Received: 29 May 2022 Revised: 18 September 2022 Accepted: 3 October 2022

DOI: 10.1002/sd.2428

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The influence of industrial attitudes and behaviours in

adopting sustainable construction practices

Rashid Maqbool 1 | Mohammed Rayan Saiba 1 | Ayman Altuwaim 2 |

Yahya Rashid 3 | Saleha Ashfaq 4

1
Faculty of Engineering and Environment,
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Abstract
Tyne, UK
Considering the rapid environmental changes, the transitions to sustainable practices
2
Department of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh,
in the construction industry is vital now. Though the developed construction indus-
Saudi Arabia tries have already made efforts to switching to more sustainable and environment
3
Bob Gaglardi School of Business & friendly practices, the developing countries are still lacking it. This research was orga-
Economics, Thompson Rivers University,
Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada nised to understand the role of project management practises and integrated
4
School of Economics and Management, methods in the sustainable development in the developing countries, for looking on
Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
how such practices can help these construction sectors become sustainable. The
Correspondence moderation effect of industrial attitudes and behaviours on sustainable construction
Rashid Maqbool, Faculty of Engineering and
was also conducted to understand the intermediary impacts. A survey based on the
Environment, Northumbria University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. snowball sample of 208 construction professionals in Ghana was conducted to deter-
Email: [email protected]
mine the impact of project management practises and integrated methods on sustain-
Funding information able construction. Research model was tested by employing bivariate correlation and
King Saud University, Grant/Award Number:
RSP-2021/280
multiple hierarchical regression analysis techniques, to establish the interrelationships
among the project management practices, integrated approaches, industrial attitudes
and behaviours, and sustainable construction and to explain these constructs in terms
of their common underlying dimensions. The findings highlight that the project man-
agement practices and integrated approaches are significantly impacting on the sus-
tainable construction practices in terms of BIM, Digital Twin, LEED, and BREEAM.
Whereas the industrial attitudes and behaviours were found to be affecting the pro-
ject management practises and integrated approaches through moderating role on
sustainable construction. The study was concluded by suggesting the importance of
sustainable construction practices and shaping industrial attitudes and behaviours
towards such practices in the developing construction industries.

KEYWORDS
industrial attitudes and behaviours, integrated approaches, moderation effect, project
management practices, sustainable construction

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2022 The Authors. Sustainable Development published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sustainable Development. 2023;31:893–907. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/sd 893

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894 MAQBOOL ET AL.

1 | I N T RO DU CT I O N promoting sustainability awareness in the construction sector as a

means of boosting environmental protection (Atongo, 2014). As a key
Construction is one of Ghana's most important sectors, and it contributor to Ghana's GDP, the construction sector is expanding
brings both opportunities and problems (Choudhry and Iqbal, rapidly (Ackah et al., 2014). The problem is a lack of motivation, brav-
2013). Construction project management practises and processes ery, and strategy to apply sustainable construction techniques, not a
have recently seen a great evolution in the industry (Wang lack of knowledge about the benefits of sustainable construction
et al., 2013). According to Silvius et al. (2017), construction profes- (Ahmed et al., 2014). According to Atongo (2014), all stakeholders in
sionals strive to realise sustainable construction in construction the construction industry should be aware of the destructive nature
projects, and project and construction teams are uniquely posi- of traditional construction practices in comparison to the benefits of
tioned to contribute significantly to sustainable construction using sustainable construction. The sustainable construction practices are
effective management practises and approaches. Sustainable devel- not fully integrated with the project management practices in con-
opment is defined as development that satisfies current demands struction of Ghana, as the case of other developing countries. Sustain-
without compromising future generations' capacity to meet their able construction practises can be incorporated into every level or
own (WCED, 1987). The Triple-Bottom Line (TBL) of sustainability component of the construction process (Kissi et al., 2018; Maqbool &
is the integration of three dimensions: economic, environmental Jowett, 2022). The research aims to determine the impact of Project
and social sustainability (Elkington & Rowlands, 1999). Management Practices and Integrated Approaches in bringing sustain-
A project, according to the Guide to the Project Management able construction to the Ghanaian construction industry. In order to
Body of Knowledge, is a temporary endeavour undertaken to pro- meet the aim of this research following objectives have been drawn
duce a unique product, service or outcome (PMI, 2013). Project to conduct in this research.
management, according to the Project Management Institute
(PMI) (2013), is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and 1. To investigate the role of Project Management Practices in bring-
methods to project activities in order to satisfy the project require- ing sustainable construction to the Ghanaian construction
ment.” This is accomplished when the three elements of sustain- industry.
ability are given equal weight (Marcelino-Sádaba et al., 2015). 2. To determine the impact of Integrated Approaches on Sustainable
Given this context, the goal of this research is to find ways to Construction in the Ghana's construction industry.
incorporate project management techniques and integrated 3. To identify the effects of Industrial Attitudes and behaviours on
approaches into Ghana's construction projects to achieve sustain- the adoption of Sustainable Construction in Ghana's construction
able construction. sector.
Ogunde et al. (2017) stated that construction practice encom-
passes the complete system that specifies procedure and stan- A quantitative research approach would be adopted. Hence, the
dards for all phases of the building process, defining roles and attained variables would be designed into a close-ended question-
interactions among building industry experts, often known as Pro- naire. Respondents would mainly be from academia and operating
ject Managers (PM). In fact, it tackles the central ethical quandary construction professionals in Ghana. The sample frame would be a
offered by sustainable development, namely the responsibility of survey of the targeted respondents who are in good standing, who
the world's current population to future generations. It encom- have been active in the construction industry for at least 5 years and
passes all the energy and water used during the project's life cycles are practising within Ghana.
(Kibert, 2007). This research will also delve into literature to explain what Man-
Today, the interest towards sustainable construction practices agement Practices and Integrated Approaches are about. It will further
have started getting boost from both the industry and research explore some Management Practices and Integrated Approaches to
(Darko et al., 2019; Maqbool & Amaechi, 2022). However, in the case investigate what is needs to be done to ensure sustainable construc-
of developing countries, such as Ghana, the implementation of such tion. It would also investigate how the Ghanaian construction industry
sustainable construction approaches is not yet up to the mark as com- can embrace these practices and approaches for effective realisation
pared to developed countries (Ayarkwa et al., 2017). Ametepey et al. of sustainable construction. Atombo et al. (2015) highlighted the inte-
(2015), highlighted construction as a fundamental sector of the gration of the environmental, economic and social needs of projects
Ghanaian economy, and its attention towards sustainability concerns as an effective way of attaining sustainable construction in the
spans literally the entire industry. Unfortunately, due to diverse of Ghanaian construction industry. The study by Djokoto et al. (2014)
challenges, Ghana's construction industry has yet to completely estab- looked at sustainable construction from the consultants' perspective.
lish itself in assuring Sustainable Construction. Their study identified a lack of demand and a lack of promotional
Ghana's construction industry makes a significant contribution to strategy as key barriers to achieving sustainable construction. They
the country's GDP. Ghana's construction industry increased its contri- are calls for the Ghanaian construction industry to promote sustain-
bution to GDP from 8.5% to 14.8% between 2010 and 2015 (Ghana able construction. Therefore, there is the need for the industry to
Statistical Service, 2017). The Ghanaian government, in collaboration develop a robust framework for achieving sustainable construction
with non-governmental organisations and academics, is fiercely objectives.
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MAQBOOL ET AL. 895

