2019 Appc Mech
2019 Appc Mech
AP Physics C:
®
Mechanics
Practice Exam
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Contents
Exam Instructions
Scoring Worksheet
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AP Physics C:
Mechanics Exam
Regularly Scheduled Exam Date: Monday afternoon, May 13, 2019
Late-Testing Exam Date: Wednesday morning, May 22, 2019
Before Distributing Exams: Check that the title on all exam covers is Physics C: Mechanics. If there are any exam
booklets with a different title, contact the AP coordinator immediately.
Students are permitted to use rulers, straightedges, and four-function, scientific, or graphing
During the administration of Section II, students may have no more than two calculators on
their desks. Calculators may not be shared. Calculator memories do not need to be cleared
before or after the exam. Students with Hewlett-Packard 48–50 Series and Casio FX-9860
graphing calculators may use cards designed for use with these calculators. Proctors
should make sure infrared ports (Hewlett-Packard) are not facing each other. Since
graphing calculators can be used to store data, including text, proctors should monitor
that students are using their calculators appropriately. Attempts by students to use the
calculator to remove exam questions and/or answers from the room may result in the
cancellation of AP Exam scores.
Tables containing equations commonly used in physics are included in each AP Exam
booklet, for use during the entire exam. Students are NOT allowed to bring their own
copies of the equation tables to the exam room.
Students may take both Physics C exams, Mechanics only, or Electricity and Magnetism
only. The Mechanics exam is administered first, after which students taking both exams
are given a break. Then the Electricity and Magnetism exam is administered. Prior to
testing day, determine which exams students are taking. Those taking both Physics C
exams and those taking Physics C: Mechanics only should report for the 12 noon start
time (11 a.m. in Alaska). Those taking Electricity and Magnetism only should report to
the testing room after the break (approximately 2 p.m., 1 p.m. in Alaska). If all students are
taking Electricity and Magnetism only, you must not begin the exam before 2 p.m.
The two exams are in separate exam packets, and require separate answer sheets. At
the beginning of the session, you will distribute only the packets and answer sheets for
Mechanics. The materials for Electricity and Magnetism will be distributed after the break.
This exam includes survey questions. The time allowed for the survey questions is in
addition to the actual test-taking time.
Make sure that you begin the exam at the designated time. Remember, you must complete a
seating chart for this exam. See pages 295–296 for a seating chart template and instructions.
See the 2018-19 AP Coordinator’s Manual for exam seating requirements (pages 56–59).
If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say:
It is Wednesday morning, May 22, and you will be taking the AP Physics C:
Mechanics Exam.
Look at your exam packet and confirm that the exam title is “AP Physics C:
Mechanics.” Raise your hand if your exam packet contains any title other than
“AP Physics C: Mechanics,” and I will help you.
Once you confirm that all students have the correct exams, say:
In a moment, you will open the exam packet. By opening this packet, you
agree to all of the AP Program’s policies and procedures outlined in the
2018-19 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents.
You may now remove the shrinkwrap from the outside only of your exam
packet. Do not open the Section I booklet; do not remove the shrinkwrap from
the Section II materials. Put the white seals and the shrinkwrapped Section II
booklet aside. . . .
Carefully remove the AP Exam label found near the top left of your exam
booklet cover. Place it on page 1 of your answer sheet on the light blue box near
the top right corner that reads “AP Exam Label.”. . .
If students accidentally place the exam label in the space for the number label or vice
versa, advise them to leave the labels in place. They should not try to remove the label;
their exam can still be processed correctly.
Listen carefully to all my instructions. I will give you time to complete each
step. Please look up after completing each step. Raise your hand if you have
any questions.
Give students enough time to complete each step. Don’t move on until all students are ready.
Check that students are marking their answers in pencil on their answer sheets and that
they have not opened their shrinkwrapped Section II booklets. You should also make sure
that Hewlett-Packard calculators’ infrared ports are not facing each other and that students
are not sharing calculators.
Then say:
Close your booklet and put your answer sheet on your desk, faceup. Make sure
you have your AP number label and an AP Exam label on page 1 of your answer
sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets.
Collect an answer sheet from each student. Check that each answer sheet has an
AP number label and an AP Exam label.
I need to collect the Student Pack from anyone who will be taking another
AP Exam. Keep it, however, if you will be taking the Physics C: Electricity and
Magnetism exam this afternoon. If you have no other AP Exams to take, place
your Student Pack under your chair now. . . .
Read the information on the back cover of the exam booklet. Do not open the
booklet until you are told to do so. Look up when you have finished. . . .
Collect the Student Packs from students who are taking any other AP Exams this year.
Then say:
Are there any questions? . . .
Rulers, straightedges, and calculators may be used for Section II. Be sure these
items are on your desk. . . .
You have 45 minutes to complete Section II. You are responsible for pacing
yourself and may proceed freely from one question to the next. You must write
your answers in the exam booklet using a pen with black or dark blue ink or a
No. 2 pencil. If you use a pencil, be sure that your writing is dark enough to be
easily read. If you need more paper to complete your responses, raise your
hand. At the top of each extra sheet of paper you use, write only:
your AP number,
the exam title, and
the question number you are working on.
Do not write your name. Are there any questions? . . .
You should also make sure that Hewlett-Packard calculators’ infrared ports are not facing
each other and that students are not sharing calculators.
Then say:
Remain in your seat, without talking, while the exam materials are collected. . . .
Collect a Section II booklet from each student. Check for the following:
Exam booklet front cover: The student placed an AP number label on the shaded box
and printed their initials and today’s date.
Exam booklet back cover: The student completed the “Important Identification
Information” area.
When all exam materials have been collected and accounted for, return to students who are
taking Mechanics only any electronic devices you may have collected before the start of
the exam.
If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say:
None of the content in this exam may ever be discussed or shared in any way
at any time. Your AP Exam score results will be available online in July.
If any students completed the AP number card at the beginning of this exam and are
about to be dismissed say:
Please remember to take your AP number card with you. You will need the
information on this card to view your scores and order AP score reporting
services online.
If you have no students taking Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, return all exam
materials to secure storage until they are shipped back to the AP Program. (See page 27 of
the 2018-19 AP Coordinator’s Manual for more information about secure storage.)
After-Exam Tasks
Be sure to give the completed seating chart to the AP coordinator. Schools must retain
seating charts for at least six months (unless the state or district requires that they be
retained for a longer period of time). Schools should not return any seating charts in their
exam shipments unless they are required as part of an Incident Report.
NOTE: If you administered exams to students with accommodations, review the 2018-19 AP
Coordinator’s Manual and the 2018-19 AP SSD Guidelines for information about completing
the Nonstandard Administration Report (NAR) form, and returning these exams.
The exam proctor should complete the following tasks if asked to do so by the
AP coordinator. Otherwise, the AP coordinator must complete these tasks:
Complete an Incident Report for any students who used extra paper for the free-response
section. (Incident Report forms are provided in the coordinator packets sent with
the exam shipments.) These forms must be completed with a No. 2 pencil. It is
best to complete a single Incident Report for multiple students per exam subject, per
administration (regular or late testing), as long as all required information is provided.
Include all exam booklets with extra sheets of paper in an Incident Report return
envelope (see page 68 of the 2018-19 AP Coordinator’s Manual for complete details).
