided on top of the Leica body'- A
.i-ita" ctip is fitted to ifre t,op of the universal finders to enable
one to atitach a separate range finder if the ca,mer& has no
built-in range finder.
The universal Finders will without special adaptation fit
all Leica c&meras, and an adjustment of the clip on previously
supplied cameras is not as a rule necessary. If in particular
the image of the finder does not exactly agrge with the
"r*6.
image obtained on the film, it is advisable to send both finder
and camera to us for adjustment.

Leitz Reflecting View-Finder

to the Leica Camera

Fig. 4f . The Reflecting View-Finder on the Leica

contrary to the principle of direct vision in eye level embodied
in the norriral, angiular and universal finders to the Leica, the
reflecting finder is used at a lower level (waist-level) and the
39
 butkus.us

image viewed frorn above. This finder is found convenient

mainly where it is required to photograph from a lower position,
as for instance when photographing children, small animals, etc.
The finder consists of a housing containing a, so-called
"penta" prism in conjunction with a negative lens (Newton
finder). This novel combination results in a very clear, bright
and sharply defined image. To indicate the size of field fo"
horizontal or vertical photographs the four corners are blocked
out in the usual way. The image is upright and correct, as to
right and left. The field of view corresponds to that of the
"Elmar" and "rrektor" lenses of b crn. focal length in Leica
negative size 36 X 24 rnrn.
This finder has engraved on top small cross lines and in
front a small circle. Sighting should be done with one eye only,
and the crosslines should appear in the centre of the circle so
as to ensure that, the camera is not slanting.
The reflecting finder has two flanges, for horizontal and
vertical pictures, and is slipped into the clip on top of the
camera body.
A similar clip fitted to the finder may accommodate separate
range finder.

Leitz Supplementary Front Lenses

to the Leica Camera

@ffiffiffi
F'ig. 42. Yellow Filters, supplementary Front lenses
and Lens l{ood (, l, actual size)
These supplementary front lenses are achromatic con\zer-
ging lenses and &re used for photographing small living creatures,
plants, objects of art etc., at ranges shorter than 31f , feet,
as well as for the reproduction of printed matter, illustrations,
documents, etc. Theyscrewin the front lens mount of the 5cm.
focal length "Elmar" or "Ilektor" lenses and should only be
screwed home moderatelY firmlY.
We supply them in three powers, namely:
No. 1 For distances from Sgrlrto 22'ltu inches.
For objects of sizes l6'/ru x 24tB lrcinches, to 8e/ru x I27 lB
inches.
For reducing from 17.5 to 9.1 times.
No. 2 For distances from 2L'lru to I5L5 f ,u inches.
For objects of sizes S?/ru xI2518 inches to 55f 8x SLlz
inches.
I'or reducing from 8.9 to 6.0 times.
No. 3 For distances from I2Lln to 10t1/ru inches.
For objects of sizes 4L f n x 65 f tu inches to 33/8 X5
inches.
For reducing from 4,5 to 3.5 times.
The distances are measured from the back of the camera
(plane of the film) to the object.
It may kre observed here that the 5 cm. lenses of the Leica
camera without supplernentary lens render it practicable to
take objects at a distance of 31/, feet, and in these circum-
stances ieduce the size of an object measuring 26 X L7L l'inches
to one-eighteenth its original size.
By enlarging the negative obtained with the front lens in use
a piclure can be rnacle to show the object in natural size, and
*[""" the No. 3 front lens has been used, it ca' eve' be en-
larged beyond natural size.
-Detailed
particulars respecting the setting of the lens by the
focusing helix, the distance and practicable size of the object, as
well as ihe resulting reduction and depth of definition may be
found from the "Tables to the Leica Camera" compiled by us'
The supplernentary front lenses Nos. I and 2 are availatrle
for use at ?utt aperture even for snapshots. When using them
for copying work they should be stopped down. In particular,
it is advisable in the case of the No. 3 front lens always to stop
down to at least F/6.3 in view of the very small depth of de-
finition.
The front lenses to the "Ilektor" lens, however' require a
restricted application of the iris diaphragm. For further parti-
culars please refer to the "Tables for Use with the Leica, Camera".
4l
 butkus.us