2 | LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.2 | Economic impact

2.1 | Sustainable construction Buildings are well known for consuming significant amounts of water,
wood, energy and natural resources in the economy. According to
Sustainability is frequently defined in terms of three dimensions: envi- Gachoki et al. (2022), the use of sustainable construction methodolo-
ronmental, economic, and social, collectively known as the Triple-P gies has resulted in an 8%–9% reduction in operating expenses, a
(People, Planet, Profit). All three aspects must be evaluated concur- 7.5% increase in building value, and a 6.6% improvement in return on
rently to effectively contribute to sustainable development, as they investment. Energy consumption is reduced, and systems are
are interconnected and progress in one must not jeopardise progress improved as a result of education on sustainable construction and the
in another (Larsson & Larsson, 2020). However, many researchers use of sustainable methods (Maqbool, Deng, & Ashfaq, 2020). Water
concentrate on only one dimension, which creates an imbalance in use on construction sites must also be reconsidered with waterless
sustainable development. Sustainable construction is concerned with technologies, low-flow faucets, and self-closing faucets (Reffat, 2004).
the entire building cycle, from the extraction of raw materials through
the management and recycling of the waste generated (Maqbool &
Wood, 2022; Shi et al., 2012). According to Köhler et al. (2012), the 2.1.3 | Social impact
lack of project management standards to address sustainability in
terms of competency makes it difficult to apply sustainability in pro- People who are concerned with the healthy living in their liveable build-
jects. It has also been speculated that the integration of economic, ings can be benefitted through sustainable practices. It involves respond-
environmental and social factors would affect the project manage- ing to people's requirements at any step of the construction process
ment profession. (from commissioning to demolition), offering high customer satisfaction
Some researchers examine sustainable construction from a mana- and working closely with customers, suppliers, employees, and local com-
gerial standpoint (Bossink, 2002; Du Plessis, 2007; Lam et al., 2009; munities (Hussin et al., 2013). To achieve the social sustainability require-
Maqbool & Amaechi, 2022; Rwelamila et al., 2000). According to Wu ments in architectural designs, the following elements must be met: social
and Low (2010), project management in sustainable construction interaction; social security; adaptability; hierarchy; architectural identity;
should concentrate on techniques such as stakeholder management and participatory design (Davoodi et al., 2014). In their study, Tunji-
and organisational structure. To accomplish sustainable construction, Olayeni et al. (2020) stated that social sustainability addresses people's
all stakeholders involved in the process must play a role (Shi social expectations. It includes institutions, processes, systems, and rela-
et al., 2012). tionships that ensure that present and future generations' social needs
are not jeopardised. People come from a variety of cultural and socioeco-
nomic backgrounds, and their needs must be met fairly and equitably
2.1.1 | Environmental impact while ensuring social integration and cohesion.