Before storing materials, check the “School Use Only” section on page 1 of the answer
sheet and:
Fill in the appropriate section number circle in order to access a separate
AP Instructional Planning Report (for regularly scheduled exams only) or subject
score roster at the class section or teacher level. See “Post-Exam Activities” in the
2018-19 AP Coordinator’s Manual.
Check your list of students who are eligible for fee reductions and fill in the
appropriate circle on their registration answer sheets.
Instructions
At a Glance
Section I of this exam contains 35 multiple-choice questions. For these questions, fill in
Total Time only the circles for numbers 1 through 35 on your answer sheet. A table of information
45 minutes and lists of equations that may be helpful are in the booklet. Calculators, rulers and
Number of Questions straightedges may be used in this section.
35
Percent of Total Score Indicate all of your answers to the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet. No
50% credit will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the booklet
Writing Instrument for notes or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best,
Pencil required completely fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to
Electronic Device each question. If you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased
Calculator allowed completely. Here is a sample question and answer.
Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not
spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to
the ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will
know the answers to all of the multiple-choice questions.
Your total score on the multiple-choice section is based only on the number of questions
answered correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered
questions.
Form I
Form Code 4PBP4-S
80
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C TABLE OF INFORMATION
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
Proton mass, m p 1.67 10 27 kg Electron charge magnitude, e 1.60 10 19 C
Neutron mass, mn 1.67 10 27 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV 1.60 10 19 J
Electron mass, me 9.11 10 31 kg Speed of light, c 3.00 108 m s
Universal gravitational 6.67 10 11 N<m 2 kg 2
Avogadro’s number, N 0 6.02 10 23 mol 1 G
constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
Universal gas constant, R 8.31 J (mol <K)
at Earth’s surface, g 9.8 m s2
Boltzmann’s constant, k B 1.38 10 23 J K
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1u 1.66 10 27 kg 931 MeV c 2
Planck’s constant, h 6.63 10 34 J <s 4.14 10 15 eV <s
hc 1.99 10 25 J <m 1.24 103 eV < nm
Vacuum permittivity, e0 8.85 10 12 C2 N < m 2
-2-
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS
1 2 P I DV
q q0 w0 t at
2
-3-
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS
Rectangle A = area df d f du
A bh C = circumference dx du dx
V = volume
Triangle d n
S = surface area x nx n 1
1 dx
A bh b = base
2 d ax
h = height e aeax
Circle = length dx
A pr2 w = width d 1
ln ax
r = radius dx x
C 2p r s = arc length d
s rq q = angle dx
>sin ax @ a cos ax
Rectangular Solid
d
V wh dx
>cos ax @ a sin ax
Cylinder s
r n 1 n 1
V pr
2
q
Ôx dx
n 1
x , n 1
ax 1 ax
S 2p r 2p r 2
Ôe dx e
a
Sphere
dx
4 3 Ôxa ln x a
V pr
3
1
S 4p r 2 Ô cos ax dx a
sin ax
1
Right Triangle Ô sin ax dx cos ax
a
a 2 b2 c2
VECTOR PRODUCTS
a
sin q
c A B AB cos q
c
b a AB AB sin q
cos q
c q 90°
b
a
tan q
b
-4-
PHYSICS C: MECHANICS
SECTION I
Time—45 minutes
35 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or
completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.
(A) 6.0 m s2
3. Two stones, represented in the figure above, are
(B) 9.0 m s2
thrown from the same height with the same initial
(C) 18 m s2 speed. Stone A is thrown vertically downward and
stone B is thrown horizontally. If the stones are
(D) 23 m s 2 thrown at the same time and air resistance is
(E) 27 m s 2 negligible, which of the following is true?
(A) The two stones will reach the ground at the
same time with the same speed.
(B) The two stones will reach the ground at the
same time but with different speeds.
(C) Stone A will reach the ground first, but stone
B will have the greater speed just before
hitting the ground.
(D) Stone A will reach the ground first, but the
two stones will have the same speed just
before they hit the ground.
(E) Stone A will reach the ground first, and will
have the greater speed just before hitting the
ground.
12. The energy dissipated due to the resistive force and the initial speed of cart B is 1.5 m s . The
after a very long time is most nearly angle θ relative to east that the carts travel after
the collision is most nearly
(A) 0.5 J
(B) 1J (A) 22
(C) 2J (B) 36
(D) 4J
(E) infinity (C) 45
(D) 54
(E) 62
(A) gh
(B) vi2 + 2gh
m
(C) v
In the diagram above, a block of mass M is initially ( m + M) i
at rest on a horizontal surface at the base of an
m
inclined plane. The surface and plane have negligible (D) v
friction. The block is struck by a projectile of mass m M i
traveling with a horizontal velocity vi . The projectile M
(E) v
becomes embedded in the block, and they move m i
together to the right with speed v f .
19. The block and projectile smoothly transition
onto the inclined plane. Which of the following
is a correct expression for the maximum height
that the block moves up the inclined plane in
terms of v f ?
v 2f
(A)
2g
vf
(B)
2g
Mv 2f
(C)
2mg
2g
(D)
v 2f
2g
(E)
vf
(A) 12
(B) 11
(C) 21
(D) 41
(E) 12 1
(A) 1 3
(B) 1 2
(C) 1 1
Systems A and B contain identical ideal springs
and identical blocks that can slide along a surface (D) 2 1
of negligible friction. In system A, the surface is (E) 3 1
horizontal. In system B, the surface makes an
angle q with the horizontal. Initially, both blocks 34. A student wants to use an apparatus similar to
are at rest and in equilibrium. Each block is then system B to measure the acceleration due to
pulled the same distance d in the direction shown gravity g. If the mass of the block, the force
in the figures and released from rest at t = 0. constant of the spring, and the angle of the
incline are known, what additional data must be
measured to determine an experimental value
32. After the block in system A is released from rest, for g ?
the time for the block to first reach a maximum
I. The stretch of the spring at the equilibrium
speed is DtA . After the block in system B is position
released, the time for the block to first reach a II. The speed of the block as it passes the
maximum speed is equilibrium position
(A) D tA III. The time interval between two consecutive
passes through the equilibrium position
(B) D t A (sin q )
(C) D t A (sin q ) (A) I only
(B) II only
(D) D t A (cosq ) (C) I and II
(E) D t A (cosq ) (D) II and III
(E) I and III
-21-
®
AP Physics C: Mechanics Exam
SECTION II: Free Response 2019
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
At a Glance
Total Time
45 minutes
Number of Questions
3
Percent of Total Score
50%
Writing Instrument
Either pencil or pen with
black or dark blue ink
Electronic Device
Calculator allowed
Weight
The questions are
weighted equally.
Instructions
The questions for Section II are printed in this booklet. You may use any blank space in
the booklet for scratch work, but you must write your answers in the spaces provided for
each answer. A table of information and lists of equations that may be helpful are in the
booklet. Calculators, rulers, and straightedges may be used in this section.
All final numerical answers should include appropriate units. Credit for your work
depends on demonstrating that you know which physical principles would be appropriate
to apply in a particular situation. Therefore, you should show your work for each part in
the space provided after that part. If you need more space, be sure to clearly indicate
where you continue your work. Credit will be awarded only for work that is clearly
designated as the solution to a specific part of a question. Credit also depends on the
quality of your solutions and explanations, so you should show your work.
