AWS PHB-7 - Manual para SMAW

The Everyday
Pocket Handbook
for Shielded Metal
Arc Welding
(SMAW)
Number 7 in a series
Compiled as a useful tool for

on-the-job welding personnel by the
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Copyright American Welding Society

AWS Product Development Committee
Provided by IHS under license with AWS Licensee=Cotemar SA de CV/5987603001, User=DOMINGUEZ, ALFONSO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 1Not for Resale, 08/09/2017 08:01:27 MDT
© 1998 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
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NOTE: Although care was taken in choosing and presenting the data in this guide, AWS cannot guarantee that it is
error free. Further, this guide is not intended to be an exhaustive treatment of the topic and therefore may not include all
available information, including with respect to safety and health issues. By publishing this guide, AWS does not insure
anyone using the information it contains against any liability or injury to property or persons arising from that use.
Provided by IHS under license with AWS 2Licensee=Cotemar SA de CV/5987603001, User=DOMINGUEZ, ALFONSO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/09/2017 08:01:27 MDT
Table of Contents
Basic Safety Precautions ...........................................4 Typical Shielded Metal Arc Electrode
AWS Specifications for Covered Electrodes ............6 Orientation and Welding Technique for
Engineering Functions of SMAW Electrode Carbon Steel Electrodes ..................................... 15
Coatings ................................................................7 Suggested Amperage Ranges
Current Requirements for SMAW Electrode Austenitic Stainless Steel (Type 3XX)
Classifications.......................................................8 Electrodes ....................................................... 16
Classification System for Carbon Steel Copper Alloy Electrodes..................................... 16
Electrodes for SMAW...........................................9 Nickel Alloy Steel Electrodes............................. 17
Interpretation of Last Digit in AWS Electrode Proper Care and Handling of SMAW Electrodes ... 18
Classification ......................................................10 Special Precautions for Low Hydrogen Electrodes... 20
Meaning of Suffix in Classification of Guide to Conditioning and Storage of
Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel SMAW Steel Electrodes .................................................. 21
Electrodes ...........................................................11 Permissible Atmospheric Exposure of
Electrode Deposition Efficiency and Stub Low-Hydrogen Electrodes ................................. 22
Loss Factors ........................................................12 Suggested Joint Designs for SMAW Applications... 23
Suggested Amperage Ranges for Carbon Steel Basic Welding Symbols and Their Location
and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes .........................13 Significance ........................................................ 31
Deposition Rate, 5/32 in. Diameter Covered Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol ........... 33
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Electrodes ...........................................................14 Other Publications Available from AWS................ 34

Basic Safety Precautions
Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill.
and hot work surfaces are produced by welding, However, it can be avoided. Live electrical parts
cutting, and allied processes. These can cause should not be touched. The manufacturer’s
burns if precautionary measures are not used. instructions and recommended safe practices
Workers should wear protective clothing made should be read and understood. Faulty installa-
of fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open pock- tion, improper grounding, and incorrect opera-
ets, or other places on clothing that can catch tion and maintenance of electrical equipment
and retain molten metal or sparks should not be are all sources of danger.
worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and
fire-resistant gloves should be worn. Pant legs All electrical equipment and the workpiece
should be worn over the outside of high-top should be grounded. The workpiece lead is
shoes. Helmets or hand shields that provide pro- not a ground lead. It is used only to complete
tection for the face, neck, and ears, and a head the welding circuit. A separate connection is
covering to protect the head should be used. In required to ground the workpiece. The work-
addition, appropriate eye protection should be piece should not be mistaken for a ground
used. connection.
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Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, cylinders are chained to a wall or other struc-
and allied processes produce fumes and gases tural support.
which may be harmful to health. Avoid breath-
ing the air in the fume plume directly above the Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultra-
arc. Do not weld in a confined area without a violet, infrared, or light radiation. Always wear
ventilation system. Use point-of-welding fume protective clothing and eye protection to pro-
removal when welding galvanized steel, zinc, tect the skin and eyes from radiation. Shield
lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, brass, or others from light radiation from your welding
bronze. Do not weld on piping or containers operation.
that have held hazardous materials unless the
containers have been inerted properly. Refer to AWS/ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding,
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Cutting, and Allied Processes, for additional
Compressed Gas Cylinders. Keep caps on information.
cylinders when not in use. Make sure that gas