According to Forsberg and Saukkoriipi (2007), the quantity of waste

supplied is around 30%–35% of a project's cost of production. The 2.2 | Project management practices
quantity of construction materials lost on the work site is rather sub-
stantial, accounting for 9% of the acquired materials by weight. Pollu- Project management, according to PMI (2008), is the application of
tion includes all forms of traffic pollution, noise, dust, and so on. Dust knowledge, skills, tools and methods to project activities to achieve pro-
is classified into five categories based on dispersion. Hard particles of ject requirements. The following project life cycle phases are included in
the fifth class are the most dangerous. The mathematical simulation of the project activities: conceptualization, planning, execution, termina-
pollutants is one of the most important methods of assessing and tion, and monitoring and controlling. According to Irefin (2013), project
forecasting air quality (Medineckiene et al., 2010). According to Seow management integrates through these phases with the sole purpose of
and Mohamad (2007), illegal waste disposal endangers human health producing stakeholder and customer satisfaction. A project manager
and the environment. The term “energy efficiency” keeps an impor- has significant influence over 34%–47% of the success of a building
tant position in the environmental aspects, as an approach to enhance project (Frank, 2002). According to Hwang and Ng (2013), a project
energy efficiency in buildings projects (Low et al., 2009; manager must have the necessary abilities and expertise to handle the
Maqbool, 2018). Whereas the water efficiency deals with the selec- project professionally and successfully. Successful construction compa-
tion of efficient water usage in the construction operations. In addi- nies are now focusing on ensuring that project managers learn the
tion, the sustainable construction practices and operation in design to essential abilities needed to succeed in their roles. The construction
material selection and construction activities emphasise on the envi- industry's growing understanding of the link between project success
ronmental protection. The other important sustainable benefits and construction project management capabilities.
include the innovative practices and the usage of modern technolo- Many governments are becoming more cognizant of their obliga-
gies for improving the environmental sustainability (Maqbool, tion to ensure long-term development. Governments mandate that
Namaghi, et al., 2022). corporations carrying out projects produce strategies, action plans
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896 MAQBOOL ET AL.

and performance metrics that will contribute to the host country's groups working on the project. Proper communication management
long-term growth. In the face of uncertainty, the most vital compo- also enhances cooperative and collaborative processes (Bond-Barnard
nents are practical experience and collecting feedback, that is, check- et al., 2018; Maqbool et al., 2018). According to de Oliveira and Rabe-
ing the outcomes for the analysis of judgements and evaluations chini Jr. (2019), the communication gap among customers, designers
(Hubbard, 2014). So, in order to have a better management of sustain- and subcontractors is a key obstacle to sustainable construction.
able construction projects, initial planning, accurate estimation, cor-
rect data decrease the level of uncertainty (Sadler-Smith, 2016). As a
result, Wang (2021) suggests new analytical approaches for analysing 2.2.4 | Human resource management
the environment to execute a sustainable construction project, which
will aid in moving project focus from results to decision-making based The ability to control people within an organisation is known as
on project management standards. human resource management (HRM). Human resource management
in construction is overwhelmingly concerned with ensuring that a pro-
ject has enough human resources, with the appropriate skillsets and
2.2.1 | Stakeholder management expertise, to finish it effectively. Construction project teams are
known to be made up of many skilled professionals (k-workers) from
According to Li et al. (2018), stakeholders are individuals or organisa- various backgrounds who collaborate to accomplish the required pro-
tions that may influence or are influenced in a positive or negative way ject performance goals. There is no doubt, a better human resources
throughout the project cycle. Stakeholder groups are more evident in management is the key element in achieving the success in any kind
sustainable projects (Maqbool, Deng, & Rashid, 2020; Maqbool, of sustainable construction projects (Gunasekera & Chong, 2018).
Rashid, & Ashfaq, 2022; Olander, 2007). Stakeholder management
seeks to reconcile stakeholders' economic interests with social and envi-
ronmental goals (Marcelino-Sádaba et al., 2015). According to Armenia 2.3 | Integrated approaches
et al. (2019), a project management approach that attempts to preserve
perspective inclusiveness should involve a collaborative, transparent, According to Yudelson (2008), green buildings are built on the princi-
varied and comprehensive discussion and shaping process among vari- ples of sustainable construction, which address the ecological, social
ous stakeholders. Despite the importance of stakeholder management and economic issues of a building in the context of its community.
in construction projects, there are still countless project failures because These buildings are designed and built to use less energy and
of poor stakeholder management (Mok et al., 2015). Hence, more resources than traditional buildings and to have a lower environmental
efforts are required for effective stakeholder management in order to impact. Green building is frequently mentioned in connection with
reduce such project failures. sustainable construction. Traditional project management techniques
reduce total performance by attempting to optimise each activity,
whereas integrated approaches attempt to optimise at the project
2.2.2 | Quality management level (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010).
Thus, integrated techniques vary considerably from traditional
Chen (2019) defines construction quality management as the coordi- project management methodologies. Using sustainability assessment
nation of the construction organisation's quality control during con- tools (BREEAM, LEED) and their specific weighting methods and cri-
struction and installation, as well as project completion acceptance. teria, this work examines how sustainable construction evaluation
Construction project management involves rallying the enthusiasm of tools handle this problem and how these weights impact energy effi-
all team members towards the quality of construction and collaborat- ciency decision-making tasks (Ferreira et al., 2014). Moreover, in order
ing to complete their individual tasks. According to Zeng et al. (2015), to measure sustainability level in the buildings such sustainability
quality management aims for radical innovation and reinforces control techniques are also needed (Birgisdottir & Hansen, 2011). They
and stability by demanding standardisation or formalisation, which employ a broad set of criteria, which may lead to the pursuit of more
would obstruct the unconventional change in the process manage- sustainable solutions (Cole, 1999). These three sustainability goals are
ment system from the current situation to a completely new one that typically conflicting (Birgisdottir & Hansen, 2011).
is conducive to sustainable construction development.