Write clearly and legibly. Cross out any errors you make; erased or crossed-out work will
not be scored. You may lose credit for incorrect work that is not crossed out.
Manage your time carefully. You may proceed freely from one question to the next. You
may review your responses if you finish before the end of the exam is announced.
Form I
Form Code 4PBP4-S
80
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C TABLE OF INFORMATION
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
Proton mass, m p 1.67 10 27 kg Electron charge magnitude, e 1.60 10 19 C
Neutron mass, mn 1.67 10 27 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV 1.60 10 19 J
Electron mass, me 9.11 10 31 kg Speed of light, c 3.00 108 m s
Universal gravitational 6.67 10 11 N<m 2 kg 2
Avogadro’s number, N 0 6.02 10 23 mol 1 G
constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
Universal gas constant, R 8.31 J (mol <K)
at Earth’s surface, g 9.8 m s2
Boltzmann’s constant, k B 1.38 10 23 J K
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1u 1.66 10 27 kg 931 MeV c 2
Planck’s constant, h 6.63 10 34 J <s 4.14 10 15 eV <s
hc 1.99 10 25 J <m 1.24 103 eV < nm
Vacuum permittivity, e0 8.85 10 12 C2 N < m 2
-2-
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS
1 2 P I DV
q q0 w0 t at
2
-3-
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS
Rectangle A = area df d f du
A bh C = circumference dx du dx
V = volume
Triangle d n
S = surface area x nx n 1
1 dx
A bh b = base
2 d ax
h = height e aeax
Circle = length dx
A pr2 w = width d 1
ln ax
r = radius dx x
C 2p r s = arc length d
s rq q = angle dx
>sin ax @ a cos ax
Rectangular Solid
d
V wh dx
>cos ax @ a sin ax
Cylinder s
r n 1 n 1
V pr
2
q
Ôx dx
n 1
x , n 1
ax 1 ax
S 2p r 2p r 2
Ôe dx e
a
Sphere
dx
4 3 Ôxa ln x a
V pr
3
1
S 4p r 2 Ô cos ax dx a
sin ax
1
Right Triangle Ô sin ax dx cos ax
a
a 2 b2 c2
VECTOR PRODUCTS
a
sin q
c A B AB cos q
c
b a AB AB sin q
cos q
c q 90°
b
a
tan q
b
-4-
PHYSICS C: MECHANICS
SECTION II
Time—45 minutes
3 Questions
Directions: Answer all three questions. The suggested time is about 15 minutes for answering each of the questions,
which are worth 15 points each. The parts within a question may not have equal weight. Show all your work in this
booklet in the spaces provided after each part.
1. A projectile is launched from the back of a cart of mass m that is held at rest, as shown above. At time t = 0, the
projectile leaves the cart with speed v0 at an angle θ above the horizontal. The projectile lands at point P.
Assume that the starting height of the projectile above the ground is negligible compared to the maximum height
reached by the projectile and the horizontal distance traveled.
(a) Derive an expression for the time tP at which the projectile reaches point P. Express your answer in terms of
v0 , θ , and physical constants, as appropriate.
(b) On the axes below, sketch the horizontal component v x and the vertical component vy of the velocity of
the projectile as a function of time t from t = 0 until t = tP . Explicitly label the vertical intercepts with
algebraic expressions.
(d) Derive an expression for v1 . Express your answer in terms of v0 , q , D, and physical constants, as
appropriate.
After the launch, the cart’s speed is v2 . Beginning at time t = 0, the cart experiences a braking force of
F = -bv , where b is a positive constant with units of kg s and v is the speed of the cart. Express your
answers to the following in terms of m, b, v2 , and physical constants, as appropriate.
(e)
i. Using Newton’s second law, write but DO NOT solve a differential equation that represents the motion
of the cart while it experiences the braking force.
ii. Show that the speed v (t ) of the cart as a function of time is given by the equation v (t ) = v2 e -bt m
.
iii. Derive an expression for the distance the cart travels from t = 0 until the time it comes to a stop.
(b) When released from rest, the disk falls and the string unwinds. The force the string exerts on the disk is FT ,
and the gravitational force exerted on the disk is Fg . Which of the following expressions correctly relates
FT and Fg as the disk falls?
ii. Derive an expression for the time D t that it takes the disk to reach the ground.
iii. Derive an expression for the rotational kinetic energy K rot of the disk at the instant it reaches the
ground.
i. Using integral calculus, derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the wedge around its tip.
ii. Derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the modified disk (i.e., the disk after the narrow
wedge is cut out) around its original center.
ii. On the dot below, which represents block B, draw and label the forces (not components) that act
on block B. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from,
the dot.
Block B
(b) Derive an expression for the maximum value for mC at which the blocks will remain at rest. Express all
algebraic answers in terms of s , k , m A , mB , m C , and physical constants, as appropriate.
(c)
i. Draw a best-fit line to the data points in the graph above.
ii. Use the best-fit line from part (c)(i) to calculate an experimental value for the acceleration g due to
gravity.
A different group of students repeats the experiment, but instead of moving clay from block B to block C,
they just remove a small amount of clay from block B and set it aside, away from the setup. The equation
aC mC g mtot still applies to the new experiment.
(e) In order to provide a straight-line graph that can be used to determine an experimental value for g, what two
quantities should the students now graph? Check all that apply.
1 mc
____ ac vs ____ ac vs mtot ____ ac vs
mtot mtot
1
____ ac vs mC ____ mc vs mtot ____ mc vs
mtot
Justify your answer.
STOP
END OF EXAM
-15-
Answer Key for AP Physics C: Mechanics
Practice Exam, Section I
Question 1
Kinematics - Motion in
4.D CHA-1.C
One Dimension
(A) Incorrect. This option uses the lines of the velocity graph meeting at
t = 8s to indicate that the cars are at the same location at t = 8s.
However, the area under the curve must be used to analyze this
situation.
(B) Incorrect. This option uses the difference in the initial velocities as
the distance between the cars at t = 8s. However, the area under the
curve must be used to analyze this situation.
(C) Incorrect. This option uses the displacement of only one of the cars
as the distance between the cars at t = 8s. However, the area under
the curve must be used to analyze this situation.
(D) Correct. The area under the velocity curve is displacement; thus, at
t = 8s, Car A has a displacement of
1 1
Area
= = bh ( )(8s)(12 m/s)= 48m in the positive direction, and
2 2
1 1
Car B has a displacement of Area
= = bh ( )(8s)(12 m/s)
= 48m
2 2
in the negative direction. Therefore, the distance between the cars is
48m + 48m = 96 m .
(E) Incorrect. This option uses d = vt and sets v = 12 m/s for both cars.
However, the area under the curve must be used to analyze this
situation.
Question 2
Kinematics - Motion in
6.C CHA-1.B
One Dimension
(A) Incorrect. This option is the second derivative of position but
substitutes t = 1s instead of t = 3s.
(B) Incorrect. This option is the second derivative of position but
substitutes t = 1s instead of t = 3s and adds the value of φ .
(C) Correct. This option uses
d2y d2 d
a= = (α t 3 − β t + φ )= (3α t 2 − β )= 6α t. Substituting
dt 2
dt 2 dt
t = 3.0s yields= a 6= α t (6)(1)= (3) 18m/s 2 .