AWS Specifications for Covered Electrodes
Type of Electrode AWS Specification
Carbon steel A5.1
Low alloy steel A5.5
Corrosion resistant steel A5.4
Cast iron A5.15
Aluminum and aluminum alloys A5.3
Copper and copper alloys A5.6

Nickel and nickel alloys A5.11
Surfacing A5.13 and A5.21
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Engineering Functions of SMAW Electrode Coatings
• Promotes electrical conductivity by ionization of gases
• Produces shielding gas
• Adds slag formers for grain refinement
• Provides materials for controlling bead shape and width
• Provides alloy additions to deposit
• Concentrates arc stream
• Imparts characteristics for welding position
• Insulates core wire

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Current Requirements for SMAW Electrode Classifications
Electrode Class Current
EXX10 DCRP
EXX11 AC or DCRP
EXX13 AC or DC either polarity
EXX15 DCRP
EXX16 AC or DCRP
EXX18 AC or DCRP
EXX20 AC or DCSP (horizontal fillet)
AC or DC either polarity (flat)
EXX27 AC or DCSP (horizontal fillet)

AC or DC either polarity (flat)

8Licensee=Cotemar SA de CV/5987603001, User=DOMINGUEZ, ALFONSO
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Provided by IHS under license with AWS

Classification System for Carbon Steel Electrodes for SMAW
Designates an electrode. This designator may be deleted from the product imprint required for
identification of the electrode.
Designates the tensile strength (minimum), in ksi, of the weld metal when produced in accord-
ance with the test assembly preparation procedure of this specification.
Designates the welding position in which electrodes are usable, the type of covering, and the
kind of welding current for which the electrodes are suitable.
E XX YY -1 HZ R
Optional Supplemental Designators:
Designates that the electrode meets the requirements of the absorbed moisture test (an
optional supplemental test for all low hydrogen electrodes except the E7018M classification,
for which the test is required).
Designates that the electrode meets the requirements of the diffusible hydrogen test (an
optional supplemental test of the weld metal from low hydrogen electrodes, as-received or
conditioned — with an average value not exceeding “Z” mL of H2 per 100g of deposited
metal, where “Z” is 4, 8, or 16).
Designates that the electrode (E7016, E7018, or E7024) meets the requirements for improved
toughness — and ductility in the case of E7024.
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Interpretation of Last Digit in AWS Electrode Classification
Last Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Power supply Note a AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC DC AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC

reverse reverse reverse reverse
polarity polarity polarity polarity
Type of slag Note b Organic Rutile Rutile Rutile Low Low Mineral Low
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Type of arc Digging Digging Medium Soft Soft Medium Medium Soft Medium
penetration Note c Deep Medium Light Light Medium Medium Medium Medium
Iron powder in 0–10% None 0–10% 0–10% 30–50% None None 50% 30–50%
coating
a. E6010 is DC reverse polarity; E6020 is AC or DC.

b. E6010 is organic; E-6020 is mineral.
c. E6010 is deep penetration; E-6020 is medium penetration.
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 10
Not for Resale, 08/09/2017 08:01:27 MDT
Meaning of Suffix in Classification of Carbon Steel and Low-Allow Steel SMAW Electrodes
Suffix Meaning
A1 1/2% Molybdenum
B1 1/2% Chromium, 1/2% Molybdenum
B2 1-1/4% Chromium, 1/2% Molybdenum
B2L Low Carbon version of B2 type (carbon content is 0.05% or less)
B3 2-1/4% Chromium, 1% Molybdenum
B3L Low Carbon version of B3 type (carbon content is 0.05% or less)
B4L 2% Chromium, 1/2% Molybdenum, Low Carbon (0.05% or less)
B5 1/2% Chromium, 1.1% Molybdenum
C3 1% Nickel
C1 2% Nickel
C2 3% Nickel
D1 1-1/2% Manganese, 1/3% Molybdenum
D2 1-3/4% Manganese, 1/3% Molybdenum
M Conforms to compositions covered by military specifications
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G Needs only a minimum of one of the elements listed in the AWS A5.5 table for chemical requirements
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Electrode Deposition Efficiency and Stub Loss Factors