2.3.1 | Lean construction

2.2.3 | Communication management
Lean production methods were pioneered in the Japanese automobile
A communication plan is defined in conventional project management sector (Cullen et al., 2005), where they were widely adopted. Begin-
as “a suitable method and plan for project communication based on ning with efforts to reduce machine setup time and influenced by
the stakeholder's information needs and requirements” (PMI, 2013). total quality management, a simple set of objectives for the design of
Techniques utilise the sharing of knowledge among the people or the production system was established, which is to produce a car to
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MAQBOOL ET AL. 897

the specifications of a specific customer, deliver it instantly, and main- is not only intended for improved communication, yet improved com-
tain no inventories or intermediate stores (Lim, 2008). Lean construc- munication will be required owing to all the precise planning. A LEED
tion evolved from the application of lean production techniques, project will require more intensive prior preparation for all stake-
according to Cullen et al. (2005). It has ushered in a new era of holders to be successful. This extreme inspection may or may not
manufacturing design, supply and assembly. The cornerstone of a new have been the original purpose of the LEED system, but it has had
type of project management is provided by Lean theory, methodolo- that effect (Robichaud & Anantatmula, 2011).
gies and principles.
Collaboration between sustainable and lean construction may
result in improved cost savings, waste reduction, and environmental 2.3.4 | Digital twin and building information
effects (Koranda et al., 2012; Maqbool, Saiba, & Ashfaq, 2022). The modelling
combination of sustainable and lean construction will improve the
quality of life (Abd Jamil & Fathi, 2016), as there are enormously sig- The important discussions regarding the sustainability rating through
nificant positive correlations between lean and eco-sustainability BIM and IoT is presented by Tagliabue et al. (2021). Smart contracts
(Scherrer-Rathje et al., 2009). Lean's progress has resulted in the and construction management are two areas where digital twin tech-
establishment of a new paradigm, which will invariably include an nology is gaining momentum (Chang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019). The
aspect of environmental sustainability. According to Pandithawatta creation of digital twins is the outcome of iterative optimization of the
et al., 2019, the major aim of lean construction is to give outstanding information model and project physical model (Opoku et al., 2021).
value to the client while maximising revenues through cost reduction. The terminology “BIM” is typically related to a multitude of disciplines
So, the lean construction practices helping to solve the social and (ISO, 2016). According to research, BIM may aid in various aspects of
environmental problems and bring value to the social and environ- sustainable construction (Wong & Kuan, 2014). Because of its
mental sustainability (Bae & Kim, 2008). 3-dimensional capacity, BIM has eliminated the need for a traditional
approach due to the time and effort required to effectively include
architectural features into the energy simulation model (Ryu &
2.3.2 | The building research establishment Park, 2016). These initiatives inspired Santos et al. (2019), who uti-
environmental assessment method lised BIM to define a project's physical and functional attributes and
generate a digital model (i.e., a BIM model).
The BREEAM, was originated from the United Kingdom, which has
got a popularity other sustainability rating system. It stood number
1 sustainability rating systems from 2013 to 2017 in the world 2.4 | Theoretical development
(Serrano-Baena et al., 2020). With the introduction of BREEAM, the
area of measuring the sustainability of buildings has also caught Though Project management has been already used is previous stud-
up. BREEAM's key sustainable features include resources, environ- ies (Armenia et al., 2019; Bryde, 2003), however, in its conjunction
mental effects, and, finally, health (Jensen et al., 2018). According to with the developed theoretical basis to provide solutions for the sus-
Sewell and Fraser (2019), BREEAM is widely recognised as a success- tainable construction is not addressed by many studies. Crawford
ful approach to environmental evaluation. If the sustainability is well et al. (2006) argued in their study framework focusing on project man-
understood and the BREEAM is applied in the early design stages, it agement research that stakeholder management, quality management,
can be one of the important indicators of sustainable development in relationship management and human resource management are all
the construction building projects. critical for project success. The method involves many levels of study
and shows how project management practises impact project perfor-
mance. Figure 1 highlights the theoretical framework to be tested in
2.3.3 | Leadership in energy and environmental this research.
design

According to Bowers et al. (2020), LEED is a third-party building certi- 2.4.1 | Moderation effect of industrial attitudes and
fication scheme founded in 1993 by Robert K. Watson and spear- behaviours
headed by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED
is now the most widely used building certification system, with appli- According to Ajzen (1991), attitudes and behaviours are people's reac-
cations all around the world (Jeong et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2015). tions to a certain occurrence. This reflects the evaluative judgement of
The LEED grading system guides the project towards sustainability in construction stakeholders on sustainable construction (Anzagira et al.,
many ways, including design, building, operation, and maintenance. 2019). According to Chan et al. (2017), the attitudes and behaviours of
One of the benefits is that it gives long-term solutions to individual industrial practitioners have a major negative influence on the promo-
tasks. One of the LEED system's assets is its ability to provide sustain- tion of sustainable construction. There is frequently a misalignment and
able solutions for unique projects (Mehranrad & Mahini, 2018). LEED inconsistency between industrial participants' sustainability concerns
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898 MAQBOOL ET AL.