(D) Incorrect. This option solves for the speed, instead of the
acceleration, at t = 3s.
(E) Incorrect. This option solves for the speed, instead of the
acceleration, at t = 3s. It also does not include the β term when
solving for speed.
Question 3
Kinematics - Motion in
7.A CHA-2.C
Two Dimensions
(A) Incorrect. This option assumes that since the initial speeds are the
same, the stones reach the ground at the same time, ignoring the
different directions for the initial velocities.
(B) Incorrect. This option assumes that since the initial speeds are the
same, the stones reach the ground at the same time, ignoring the
different directions for the initial velocities. It also assumes that since
stone B is not moving downward initially, it will reach the ground
with a different speed.
(C) Incorrect. This option can be obtained by incorrectly assuming that,
because t is shorter for stone A , stone B will therefore have greater
speed just before hitting the ground.
(D) Correct. Both stone A and stone B initially have the same potential
energy U i and kinetic energy Ki . Both stones therefore have the
same K f at ground level, when U f = 0. Substituting into
conservation of energy to solve for the speeds of the stones when
U i + Ki = U f + K f
1 2 1
they reach the ground yields mgh + mv0 = 0 + mv 2f ; thus,
2 2
2
vf
= v0 + 2 gh
because both stones have the same initial speed, they will both have
the same speed when they reach the ground.
(E) Incorrect. This option can be obtained by incorrectly assuming that
gt is the same for both rock A and rock B . For stone A , the
vertical gt would be added simply to the vertical v0 , yielding
v=f v0 + gt. However, for stone B , the vertical gt would be added
Question 5
Question 7
Kinematics - Motion in
4.D CHA-1.C
One Dimension
(A) Incorrect. This option is the maximum acceleration, not the average
acceleration.
(B) Correct. The average acceleration is the average rate of velocity
change over a time interval. For a velocity-time graph, that will be
the slope of the straight line connecting the starting and ending
points. Solving for the slope yields
(2 m/s − 6 m/s)
=aavg slope
= = 0.40 m/s 2 .
(10s − 0s)
(C) Incorrect. This option calculates the correct magnitude for the
average acceleration, but it has the wrong sign for the answer.
(D) Incorrect. This option is the final acceleration, not the average
acceleration.
(E) Incorrect. This option is the maximum acceleration, not the average
acceleration. This option also has the wrong sign.
Question 8
Newton’s Laws of
7.C INT-1.E Motion - First and
Second Laws
(A) Incorrect. Objects at rest tend to stay at rest only when the net force
exerted on them is zero.
(B) Incorrect. This option assumes that static friction on an object is
always in the direction opposing the object’s motion. However, static
friction opposes the potential motion between the two surfaces,
which is not always the direction opposing the object’s motion.
(C) Incorrect. This option assumes that kinetic friction on an object is
always in the direction opposite the object’s motion. However,
kinetic friction opposes the motion between the two surfaces, which
is not always the direction opposing the object’s motion.
(D) Incorrect. The frictional force would not even momentarily be static
friction, because, the moment F is applied to the lower block, the
lower block instantly accelerates. If static friction caused this
acceleration, then the top block would move together with the
bottom block. As described in the problem, the blocks do not move
together; thus, it is not static friction between the top block and
bottom block.
(E) Correct. The top block accelerates to the right, but does not move as
fast as the bottom block. The force exerted on the top block is
friction from the bottom block. Since the blocks do not move
together, the friction is kinetic friction. Since the blocks are moving
toward the right, the top block will land to the right of where it
started.
Question 10
Newton’s Laws of
7.A INT-1.H Motion - First and
Second Laws
(A) Incorrect. This option shows that the magnitude of acceleration
increases as the sphere gets closer to the ground. However, if the
sphere is speeding up, the resistive force increases, and the net force
and acceleration decrease as the stone gets closer to the ground.
(B) Correct. If the sphere never reaches terminal velocity, the resistive
force will always be less than the force of gravity; thus, the net force
and the acceleration will always be downward. Therefore, the
magnitude of the sphere’s velocity will always be increasing. If the
magnitude of the sphere’s velocity is always increasing, the distance
fallen each second will be increasing. Also, if the sphere is speeding
up, the resistive force increases, and the net force and acceleration
decrease as the stone gets closer to the ground.
(C) Incorrect. This option can be obtained by not recognizing that the
magnitude of velocity is the same as the distance fallen each second;
thus, if the magnitude of the velocity is increasing, the distance fallen
each second must also increase.
(D) Incorrect. This option shows that the magnitude of acceleration
increases as the sphere gets closer to the ground. However, if the
sphere is speeding up, the resistive force increases, and the net force
and acceleration decrease as the stone gets closer to the ground. It
also indicates that the magnitude of the velocity and the distance
fallen each second are decreasing. However, the resistive force will
always be less than the force of gravity; thus, the net force and the
acceleration will always be downward; thus, the magnitude of the
sphere’s velocity and the distance fallen each second are increasing.
(E) Incorrect. This option indicates that the magnitude of the velocity is
decreasing. However, the resistive force will always be less than the
force of gravity; thus, the net force and the acceleration will always be
downward; thus, the magnitude of the sphere’s velocity is increasing.
Question 11
Newton’s Laws of
6.C INT-1.C Motion - First and
Second Laws
(A) Incorrect. This option is the acceleration of the object, not the force.
(B) Correct. The acceleration is the derivative of the velocity,
dv d
a=
dt
=
dt
( )
α e− β t = − βα e− β t . Substituting into an equation for
Newton’s second law yields
Fnet (
= m − βα e − β t
= ma )
.
Fnet ( 0.5kg ) ( −3s −1 ) ( 2 m/s ) e
=
( −3s )t
−1
−3e −3t
=
(C) Incorrect. This option is the exponential part of the equation for
force. It does not include the coefficient.
(D) Incorrect. This option is the velocity of the object, not the force.
(E) Incorrect. This option integrates the equation for velocity instead of
taking the derivative.
Question 12
(C) Incorrect. This option uses the work-energy theorem to calculate the
energy dissipated but does not include the mass of the object.
(D) Incorrect. This option uses the work-energy theorem to calculate the
energy dissipated but sets the kinetic energy equal to the square of
the function for speed.
(E) Incorrect. This option indicates that the object will move forever and
then assumes the energy dissipated will be infinite.
Question 13
Conservation of Linear
6.C CON-4.F
Momentum, Collisions
(A)Correct. During the collision, momentum is conserved. Momentum
is a vector; thus, the horizontal and vertical directions can be
analyzed independently. Substituting into conservation of
momentum in the horizontal direction yields
m A= v Ai ( m A + mB ) v fx
m Av Ai ( 3.05kg )( 2.5m/s ) and in the
= v fx = = 1.48m/s
( mA + mB ) ( 3.05kg + 2.10 kg )
vertical direction yields
mB= vBi ( m A + mB ) v fx
mB vBi ( 2.10 kg )(1.5m/s ) . Substituting
= v fx = = 0.61m/s
( mA + mB ) ( 3.05kg + 2.10 kg )
into the trigonometric function for tangent yields
v fy 0.61m/s
0= tan −1 =
tan −1 22°.
=
v fx 1.48m/s
(B) Incorrect. This option uses the initial velocities instead of the final
velocities to find the angle.