Fig. 43 shows an "Elmar" lens set to infinity with supple-

mentary front lens. The object is in the focal point of the
supplementary front lens, i. e. behind the supplementary front
lens the beam of rays is just as parallel as with the "Elmar"
adjusted at infinity. The use of the supplementary front lenses
does not alter the path of rays in the "Elmar". The time of
exposure and the extension of the lens, therefore, remain the
same as with the "Elmar" lens without supplementary front
lens.
For instance, the exposure is the same whether the same
object is taken with the "Elrnar" lens alone at a distanee of
3.5 feet or with tire supplernentarv front, lens No. L a,t 23rf n":
or with the supplementary front lens No.2 at, 16rl"", or with I
front lens No. 3 at 101l/ru". fn these cases the focusing mount
always remains set at 3.5 feet. When a yellow filter is required
in combination with a front lens an intermediate collar ("Firgi") fi
is used.
ll
I

Object Image

Supplementary Front Lens "Elmar" lens

Fig. 43. Path of rays in the "Elmar" lens with Supplementary
Front Lens

Particulars on the making of reproductions, for which the

supplementary front lenses are suited, are given in our ca,ta-
logue "Leica Accessories for the Scientist".. under the section
on Reproduction Devices.

Leitz Yellow Filters for the Leica Camera

The Yellow Filters serve in conjunction with ortho-
chromatic films for a true rendering of the colour values. They
make it possible to obtain cloud effects in landscape photo-
graphs. The retardation factor for the time of exposure dimi-
nishes with the increasing orthochromacy of the negative
42

i
I
A

t
material. The retardation factors for the time of exposures
are approximately:
Filter
No.o lNo.l- | No'z
Extra light)l (Light) l(Medium)

A$fa
Leica Fine Grain Film l8o Sch. 1.8 2.6 4.0
Leica Isochrorne FiIm 230 Sch. 1.8 2.6 4.0
Leica Super-panchromatic Film . 1.3 1.8 2.5
Mirnosa
Leica Fine Grain Film l9o Sch. r.4 1.9 2.3
Leica Extrema Film 230 Sch. 1.5 2.0 2.7
'
Petwtz
Leica Film (Green Label) l7o Sch. 1.6 2.1 2.8
Leica, Special Film (Fine Grain)
l9o Sch. 1.5 2.0 2.7
Leica Special Film (Anti-Halo) Fine
Grain l7o Sch. 1.5 2.O 2.7
Leica Persenso Film 230 Sch. r.2 L.7 2.3
Leica Panchromatic Film t.5 2.0 2.7

Gevaert
LeicaSpecial FineGrainFilm I 90 Sch. 1.8 2.6 4.0
Leica Express SuPerchrome Filrn
230 Sch. 2.2 3.2 5.0
Kodak
Leica Panehromatic Film 1.3 1.8 2.5
Leica Super-panchromati c Film (S S ) l.t t.25 1.5

The above factors are for white illumination, e. g' blue sky
with white clouds. In a deep blue light (blue sky without clouds
of any consequence) in summer about ll a. m. to 2p'rn' the
exposnre should be half as long again with the above filters.
The use of dense (i. e. dark) filters is not to be lecommended as
they cause blue to appear too dark and green and yellow too light.
in view of the *ia" popolarity whilh the yellow filters have
attained among all photographers who appreciate the signifi-
cance of correctly rendered colour shade and intensity values'
there is, however, one disadvantage, the cause of which could
not be accounted for until comparatively recently, and which it
may be useful to mention here. The yellow disc impairs to some
43
 butkus.us

small extent the microscopic sharpness of the negatives. The

planeparallel f-inish of good filters (which, one might say, is
almost, carried to excess) certainly obviates distortion, but it
does not completely prevent a, slight deterioration of the