F I G U R E 1 Theoretical framework
[Colour figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

and their proactive behaviours and attitudes towards sustainable con- about sustainability technology (Iqbal et al., 2021). According to the
struction (Park & Tucker, 2017). Many construction employees in devel- United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, 2010), understand-
oping countries are unaware of the concept of sustainable construction ing of sustainable construction approaches among many professionals
and, as a result, are naturally resistant to change (Shafii et al., 2006). is limited, making it difficult for such professionals to incorporate sus-
Hwang et al. (2018) stated in their research that limited knowledge of tainability initiatives into their projects. Sustainable construction
sustainable construction, the reluctance of workers to change their con- necessitates advanced sustainable practises with limited application
ventional practises, and a lack of demand from clients are key barriers (Aghimien et al., 2019). There is insufficient information about the
to sustainable construction. application and performance of these sustainable practises due to a
lack of rigorous studies on them (Ahmed & El-Sayegh, 2022).
Resistance to new approaches
The construction industry's reluctance to adopt sustainable methods High cost of adoption
and innovation is an attitudinal barrier to sustainable construction According to Gillingham and Sweeney (2012), a lack of financial
(Alam et al., 2019). This is due to a lack of professional interest in resources is a key obstacle to taking the initiative for the adoption of
adopting new sustainable practises over traditional technologies sustainable construction in construction projects. Sustainable con-
(Gupta et al., 2017). Pinkse and Dommisse (2009) postulated that in struction necessitates a significant initial investment as well as enough
developing countries, people are not always interested in embracing resources (Darko et al., 2018). Ampratwum et al. (2021) stated that
innovative sustainable practises in their construction projects because one of the challenges inhibiting the implementation of sustainable
of their cultural beliefs. Therefore, cultural resistance to sustainability practises in the construction industry has been identified as a lack of
approaches is considered a significant behavioural barrier to sustain- capital to spend on sustainable construction. The high cost of adopt-
able construction. According to Dwaikat and Ali (2016), delivering sus- ing sustainable construction practises might be a challenge for profes-
tainable construction projects necessitates organisational leadership sionals in developing countries (Gou et al., 2013). The cost-related
and management commitment. Because sustainable projects are more challenges to sustainable construction are a lack of incentives, initial
complex than traditional ones (Ahmed and El-Seyegh, 2022), manage- capital costs, and capital expenditure (Abidin & Azizi, 2021). Agyekum
ment practises must be updated to address these complications. et al. (2020) postulated that the cost of sustainable construction prac-
According to Aghimien et al. (2019), construction team members are tises is higher than that of traditional methods, which impedes the
accustomed to traditional construction practises and thus hesitant to adoption of sustainable construction approaches in Ghana's construc-
abandon their traditional construction methods, making the adoption tion sector.
of new sustainable approaches a difficult task.

Lack of knowledge and awareness to new approaches 3 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Lack of awareness and lack of proper training for professionals are sig-
nificant obstacles that hinder the adoption of sustainable techniques This chapter details the methodology that will be used in the research.
in construction projects (Hong et al., 2018). Most developing coun- This chapter will concentrate on the study design, how the population
tries are unaware of the numerous benefits that sustainable construc- will be selected, the sample frame and size, data collection and analy-
tion may offer, making it difficult for their employees to adopt sis, and so on. It appears necessary to clarify the difference between
sustainability principles (Simpeh & Smallwood, 2015). Limited knowl- research methodologies and research methodology at this point. All
edge of sustainable construction approaches has also been identified the procedures and techniques used to do research may be cate-
as a key impediment to the adoption of sustainable construction gorised as research methods (Kothari, 2004). On the other hand,
approaches in construction projects due to incorrect information research methodology refers to the complete approach to the design
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
MAQBOOL ET AL. 899

process, from theoretical underpinnings through data collection and 3.4 | Population and sample frame
analysis (Collis & Hussey, 2014).
According to Walliman (2011), a population is the total number of a
specific type of person, unit or instance relevant to a researcher's sub-
3.1 | Research philosophy ject. The importance of selecting a target population cannot be over-
stated (Ritchie et al., 2013). A sample is a part of a population drawn
According to Bryman (2016), the research philosophy is based on the to represent the whole (Naoum, 2012). The term “sample” refers to a
researchers assumptions on the study. Whereas the research is based portion of a larger group (population) selected to represent the
on the positivist knowledge which is further depends on the proven remainder (Naoum, 2012). The data was collected from both the con-
realities (Bryman, 2016; Osei-Hwedie, 2010). The survey instrument struction employees and researchers on the topics related to con-
would be created using core variables from the literature, and statisti- struction project management. A snowball sampling technique was
cal tools for data analysis would be used. used to collect the data from construction employees and researchers.
The snowball sampling technique is well known for acquiring the data
form most concerned people conveniently (Israel, 1992). The data was
3.2 | Research design collected based on the respondents' overall knowledge and experi-
ence of the sustainable construction rather than asking about their
The research design is designed to determine, among other things, how experience of any of their single projects. This way we tried to avoid
to acquire further data, analyse and interpret it, and propose solutions to any kind of biased responses from the respondents.
the problem (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Two basic methods to describe
the data collection and analysis are the quantitative and qualitative
approaches (Pathirage et al., 2005). The choice of such approach is 3.5 | Questionnaire development
dependent on the study's objectives and the nature of the data available
for the particular research (Baiden, 2006). The goal of quantitative A total of four factors were the part of this research, which includes,
research is to create and apply mathematical models, ideas, and hypothe- two independent factors, namely Project Management Practices and
ses about natural occurrences (Sarantakos, 2005). Quantitative research Integrated Approaches, one moderating factor of Industrial Attitudes
uses questionnaires, surveys and experiments to collect data, which is and Behaviours, and one dependent factor of Sustainable Construc-
then reviewed and tabulated in numbers, allowing the data to be cate- tion. The survey questions were asked on the five-point Likert scale
gorised by statistical analysis (Hittleman & Simon, 1997). Because of the ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The net score of all
limitations, this study took a quantitative approach. It is the ideal method the factor items represented the mean of the particular factor of the
for research when the researcher already has some knowledge about research.
the population, which is the case in this study. A survey questionnaire
has been found to be a less expensive and time-consuming method of
gathering information on population changes (Ayyash et al., 2011). 3.6 | Data collection instrument