(C) Incorrect. This option indicates that the final direction is the average
of the initial directions of the two carts. However, this would only be
the result if the two carts had equal initial momentums.
(D) Incorrect. This option uses the initial velocities instead of the final
velocities to find the angle. Also, it reverse the two components in
the equation for tangent.
(E) Incorrect. This option calculates the final velocity of each cart but
then reverses the two components in the equation for tangent.
Question 14
Question 15
( )
2
1 1 1
E = fd =U Sf − U Si = k − x0 − k ( x0 )2
2 2 2
=
yields µ mgd µ=mg x0
3
2 ( ) 3 2
kx
8 0
.
kx02
µ =
4mg
(B) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the energy equation but sets
the final elastic potential energy equal to zero instead of using the
1
elastic potential energy when the block is at x = − x0 .
2
(C) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the energy equation but sets
1 3
the distance moved by the block equal to x0 instead of x0 .
2 2
(D) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the energy equation but sets
the final elastic potential energy equal to zero instead of using the
1
elastic potential energy when the block is at x = − x0 . It also does
2
not include the one-half in the elastic potential energy equation.
(E) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the energy equation but sets
the final elastic potential energy equal to zero instead of using the
1
elastic potential energy when the block is at x = − x0 . It also does
2
not include the one-half in the elastic potential energy equation and
includes the one-half on the energy lost side of the equation.
Question 17
Simple Harmonic
5.A INT-8.D Motion, Springs, and
Pendulums
(A) Incorrect. In this option, the spring force is in the same direction as
the position of the block and is in the same direction as the friction
when x > 0.
(B) Incorrect. In this option, the spring force is in the same direction as
the position of the block.
(C) Correct. Substituting into a Newton’s second law equation yields
Fnet = FS + f = ma
d 2x .
m 2 =− kx + µ mg
dt
(D) Incorrect. In this option, the spring force is in the same direction as
the friction when x > 0.
(E) Incorrect. In this option, the effect of friction is ignored.
Question 18
Conservation of Linear
5.E CON-4.A
Momentum, Collisions
(A) Incorrect. This option uses conservation of energy going up the hill
to solve for v f instead of using conservation of momentum for the
collision. It also omits the one-half in the kinetic energy equation.
(B) Incorrect. This option uses the kinematics equation for going up the
hill to solve for the velocity at a height h up the hill. However, v f is
the final speed for the collision, not the final speed going up the hill
to a height h.
(C) Correct. Substituting into the conservation of momentum equation
pi = p f
for the collision yields mv
=i (m + M )v f .
m
vf = v
(m + M ) i
(D) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the conservation of
momentum equation but does not include the mass of the projectile
in the final momentum.
(E) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the conservation of
momentum equation but uses the mass of the block instead of the
mass of the projectile for the initial momentum. It also does not
include the mass of the block in the final momentum.
Question 19
Impulse and
6.A INT-5.B
Momentum
(A) Incorrect. This option takes the derivative of the force instead of
integrating the equation for the force.
(B) Incorrect. This option substitutes into the equation for the net force
instead of first integrating the equation.
(C) Correct. Integrating the equation for the net force and substituting
J =
Δp =
∫ Fdt = (
∫ Kt 2 + τ dt )
t =3 t =3
t3
the given values yields Δp = ∫(
t =0
)
t2 + 1 = + t
3 t = 0
.
Δp
= ( 13 (3) + 3) =
3
−0 12kg • m/s
(D) Incorrect. This option integrates the equation for the net force, but it
does not divide the terms by the new powers on the variables.
(E) Incorrect. The values of momentum are not needed to determine the
change in momentum because the change in momentum can be
determined by integrating the equation for the net force.
Question 21
Conservation of Linear
7.A CON-4.E
Momentum, Collisions
(A) Incorrect. Only if mcart A < mcart B would cart A move off to the left.
(B) Incorrect. Only if mcart A < mcart B would cart A move off to the left.
Moreover, cart B would not remain stationary. Even if
mcart A << mcart B , the collision would give cart B a little velocity to
the right.
(C) Incorrect. Only if mcart A = mcart B would cart A be stopped by the
collision.
(D) Incorrect. The carts would be stuck together only if the collision was
inelastic, not elastic.
(E) Correct. For elastic collisions, when an object with a larger mass
collides with a stationary object that has a smaller mass, both objects
will move in the direction of motion of the first object. In elastic
collision, the objects do not stick together; thus, the carts will move
to the right and will not be stuck together.
Question 22
Impulse and
5.E INT-5.B
Momentum
(A) Incorrect. This option indicates that the net impulse exerted on the
ball is zero because the magnitude of the ball’s momentum does not
change during the collisions with the floor. However, this does not
take into account the change in direction of the ball’s momentum.
(B) Incorrect. This option solves for the impulse as the ball falls to the
floor instead of during the collision with the floor. It also does not
include the one-half in the kinetic energy equation when solving for
the speed of the ball when it reaches the floor.
(C) Incorrect. This option solves for the impulse as the ball falls to the
floor instead of during the collision with the floor.
(D) Incorrect. This option can result from a math error, simplifying
2m 2 gh ) as m 4 gh ).
(E) Correct. The net impulse is the change in momentum of the ball
during its collision with the floor. First, substituting into the
conservation of energy equation to calculate the speed of the ball
Ki = U gf
1 2
when it reaches the floor yields mv = mgh . The ball returns to
2 i
v = 2 gh
the same height when it leaves the floor; thus, the final speed for the
ball during the collision with the floor is the same as the speed when
the ball reaches the floor, but it will be moving in the opposite
direction. Therefore, one of the velocities must be negative. Then,
substituting into the equation for change in momentum yields
Δp = p f − pi = m(v f − vi )
Δp m ( 2 gh − ( − 2 gh ) ) .
=
=Δp m
= ( 2 2 gh ) m 8 gh
Question 23
Rotational Dynamics
7.A INT-7.E
and Energy
(A) Incorrect. This option ignores the translational kinetic energy of the
sphere.
(B) Incorrect. This option ignores the rotational kinetic energy of the
sphere.
(C) Incorrect. While the sphere will have both translational and
rotational kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp, these two
energies will not be equal.
(D) Correct. The mechanical energy of the sphere-Earth system will be
conserved as the sphere rolls down the incline; thus, the kinetic
energy of the sphere at the bottom of the ramp must be equal to the
potential energy of the sphere-Earth system when the sphere is at the
top of the ramp, and the kinetic energy of the sphere is the sum of its
translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy.
(E) Incorrect. There is no energy lost due to friction as the sphere rolls
down the hill, because the sphere rolls without slipping.
Question 24
Angular Momentum
5.A CON-5.D
and Its Conservation
(A) Incorrect. This option substitutes into conservation of angular
momentum but uses L = mRtotal ω instead of L = I ω.
(B) Incorrect. This option substitutes into conservation of angular
momentum but uses L = mω instead of L = I ω.
(C) Incorrect. This option substitutes into conservation of angular
momentum but uses L = mRavg ω instead of L = I ω.
(D) Correct. Substituting into the equation for conservation of angular
momentum yields
Li = L f
I iωi = I f ω f
I Aω
= A ( I A + I B )ω f
1
I Aω A M ( 2 R )2 ω0 2 MR 2ω0 .