Lens Eood

Yellow fllter

fnfurmediate
Collar

Supplementary
front lens

Leica lens

Fig. aa. How to use the various Front Attachments (2/, act. size)

sharpness which is attainable without a filter. In the larger size

negatives the difference is not appreciable. fn the case, however,
of very small negatives requiring to be enlarged, in some cases
very considerably, this impaired degree of sharpness may
becorne a decided detraction.
Recent systematic investigations have shown that the short-
wave blue and ultra-violet rays when used separately to pro-
duce the photographic image yield the highest degree of sharp-
ness. This, however, diminishes gradually in the same measure
as rays of longer wave-lengths join in the formation of the
image or are used alone.
Since the yellow filters which are provided for use with the
orthochrornatic fihns sensitized for yellow-green and the pan-
chrornatic films sensitized for yellow-red filter out the blue rays to
a very considerable extent, it follows that they weaken the very
element which contributes most to the sharpness of the image.
This should not be entirely overlooked when using yellow
filters. They should, therefore, be avoided where extreme
sharpness cannot be sacrificed. As a matter of fact, modern
highly orthochromatisecl films have been perfected to such an
44
extent that the negatives obtained with them present a very close
approximation to the true rendering of natural colour values,
and hence require the use of a weak filter with exceptionally un-
favourable objects only. Dense filters are entirely superfluous.
Further, it should be borne in mind that in the morning
and in the evening the radiation of the sky contains more
yellow rays, so that at these times yellow filters can be dispensed
with, while at noon the light is bluer, so that a weak yellow
filter is then more appropriate.
For use with the Leica camera with focal plane shutter the
yellow filters are usually supplied in slip-on mounts. Fig.44
shows how they are attached either alone or in eonjunction with
a supplementary front lens or lens hood. For the sirnultaneous
use of a supplementary front lens and yellow f-ilter an inter-
mediate ring is required ("Firgi").
If desired, fellow filters can be supplied in screw-in mounts
for use with the focal plane shutter camera. The ir-is diaphragm
in this case is actuated directly, but the yellow filter cannot
then be used in combination with the front lens.
tr'or the two lenses "Elmar" F f 4.5, 13.5 cm. focal length,
and "Ilektof' Ff2.5, 5cm. focal length, the filters are supplied
in slip-on mounts only (see Leica, catalogue).
The Graduated Yellow Filter. When photographing
scenes with a particularly bright background and a dark fore-
ground, we recommend using the graduated yellow filter to
avoid partial over-exposure. This filter is supplied in a fixed
slip-on mount, to fit all Leica cameras having a focal-plane
shutter. The dividing line of the filter is in the centre. Care
must always be taken to ensure that the arrow engraved on the
outer edge of the mount lies on top. The filter doubles normal
time of exposure.
Green Filter. All panchromatic negative material to be
had on the market and destined for use with the Leica presents
a gap in the scale of colour reproduction in the green section
of the spectrum. Our green filter may be used to remedy this
defect. It lengthens exposure times as follows:
Agfa Superpan X 3,
I{odak Super-Sensitive x 2.5,
PerrLz Panchrom X 4.
U. V. Protective Filter. For taking photographs at high
altitudes (above 6500 feet) the customary yellow filters are not
so well suited. We would recommend in these cases the use of
45
 butkus.us

U. V. protective filters. Their use doubles the requisite time

of exposure. (See Leica catalogue.)
As at such heights the time of exposure generally required
is only half that needed in the valley, the exposure with the
ultra-violet filter will be about the same at altitudes of 6,b00
feet as down below when working without this filter.