A questionnaire is made up of a series of questions that are written or

3.3 | Unit of analysis and data sources typed in a certain order on a form or set of forms (Kothari, 2004). This
type of data collection is very common, especially for large inquiries.
Primary data and secondary data are the two forms of data. Primary Commercial individuals, researchers, private and public organisations,
data is newly gathered data that is primarily intended to answer the and even governments are embracing it. This survey includes both
research question or achieve the study objectives (Saunders closed-ended and open-ended questions. An online survey question-
et al., 2009). Secondary data, on the other hand, is that which has naire was developed to collect data to measure the research variables.
already been acquired by someone else and has been subjected to the A total of 208 questionnaire responses from the respondents in the
statistical process (Kothari, 2004). The primary and secondary both the process of sharing it by the emails and reminder email later. A total of
methods have been utilised for this research. The primary data was col- 250 questionnaires were sent out for the data collection, for which
lected by the questionnaire survey from the professionals working in purpose we got 208 valid responses. The respondents views were
the construction industry. The professional from the Ghanian construc- taken through the use of five point Likert scale on the research related
tion industry, having experience and knowledge of project management questions. The Likert scale is simple to use and reduces uncertainty
practises and integrated approaches for the sustainable construction. and inaccuracy. Whereas the usage of five point Likert scale over the
Whereas the secondary data was based on the research contents col- seven point Likert scale and nine point Likert scale was due to its ben-
lected from different published articles, journals, reports, books and efits towards quality responses and reducing respondents frustration
magazines, and so forth. So, the unit of analysis were the project man- (Hayes, 1992).
agement practises and integrated approaches for the sustainable con- Most of the questions were delivered and retrieved over the
struction in the Ghanian construction industry. internet. This ensures that the appropriate recipients are reached. The
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
900 MAQBOOL ET AL.

TABLE 1 Sources of questions several closely connected procedures, such as the creation of catego-

No of Source for questions adopted ries, the application of these categories to raw data via coding, tabula-
Variables items from literature tion, and finally the drawing of statistical inferences. The suitable kind
Project management 22 Demirkesen and Ozorhon, (2017) of analysis for this study was determined by the degree of measure-
practices ment used in the data collection instruments (nominal, ordinal, interval
Integrated approaches 20 Forbes and Ahmed (2010), Hwang and ratio) and the number of cases to be analysed (Walliman, 2011).
and Ng (2013) and Ferreira et al. The data was analysed by using the Statistical Package for Social
(2014)
Scientists version 20.0 (SPSS 20.0), and performed initial reliability
Industrial attitudes and 9 Chan et al. (2017), Park and and validity checks before completing the research specific tests of
behaviours Tucker (2017).
Correlations and Multiple Hierarchical Regression analysis.
Sustainable 15 Anantatmula (2011), Hussin et al.
construction (2013), Reddy (2016) and
Gachoki et al. (2022).
4.2 | Demographic results

questions were adopted from the already developed scales; however, A total of 208 (83.2%) valid responses were received out of 250 sent
some adjustments to the wording were made wherever it was out questionnaires. More details of demographics regarding respon-
required. Five variables were included in the study, namely project dents are shown in Table 2.
management practices, integrated approaches, industrial attitudes and
behaviours, organisational innovation performance (OIP), and sustain-
able construction. 4.3 | Reliability and validity

Cronbach's alpha value above 0.70 is considered acceptable (Hair

3.7 | Measurement and operationalization et al., 2010), and the study satisfies the minimum requirement of Cron-
variables bach's alpha in the case of all variables in the study (See Table 3).
A correlation analysis was performed to check the significant associa-
The questions were adopted from the already developed scales by tion between the variables of the study. A summary of Cronbach alpha,
previous researchers; however, some adjustments to the wording standard deviations and correlation analysis is reported in Table 3.
were made wherever it was needed. Five variables were included The convergent and discriminant validity of the data was deter-
in the study, namely project management practices, integrated mined by; Cronbach's α N 0.70 for all constructs, composite reliability
approaches, industrial attitudes and behaviours, organisational (CR) for all constructs N 0.70, and average variance extracted of each
innovation performance (OIP), and sustainable construction. construct N 0.50 (Hair et al., 2012). Table 3 highlighted all the satis-
The operationalization of variables is presented in Table 1. fied criteria. So, it can be said with the confidence that whole data is
normal and error free to proceed for further analysis. The CR of the
five constructions is substantially above the recommended level, and
3.8 | Ethical consideration the measurement items' internal reliability is acceptable (See Table 3).
The discriminant validity was measured by comparing the square root
All research raises ethical issues, so this study was not different, and for of the AVE of constructs with the correlations between the constructs
that matter, the researcher observed all necessary protocols to overcome (Hair et al., 2012), which also reflects the satisfactory conditions of
ethical challenges. As indicated by Cresswell et al. (2013), researchers the data, as highlighted in Table 3.
must protect participants in their studies, build trust with them, promote
the study veracity, define and defend against offences and impropriety
that could reflect their institution or establishment, and adapt to prob- 4.4 | Moderated regression effect of industrial
lems. Therefore, a letter of introduction was attached by the researcher attitudes and behaviours
to seek permission from the respondents before the study was
conducted. Correlation analysis was performed to check the significant associa-
tion between variables of the study (See Table 3). To verify a high
degree of significant correlation between the variables, multicollinear-
4 | ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ity diagnostics were conducted. Based on VIF (.10) thresholds per Hair
et al. (2010), no multicollinearity was found. To conduct regression
4.1 | Data processing and analysis analysis, the conditions of homoscedasticity, linearity, multicollinearity
and normality were investigated and were satisfied, in accordance
Data analysis refers to the methods used to get answers by evaluating with guidelines of Hair et al. (2010). For testing moderation, we per-
the collected data (Strydom et al., 2007). Data analysis necessitates formed hierarchical regression analysis in three steps to determine the
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
MAQBOOL ET AL. 901