=ωf = 2 =
( I A + IB )
( 1
2
1
) (
M ( 2 R )2 + MR 2
2
1
2 MR 2 + MR 2
2 )
4
ωf = ω
5 0
(E) Incorrect. This option uses conservation of rotational kinetic energy
instead of conservation of angular momentum to solve for the final
angular speed.
Question 25
= g G =
ρV
G
ρ ( 43 π=
3
R )
4
G ρπ R
R2 R2 3
new planet is the same and the radius is twice the radius of Earth, the
acceleration due to gravity and the tension in the string will both
double.
(E) Incorrect. This option does not square the distance in the equation
for tension.
Question 30
Impulse and
6.B INT-5.B
Momentum
(A) Incorrect. This solution uses impulse-momentum to solve for time
and then divides by 6 in an incorrect attempt to convert to minutes.
(B) Incorrect. This solution sets the impulse equal to the change in
momentum, but it substitutes the force for the mass and the mass for
the force in the equation.
(C) Incorrect. This solution sets the impulse equal to the change in
momentum, but it substitutes the force for the mass and the mass for
the force in the equation. It also includes a one-half term in the
equation similar to the kinetic energy equation.
(D) Correct. Setting the impulse equal to the change in momentum of
the shuttle and solving for time yields
J = Δp
Ft m ( v f − vi )
= .
m ( v f − vi ) ( 90000 kg )( 8000 m/s − 7900 m/s )
=t = = 180s
F ( 50000 N )
(E) Incorrect. This solution sets the impulse equal to the change in
momentum, but it substitutes the force for the mass and the mass for
the force in the equation. It also includes a one-fourth term in the
equation similar to the squaring of the speed in the kinetic energy
equation.
Question 31
Simple Harmonic
5.B INT-8.K Motion, Springs, and
Pendulums
(A) Incorrect. While the period of oscillation for the pendulum will
remain the same, according to the equation for the period of
oscillation of a spring is proportional to the square root of the mass.
Thus, as the mass of the block increases, the period of oscillation
increases. It does not decrease.
(B) Correct. According to the equation for the period of a pendulum,
L
TP = 2π , mass is not a factor; thus, the period of oscillation will
g
remain the same. According to the equation for the period of a
m
spring, TS = 2π , as the mass of the block increases, the period
k
of oscillation increases.
(C) Incorrect. The period of oscillation for the pendulum does not
depend on mass, so it will remain the same. However, the period of
oscillation of a spring is mass dependent, and it cannot not remain
the same when the mass is doubled.
(D) Incorrect. According to the equation for the period of oscillation of a
pendulum, as the mass of the block increases, the period of
oscillation remains the same. It does not increase. According to the
equation for the period of oscillation of a spring, as the mass of the
block increases, the period of oscillation increases, not decreases.
(E) Incorrect. While the period of oscillation for the spring increases,
according to the equation for the period of oscillation of a pendulum,
the period of oscillation remains the same. It does not increase.
Question 32
Simple Harmonic
5.B INT-8.E Motion, Springs, and
Pendulums
(A) Correct. Since orientation does not affect the period of oscillation of
the spring-block system, the time to reach maximum speed will be
the same for system B as it was for system A.
(B) Incorrect. This option indicates that the component of the weight of
the block that is parallel to the incline will affect the acceleration of
the block, causing a decrease in the period of oscillation of the
spring-block system. However, the orientation of the system does not
affect the period of oscillation; thus, the time to reach maximum
speed is not affected by the orientation of the system.
(C) Incorrect. This option indicates that the component of the weight of
the block that is parallel to the incline will slow down the block as it
moves up the incline which will increase the period of one oscillation
of the spring-block system. However, the orientation of the system
does not affect the period of oscillation; thus, the time to reach
maximum speed is not affected by the orientation of the system.
(D) Incorrect. This option indicates that only the component of the
weight of the block that is perpendicular to the incline is significant,
and it reduces the period of oscillation of the spring-block system.
However, the orientation of the system does not affect the period of
oscillation; thus, the time to reach maximum speed is not affected by
the orientation of the system.
(E) Incorrect. This option indicates that the component of the weight of
the block that is perpendicular to the incline will increase the period
of oscillation of the spring-block system. However, the orientation of
the system does not affect the period of oscillation; thus, the time to
reach maximum speed is not affected by the orientation of the
system.
Question 33
Simple Harmonic
5.E INT-8.I Motion, Springs, and
Pendulums
(A) Incorrect. This option indicates that the ratio of the energies is 3 to
1 . However, it also indicates that the potential energy is greater than
the kinetic energy. Because the potential energy is proportional to the
square of the position, it will have one-fourth its maximum value;
thus, it will be less than, not greater than, the kinetic energy.
(B) Incorrect. This option indicates that because the block is halfway
between its release and equilibrium positions, the potential energy
has twice the value of the kinetic energy. However, because the
potential energy is proportional to the square of the position, it will
have one-fourth its maximum value; thus, it will be less than, not
greater than, the kinetic energy.
(C) Incorrect. This option indicates that because the block is halfway
between its release and equilibrium positions, both the kinetic energy
and potential energy must be half their maximum value, and they
would be equal to each other. However, because the potential energy
is proportional to the square of the position, it will not have half the
maximum value when the block is in this position.
(D) Incorrect. This option indicates that because the block is halfway
between its release and equilibrium positions, the potential energy is
half its maximum value; thus, the kinetic energy has twice the value
of the potential energy. However, because the potential energy is
proportional to the square of the position, it will not have half the
maximum value when the block is in this position.
(E) Correct. The total mechanical energy of the system is the sum of the
elastic potential energy of the spring-block system and the kinetic
energy of the block. When the block is at its maximum displacement,
the kinetic energy is zero and all the energy is elastic potential
energy. Substituting into the equation for elastic potential energy
1 2 1
yields E = U S max = kxmax == kd 2. Substituting into the
2 2
equation for the elastic potential energy equation when the block is
halfway from its maximum displacement yields
1 1 1
U S = k ( d ) 2 == kd 2 . Substituting into conservation of energy
2 2 8
to calculate the kinetic energy of the block yields
=E US + K
1 2 1 2
= kd kd + K ; thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the
2 8
3
K = kd 2
8
3 2
kd
K 8 3
elastic potential energy= is = .
U 1 2 1
kd
8
Question 34
Question 1
15 points total Distribution
of points
A projectile is launched from the back of a cart of mass m that is held at rest, as shown above. At time
t = 0, the projectile leaves the cart with speed v0 at an angle θ above the horizontal. The projectile lands
at point P. Assume that the starting height of the projectile above the ground is negligible compared to the
maximum height reached by the projectile and the horizontal distance traveled.
Derive an expression for the time tP at which the projectile reaches point P. Express your answer in
terms of v0 , θ , and physical constants, as appropriate.
For using an appropriate kinematics equation to calculate the time to the highest point of 1 point
the flight
vx = vx 0 + ax t ∴ v y = v y 0 + a y ttop
For substituting into the equation above and doubling the time 1 point
v0 ( sin θ )
=0 v0 ( sin θ ) − gttop ∴ =
ttop
g
2v0 ( sin θ )
=t 2=
ttop
g
Question 1 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(b) LO CHA-2.C, SP 3.C, 4.D
5 points
On the axes below, sketch the horizontal component vx and the vertical component v y of the velocity
of the projectile as a function of time t from t = 0 until t = tP . Explicitly label the vertical intercepts
with algebraic expressions.