Panoramic Tripod Head for the ,,Leic,a"

Fig.45 (about lf , actual size)

Panoramic Tripod head, angular bracket and case level

Fig. a6 (1/, actual size) Fig. 47 (1/, actual size)

i\{ounted for horizontal exposures Mounted for upright exposures

46

I
 The Lens Hood (l-ig. 42) rs useful for taking photographs
against the sun, &s it preirents the direct sunlight frorn entering
obviates reflections.
the le's as i."; ;, pru,iti"able, ancr thereby aperture and can
These hoocls are no* *.rppliecl with circular
be placecl on the lens motrnt in any
position'
bracket
The Panorarnic fripoA head thA the an$ular
belo'ging to it make it-^poslible for the Leica camera'to take
composite exposures of a, Panorama to
include a' cornplete
ancr r,vith the ca,mera either horizontar or upright. Atry
circle with it' The
carner.a stancl of sufficient rigidity may be used
arrangement is illustrated below'
set absolutely h"ori-
tr,irst of all the axis of the lens must be this purpose
for
zortally. A case revel ("Fibla" ) is supplied finder' tr'or
and" inser.terl i' t5e clip lor a,ttaclrrttg-the -range
it shc]uld be attacrt"a to the angular bracket'
verticar exposures
levelling. By means
The ba1_joi'ted tripocl head. facilitates the rotated, and' com-
tiipocl Seacl the camera is
of t6e parloramic into the marks on
mencing at 1, the slrring is allowed to snap fixi'g points for
scale. Th; n'mber.s clenote the
the
'urnberecl exposures. The tlpper row of figures from I to 14
the individual
is intenclecl fcr exposur"J(-". g., in 'rou.tainoLrs districts)
lo'yer 'pright
row I to 9 is inte.<{ed for horizontal pictures'
and. the
providecl a lens of 5 cm. focal length is being usecl' when com-
pleting the r:ircle with the camera upright, the fourteenth
picture somewhat overlaps the first
in*, so that a corresponding strip must
be cut off orr the finisirecl picture' The
angular brnr:ket is rlot absolutely ne-
for horizontal exposures' but
""*'*trt
is clesirable a,s then the camera is sup-
portecl in the rnicldle, and remaitls better
in eqtrilibritrm.
The Case Level (l-ig' 45) is re-
qtrirecl for photographing panoramic
recommended trig. 48. Ball-jointed
'Ji"*'* and itis ,r=" it u'lto Head (about
for architectural photographs ' It slips Tripod t
into t,he clamp piovided on top of the l, acb. size)
camel'il.
is also used for
The Ball-jointed Tripod Head (tsig' 48) is required for all
taki'g pu,rror#r.i" views, J,trd i' aclclitioir
on tr.ipocl, aS the camera has a
rrpr.ight photographs taken a,
It is best used
tripocl thread. only for horizontal phltographs'
47

.l
 butkus.us

together with the Anp.,rlar Bracket, particularly for architoe-

tural $'ork, 'when the Case Level also should be employed.
The Stereo- slide is screwed on the tripod, and enables the
camera to be shifted laterally, so that the two relative stereo
exposures may be made shortly after each other. ft is, of
course, only possible to rnake exposures of still objects. The
slider which carries the camera may be secured in any position.
Generally a lateral displacement, of 65-75 mm. will be preferred.
At 75 mm. the slide is provided with a rnark. For distant ex-
posures without close foreground. the lateral displacement, may
be extended to 150 mm. in order to obtain a satisfactorv stereo-
scopic effect.

Fig. 49. Stereo Slide (about tl, act. size)

It shoutd tre rnentioned that one of the stop screws at the

end of the slide has a, milled head and rnay be unscrewed in
order to remove the slider and reverse the same. This is neces-
sary as the rotation of the ring plate is no L always sufficient to
fix the camera in a convenient position. When taking the left
component picture the camera projects over the encl of the
slide, whilst when the right component picture is taken it
rests completely on the slide. The ring plate rotates and
enables one to clarnp the camera exactly in the direction of the
slide. Obviously, the correct posrtion of the slider need only
be adjusted to the thread of the canlera once.
On our Leica Stereo Attachrrrent "Stereoly" we have
issued separate literature. Further, there are separate lists on:
Developing Apparatus for Leica Films,
Auxiliary Reproduction Devices,
Leica Accessories for the Scientist.
Enlarging Apparatus,
Leica Small Projectors,
Hints on Developing, Printing and Enlarging Leica Pictures.

January 1933. / I. A. Y. Riiderdruck Leipzig

List Photo No. 7280 48 Printed in Germany