moderation effect of industrial attitudes and behaviours on the relation- Since the moderated regression (Table 4) shows significant results
ship between project management practices and integrated approaches at p = .1, the hypothesis that industrial attitudes and behaviours mod-
(IVs) and sustainable construction (DV). At step 1, following the regres- erate project management practices and integrated approaches in
sion analysis procedure, project management practices and integrated Ghana is accepted. It can be concluded that the Ghanaian construc-
approaches were entered in model 1. At step 2, project management tion industry exhibits negative attitudes or behaviours towards the
practices and integrated approaches and industrial attitudes and behav- adoption of project management practices and integrated approaches.
iours were entered in regression model 2. To test for moderation, multi- However, the moderation effect industrial attitudes and behaviours in
ple hierarchical regression analysis was performed, and results are the Ghanaian construction industry is a slow and minimal.
shown in Table 4. The variables yielded no significant moderation effect The regression equations' information was used to illustrate the rela-
of industrial attitudes and behaviours on sustainable construction in tionship between project management practises, integrated methods and
model 3 at p-value < .05. However, at a p-value of <.10 industrial atti- sustainable building at low and high levels of industrial attitude and
tudes and behaviours shows significant moderation on the relationship behaviour (IAB). Low integrated approaches and project management
between project management practices and integrated approaches on practises are associated with being 1 SD below their means. High-
sustainable construction. integrated approaches and project management practices, on the other
hand, refer to +1 SD above their means (see Figures 2, 3 and 4).
Figure 2 highlights the moderation effect of industrial attitudes
TABLE 2 Demographic results from survey
and behaviour (IAB) on the relationship between project management
Demographic Item Frequency Percentage practices and sustainable construction.
Age 16–25 45 21.6 Figure 3 highlights the moderation effect of industrial attitudes
26–35 78 37.5 and behaviour (IAB) on the relationship between integrated
36–45 50 24.0 approaches and sustainable construction.
46–55 29 13.9
55+ 6 2.9
Occupation Architect 21 10.1 TABLE 4 Regression analysis results

Consultant 26 12.5 Sustainable

Contractor 16 7.7 Model testing construction

Other 31 14.9 Attribute β-value t-value R2

Professional engineer 11 5.3 Model 1 .240
Project manager 22 10.6 Project management practices (PMP) .280*** 4.331
Quantity surveyor 30 14.4 Integrated approaches (IA) .319*** 4.936
Student/Researcher 51 24.5 Model 2 .250
Education Bachelor's 97 46.6 Project management practices (PMP) .241*** 3.503
Diploma/Certification 30 14.4 Integrated approaches (IA) .294*** 4.436
Master's 55 26.4 Industrial attitudes and behaviours (IAB) .113* 1.648
Others 8 3.8 Model 3 .254
PhD 18 8.7 Project management (PMP) .107* 1.020
Experience 1–5 88 42.3 Integrated approaches (IA) .309* 1.581
11–15 44 21.2 Industrial attitudes and behaviours (IAB) .477* 1.785
16–25 20 9.6 (PMP  IAB) .655* 1.755
26+ 8 3.8 (IA  IAB) .236* 1.240
6–10 48 23.1
*p < .10. ***p < .01.

TABLE 3 Correlation and Cronbach alpha results

Variables Cronbach alpha CR AVE PM IA IAB SC

Project management practices .901 .932 .50 1
Integrated approaches (IA) .900 .940 .45 .336a 1
Industrial attitudes and behaviours (IAB) .829 0.823 .53 .423a .341a 1
a a
Sustainable construction (SC) .848 .853 .37 .387 .413 .581a 1
a
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
902 MAQBOOL ET AL.

5 | DI SCU SSIONS

5.1 | Critical findings

This study is aimed at exploring the impact of Project Management

Practices and Integrated Approaches towards bringing sustainable
construction in Ghana's construction industry. Industrial Attitude
Behaviours (IAB) is further taken as the major moderating factor for
the indirect relations. The major findings are discussed in detail here.

5.1.1 | Project management practices and

F I G U R E 2 The moderation effect in between project sustainable construction
management practices and sustainable construction. [Colour figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] According to Tabassi et al. (2016), good project management practises
move projects towards sustainable construction. It was observed that
the direct impact of the elements of Project Management Practices
(i.e., Stakeholder Management [SMP] and Quality Management
[QMP]) on the sustainable construction is significant with its values as
0.25 and 0.29 respectively. Stakeholder management and quality
management aspects of project management directly lead towards
sustainable construction. Project Management Practices to an extent
contributes to sustainable construction.

5.1.2 | Integrated approaches and sustainable

construction

It was observed that the Integrated Approaches are showing the posi-
F I G U R E 3 The moderation effect in between integrated tive and significant direct effect towards sustainable construction with
approaches and sustainable construction. [Colour figure can be the values of 0.06 and 0.44. Integrated Approaches, however, have a
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
significant influence on sustainable construction. This supports Tafaz-
zoli et al.'s (2020) hypothesis that integrated approaches significantly
contribute to sustainable construction bottom-lines. According to
Cole (1999), integrated approaches investigates the sustainability of
construction projects in other to arrive at more sustainable solutions.
Thus, it can be drawn from the findings that the usage of such inte-
grated approaches and technologies is vital for the Ghanaian con-
struction industry in order to bring the sustainable aspect of the
construction industry.