For a straight horizontal line with positive values on the vx graph 1 point
For correctly indicating the y-intercept on the vx graph 1 point
For a straight line with an initially positive value on the v y graph 1 point
For a line with negative slope that crosses the horizontal axis on the v y graph 1 point
The projectile is again launched from the same position, but with the cart traveling to the right with speed
v1 relative to the ground, as shown above. The projectile again leaves the cart with speed v0 relative
to the cart at an angle θ above the horizontal, and the projectile lands at point Q, which is a horizontal
distance D from the launching point. Express your answers in terms of v0 , θ , and physical constants,
as appropriate.
Question 1 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(c) LO CHA-2.A.f, SP 7.D
1 point
Give a physical reason why the projectile lands at point Q, which is not as far from the launch position
as point P is, and explain how that physical reason affects the flight of the projectile.
Derive an expression for v1 . Express your answer in terms of v0 , θ , D, and physical constants,
as appropriate.
For a correct expression for the horizontal component of the velocity of the projectile 1 point
=vx v0 ( cos θ ) − v1
For correctly substituting into the equation for constant speed 1 point
∆x= vx t ∴ D = ( v0 ( cos θ ) − v1 ) ( 2v0 ( sin θ ) g )
D gD
= v0 ( cos θ ) − v1=
∴ v1 v0 ( cos θ ) −
2v0 ( sin θ ) g 2v0 ( sin θ )
After the launch, the cart’s speed is v2 . Beginning at time t = 0, the cart experiences a braking force of
F = −bv , where b is a positive constant with units of kg s and v is the speed of the cart. Express your
answers to the following in terms of m, b, v2 , and physical constants, as appropriate.
Question 1 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(e)
i) LO INT-1.H.a, SP 5.A
1 point
Using Newton’s second law, write but DO NOT solve a differential equation that represents the motion
of the cart while it experiences the braking force.
−bt m
Show that the speed v ( t ) of the cart as a function of time is given by the equation v ( t ) = v2 e .
Derive an expression for the distance the cart travels from t = 0 until the time it comes to a stop.
For indicating that the distance traveled is the integration of the above equation 1 point
∫ vdt
= ∫ v2 e − bt m
x
∆= dt
For integrating with appropriate limits or constant of integration 1 point
( mb ) e
t=∞
− bt m t = ∞ mv2 1 − 1
∫ v2e
− bt m
∆x = dt =v2 − =− ∞
t = 0 b e e0
t =0
mv2 mv
∆x =− ( 0 − 1) = 2
b b
Question 1 (continued)
Learning Objectives
CHA-1.B – Determine functions of position, velocity, and acceleration that are consistent with each other,
for the motion of an object with a nonuniform acceleration.
CHA-2.A.f – Describe the velocity vector for one object relative to a second object with respect to its frame
of reference.
CHA-2.C – Calculate kinematic quantities of an object in projectile motion, such as: displacement, velocity,
speed, acceleration, and time, given initial conditions of various launch angles, including a horizontal launch
at some point in its trajectory.
INT-1.H.a – Derive an expression for the motion of an object freely falling with a resistive drag force
(or moving horizontally subject to a resistive horizontal force).
INT-1.H.b – Describe the acceleration, velocity, or position in relation to time for an object subject to
a resistive force (with different initial conditions, i.e., falling from rest or projected vertically).
Science Practices
3.C – Sketch a graph that shows a functional relationship between two quantities.
4.D – Select relevant features of a graph to describe a physical situation or solve problems.
5.A – Select an appropriate law, definition, or mathematical relationship or model to describe
a physical situation.
5.E – Derive a symbolic expression from known quantities by selecting and following a logical
algebraic pathway.
7.D – Provide reasoning to justify a claim using physical principles or laws.
Question 2
15 points total Distribution
of points
A thin uniform disk of mass M and radius R has a string wrapped around its edge and attached to the
ceiling. The bottom of the disk is at a height 3R above the floor, as shown above. The disk is released
2
from rest. The rotational inertia of a disk around its center is I = MR 2 .
On the circle below that represents the disk, draw and label the forces (not components) that act on the
disk. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the disk,
beginning at the point where the force is exerted on the disk. The dot is at the center of the disk.
For drawing and labeling the weight of the block directed downward starting at the 1 point
center of the disk
For drawing and labeling the tension directed upward starting at the left edge of the disk 1 point
Note: A maximum of one point can be earned if there are any extraneous vectors.
When released from rest, the disk falls and the string unwinds. The force the string exerts on the disk is
FT , and the gravitational force exerted on the disk is Fg . Which of the following expressions correctly
relates FT and Fg as the disk falls?
____ FT < Fg ____ FT = Fg ____ FT > Fg
Justify your answer.
Example Justification: The center of mass of the disk accelerates downward, so the
force of gravity must be greater than the tension in the string.
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AP® PHYSICS C: MECHANICS
2019 SCORING GUIDELINES
Question 2 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(c)
Express all answers in terms of M, R, and physical constants, as appropriate.
Question 2 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(c) con’t
ii) LO CHA-1.A.b, SP 5.A, 5.E
2 points
Derive an expression for the time ∆t that it takes the disk to reach the ground.
For correctly substituting the distance into a kinematic equation to calculate the time 1 point
1 2 1
∆y = v1t + at ∴ 3R = 0 + at 2
2 2
For substituting the acceleration from part (c)(i) into equation above 1 point
1 R
3=
R gT 2 ∴=
T 3
3 g
Derive an expression for the rotational kinetic energy K rot of the disk at the instant it reaches
the ground.
For correctly substituting into an equation for the rotational kinetic energy of the disk 1 point
( ) ( 14 MR )( Ra ) 3 Rg
2 2
1 2 1 1
=K = Iω (α t ) 2
MR 2 = 2
2 2 2
4 )( 3 ) g
(=
2
1 2 9R
=K M g MgR
( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 R
K =I ω 2 = 3MgR − M g 3 =
Mg 3R − M ( at )2 = MgR
2 2 2 3 g
Question 2 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(d)
A very narrow wedge is cut out of the thin uniform disk of mass M, as shown above. If r is the distance
from the tip of the wedge, then the linear mass density of the wedge can be expressed as follows:
Mr
λ (r ) = .
25 R 2
Using integral calculus, derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the wedge around its tip.
For integrating an appropriate equation to calculate rotational inertia of the wedge 1 point
∫r
2
I = dm
Mr
m = λ r ∴ dm = λ dr =
dr
25 R 2
For correctly substituting into equation for rotational inertia 1 point
Mr M
=I ∫= r 2 2
dr 2 ∫
r 3 dr
25 R 25 R
For integrating with appropriate limits or constant of integration 1 point
r=R 4 r=R 4
M M r M R 1
∫=
3
=I r dr = 2 4
− 0
= MR 2
25 R 2 r =0 25 R 2 4 r = 0 25 R 100
Derive an expression for the rotational inertia of the modified disk (i.e., the disk after the narrow wedge
is cut out) around its original center.
For correctly using superposition to determine the rotational inertia of the disk without 1 point
the wedge
1 1 49
I tot =I disk − I wedge = MR 2 − MR 2 = MR 2
2 100 100
Question 2 (continued)
Learning Objectives
CHA-1.A.b – Calculate unknown variables of motion such as acceleration, velocity, or positions
for an object undergoing uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension.