5.1.3 | Moderation effect of industrial attitudes and

behaviours on sustainable construction

Furthermore, this research expands on previous studies on sus-

F I G U R E 4 The moderation effect in between the combine
tainable construction attitudes and behaviours. The moderation
relationship between the two dependent variables (project
influence of Industrial Attitudes and Behaviours (IAB) on Sustain-
management practices and integrated approaches) and sustainable
construction. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] able Construction was significant. Although project management
practices and integrated approaches are known to have an impact
Figure 4 highlights the moderation effect of industrial atti- on the implementation through industrial attitudes and behaviours
tudes and behaviour (IAB) on the combine relationship between (Anzagira et al., 2019), few researchers have investigated the
the two dependent variables (project management practices and effects of different worker attitudes and behaviours on various
integrated approaches) and sustainable construction. aspects of sustainable construction. Our findings confirm industrial
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
MAQBOOL ET AL. 903

attitudes and behaviours as a key barrier to improving construction can enable practitioners to learn project management practises and
sustainability in the conventional mix of project management prac- integrate approaches to enhance sustainable construction. According
tices and integrated techniques. The impacts of project manage- to Robichaud and Anantatmula (2011), project management practises
ment practices and integrated techniques paired with industrial should be integrated with technology techniques to guarantee prod-
attitudes and behaviours, was also significant as anticipated. ucts satisfy sustainable construction objectives.
Industrial attitudes and Behaviours do hinder sustainable construc-
tion. This finding implies that the influence of industrial attitudes
and behaviours on sustainable construction is considerably more 5.2.2 | Practical implication
complicated than previously predicted (Agyekum et al., 2020; Alam
et al., 2019; Iqbal et al., 2021). The influence of project management practises and integrated
Furthermore, past studies examined several aspects of sustain- approaches on sustainable construction was investigated in this study.
able construction from several viewpoints. The importance of public- The findings suggest that the Ghanaian construction sector should
private partnerships (PPP) (Cheng et al., 2020), sustainability compe- strengthen stakeholder and quality management practises as well as
tences (Abou-Warda, 2014), and policies are among these crucial employ integrated techniques to achieve sustainable construction per-
areas (Mohammed et al., 2022). However, there is a scarcity of litera- formance. Professional courses must also be taken by construction
ture on sustainable construction and OIP. According to extant industry experts to improve their implementation of integrated tech-
research, measuring systems for project management and integrated nologies and practises.
techniques are not universal. The Project Management Practices Furthermore, the findings imply that the Ghanaian construction
(PMP) measuring framework is divided into four dimensions when sector has a favourable attitude and behaviour towards sustainable
MCI is applied to the Ghanaian construction industry: SMP, CMP, construction. Thus, bringing the training for the project management
QMP and HMP. The measuring framework for Integrated Approaches practices, the usage of the sustainable and innovative technologies,
was similarly separated into two parts: ST and INT. New and advanta- and proper understanding of the technological and managerial innova-
geous efforts in the construction sector have been thoroughly vali- tions will enhance the sustainable aspect of construction industry.
dated and they add to the literature on project management theory,
particularly the dimensions of SMP and QMP given in this study. Simi-
larly, this study establishes the measurement structure of SC from 5.3 | Limitations
four perspectives: project management practices, integrated
approaches, organisation innovation performance, and industrial atti- Only survey data from Ghanaian construction sector workers was
tudes and behaviours, considering the differences between project used in this study. As a result, it represents their perspectives and
management practices and integrated approaches. They all have experiences. The study's greatest contribution to the literature, how-
strong reliability and validity and can pass the empirical test. As a ever, is that it offers industry-specific indicators for measuring sus-
result, the proposed measuring scales can be used as a guide for tainable construction. The proposed model could be simply applied to
researchers conducting similar research. other investigations, and the results could be compared. This
approach could be used to create an altogether new model for mea-
suring sustainable construction performance. Finally, this research
5.2 | Implications was limited to stakeholder management, quality management, com-
munication management, and human resource management practises
5.2.1 | Theoretical implications in project management. However, the paradigm is shifting towards a
more holistic approach that includes risk management, procurement,
This study's research is centred on a model that was built in the con- environmental management, integration management, and manage-
text of different project management practises and techniques, which ment performance, all of which should be addressed in future studies.
are tailored together with improved sustainable construction perfor-
mance. Through a solid theoretical framework of project management
practises, integrated methods, industrial attitudes and behaviours, and 6 | C O N C LU S I O N S A N D
sustainable construction, this study contributes to theory. This study RECOMMENDATIONS
proposed and evaluated a research model to help Ghanaian profes-
sionals define, plan, create, and evaluate project management prac- The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of project
tises and integrated methods that influence sustainable building management practises and integrated approaches in bringing sustain-
across sectors. Despite the plethora of literature on project manage- able construction to the Ghanaian construction industry. This study
ment practises and project sustainable building, Ghanaian profes- concluded by looking on the factors impacting the sustainable con-
sionals still lack practical support and implications. This study's struction by testing a theoretical framework which was based on the
practical implications are aimed at engineering managers, project man- quantitative questionnaire survey data of 208 valid industrial
agers and project directors in the construction industry. The research responses collected through snowball sampling process. The
 10991719, 2023, 2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2428 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [28/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
904 MAQBOOL ET AL.

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