INT-6.B.a – Describe the two conditions of equilibrium for an extended rigid body.
INT-6.D.c – Derive the moments of inertia for a thin cylindrical shell or disc about its axis or an object
that can be considered to be made up of coaxial shells (e.g., annular ring).
INT-7.B.a – Describe the net torque experienced by a rigid extended body in situations such as, but not
limited to, rolling down inclines, pulled along horizontal surfaces by external forces, a pulley system
(with rotational inertia), simple pendulums, physical pendulums, and rotating bars.
INT-7.C – Derive expressions for physical systems such as Atwood Machines, pulleys with rotational inertia,
or strings connecting discs or strings connecting multiple pulleys that relate linear or translational motion
characteristics to the angular motion characteristics of rigid bodies in the system that are: (a) rolling
(or rotating on a fixed axis) without slipping. (b) rotating and sliding simultaneously.
INT-7.D.b – Calculate the total kinetic energy of a rolling body or a body that has both translation and
rotational motion.
Science Practices
3.D – Create appropriate diagrams to represent physical situations.
5.A – Select an appropriate law, definition, or mathematical relationship or model to describe
a physical situation.
5.E – Derive a symbolic expression from known quantities by selecting and following a logical
algebraic pathway.
7.A – Make a scientific claim.
7.C – Support a claim with evidence from physical representations.
Question 3
15 points total Distribution
of points
Three blocks are connected by strings that pass over pulleys of negligible mass. Block B is on a level,
horizontal surface of negligible friction. Block A is on top of block B. String 1 connects blocks A and B.
The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between blocks A and B are µ s and µk , respectively.
Block C is hanging over the end of the table and is attached to block B by string 2, as shown above.
The masses of blocks A, B, and C are mA , mB , and mC , respectively. When block C is released,
the system remains at rest.
(a)
i) LO INT-1.A, SP 3.D
2 points
On the dot below, which represents block A, draw and label the forces (not components) that act on
block A. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from,
the dot.
For correctly drawing and labeling the vertical forces on block A 1 point
For correctly drawing and labeling the horizontal forces on block A 1 point
Note: A maximum of one point can be earned if there are any extraneous vectors
Question 3 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(a) con’t
ii) LO INT-1.A, SP 3.D
3 points
On the dot below, which represents block B, draw and label the forces (not components) that act
on block B. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from,
the dot.
For correctly drawing and labeling the vertical forces on block B 1 point
For correctly drawing and labeling the tension in string 1 to the left and the tension in 1 point
string 2 to the right on block B
For correctly drawing and labeling the static friction to the left on block B 1 point
Note: A maximum of two points can be earned if there are any extraneous vectors
Derive an expression for the maximum value for mC at which the blocks will remain at rest. Express all
algebraic answers in terms of µ s , µk , mA , mB , mC , and physical constants, as appropriate.
Question 3 (continued)
Distribution
of points
The setup is modified, as shown in the figure above. Block A and one of the pulleys are removed, and block
B remains on the table. There is still negligible friction between block B and the table. A lump of clay is
added to block B. The students use Newton’s second law to derive an equation for the acceleration aC of
block C. The acceleration is given by the equation aC = mC g mtot , where mtot is the combined mass of
the clay and the two blocks. Students use the setup shown above to experimentally determine the
acceleration g due to gravity. In each trial, a student moves a small amount of clay from block B to block C
and then releases the blocks from rest, recording the new values of mC and aC . The total mass of the clay
and the two blocks is mtot = 5.0 kg . The graph below shows aC as a function of mC , where mC is now
the combined mass of block C and the mass of clay added to block C.
(c)
i) LO INT-1.C.e, SP 4.C
1 point
Question 3 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(c) con’t
ii) LO INT-1.C.e, SP 4.D, 6.C
3 points
Use the best-fit line from part (c)(i) to calculate an experimental value for the acceleration g due to
gravity.
For calculating the slope from the best-fit line and not from the data points unless the 1 point
data points fall on the best-fit line
slope
= =
(
∆y ( 4.0 − 1.0 ) m s
2
)
= 2.0 m kg s 2
∆x ( 2.05 − 0.52 )( kg )
For correctly relating the slope to g 1 point
g
slope= ∴ g= mtot × slope
mtot
For calculating an experimental value for g with units 1 point
( )
g =mtot × slope =( 5.0 kg ) 2.0 m kg s 2 =10.0 m s 2
If the mass of the pulley in part (c) is significant, would the experimental value of g be greater than, less
than, or equal to the value calculated in part (c)(ii) ?
____ Greater than ____ Less than ____ Equal to
Justify your answer.
A different group of students repeats the experiment, but instead of moving clay from block B to block C,
they just remove a small amount of clay from block B and set it aside, away from the setup. The equation
aC = mC g mtot still applies to the new experiment.
Question 3 (continued)
Distribution
of points
(e) LO INT-1.C.e, SP 7.A, 7.C
2 points
In order to provide a straight-line graph that can be used to determine an experimental value for g, what
two quantities should the students now graph? Check all that apply.
1 mc
____ ac vs ____ ac vs mtot ____ ac vs
mtot mtot
m
For selecting “ aC vs 1 ” and “ ac vs c ” 1 point
mtot mtot
For a correct justification 1 point
Example Justification: By removing the clay, the total mass is a variable. As the total
mass of the system is decreased, the acceleration increase; thus aC vs 1 and
mtot
mc
ac vs will generate a straight line graph that can be used to determine an
mtot
experimental value for g.
Question 3 (continued)
Distribution
of points
Learning Objectives
INT‐1.A – Describe an object (either in a state of equilibrium or acceleration) in different types of
physical situations such as inclines, falling through air resistance, Atwood machines, or circular tracks).
INT‐1.B.b – Calculate a force of unknown magnitude acting on an object in equilibrium.
INT-1.C.e – Derive a complete Newton’s second law statement (in the appropriate direction)
for an object in various physical dynamic situations (e.g., mass on incline, mass in elevator, strings/pulleys,
or Atwood machines).
INT-7.A.a – Describe the complete analogy between fixed axis rotation and linear translation for an object
subject to a net torque.
Science Practices
3.D – Create appropriate diagrams to represent physical situations.
4.C – Linearize data and/or determine a best fit line or curve.
4.D – Select relevant features of a graph to describe a physical situation or solve problems.
5.A – Select an appropriate law, definition, or mathematical relationship or model to describe
a physical situation.
5.E – Derive a symbolic expression from known quantities by selecting and following a logical algebraic
pathway.
6.C – Calculate an unknown quantity with units from known quantities, by selecting and following a logical
computational pathway.
7.A – Make a scientific claim.
7.C – Support a claim with evidence from physical representations.
× 1.2857 =
Number Correct Weighted Section I Score
(out of 35) (Do not round)
Question 1 × 1.0000 =
(out of 15) (Do not round)
Question 2 × 1.0000 =
(out of 15) (Do not round)
Question 3 × 1.0000 =
(out of 15) (Do not round)
Sum =
Weighted
Section II
Score
(Do not round)
Composite Score
+ =
Weighted Weighted Composite Score
Section I Score Section II Score (Round to nearest
whole number)
Multiple-Choice Questions
Free-Response Questions