Provided by IHS under license with AWS 12
Licensee=Cotemar SA de CV/5987603001, User=DOMINGUEZ, ALFONSO
Suggested Amperage Ranges for Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes
Diameter Amperage Diameter Amperage

Electrode (in.) (A) Electrode (in.) (A)
E6010 and 3/32 50–70 E7018 3/32 70–110

E6011 1/8 100–130 1/8 120–160
5/32 140–170 5/32 150–200
3/16 160–190 3/16 200–275
7/32 190–230 7/32 250–340
E6012 1/8 100–130 E7024 1/8 140–180

5/32 165–200 5/32 180–240
3/16 220–240 3/16 245–290
7/32 275–320 7/32 320–360
1/4 320–380 1/4 400–450
E6013 3/32 60–75

1/8 100–135
5/32 140–180
3/16 180–220
7/32 250–290
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Deposition Rate, 5/32 in. Diameter Covered Electrodes
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Typical Shielded Metal Arc Electrode Orientation
and Welding Technique for Carbon Steel Electrodes
Position of Work Angle, Travel Angle, Technique of

Type of Joint Welding Degrees Degrees Welding
Groove Flat 90 5–10* Backhand
Groove Horizontal 80–100 5–10 Backhand
Groove Vertical-Up 90 5–10 Forehand
Groove Overhead 90 5–10 Backhand
Fillet Horizontal 45 5–10* Backhand
Fillet Vertical-Up 35–55 5–10 Forehand
Fillet Overhead 30–45 5–10 Backhand
*Travel angle may be 10° to 30° for electrodes with heavy iron powder coatings.
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Suggested Amperage Ranges for Austenitic Suggested Amperage Ranges for
Stainless Steel (Type 3XX) Electrodes Copper Alloy Electrodes

E3XX-15 and 3/32 40–85 ECuNi 3/32 65–95

E3XX-16 1/8 55–120 1/8 80–125
5/32 85–165 5/32 105–190
3/16 100–210 3/16 150–225
1/4 205–290
ECuAl-A2 3/32 60–80
1/8 100–120
5/32 130–150
3/16 170–190
1/4 235–255
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Suggested Amperage Ranges for Nickel Alloy Steel Electrodes

ENiCrFe-3 3/32 55–80 ENiCu-7 3/32 55–80

1/8 80–110 1/8 80–110
5/32 110–140 5/32 110–140
3/16 130–170 3/16 130–170
The electrical resistivity of the core wire in these electrodes is exceptionally high. For this reason, excessive amperage will
overheat the electrode and damage the covering, causing arc instability and unacceptable amounts of splatter. Each classifica-
tion and size of electrode has an optimum amperage range.
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Proper Care and Handling of SMAW Electrodes
To ensure satisfactory weld quality, it is important The electrode coatings are also hygroscopic, meaning
that the SMAW electrodes be handled and stored that they are susceptible to absorbing moisture when
properly prior to use. The coatings of the electrodes exposed to the atmosphere. Moisture pick-up in the
have been carefully designed to provide the neces- coating can result in porosity, less than optimum arc
sary operating characteristics and weld properties characteristics and hydrogen induced cracking. The
required for each of the types of electrodes. electrodes can become exposed to moisture condi-
tions if improperly stored or if the packaging
The electrode coatings are subject to damage from becomes damaged during shipping or handling.
improper handling and storage practices. The coat-
ings can crack and may fall from the electrode core It is the responsibility of the welders to protect the
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when experiencing impact loads. This condition can electrodes while in their possession. For example,
be the result of dropping the electrode packages dur- in foggy, misty, and rainy weather, or in conditions
ing transportation of the materials to the job site or by of high humidity, the electrodes should be kept in a
hitting the packages with another object while in stor- closed container to prevent direct exposure of the
age or during material movement. It is the responsi- materials to the weather conditions. It is also
bility of the welder to inspect the electrodes prior to imperative that the electrodes not be kept or carried
use to ensure that the coating is intact and does not in the pockets of a welder, as exposure to perspira-
show indications of damage. tion or other body moisture may cause the coating

to introduce excessive amounts of water into the fabricator is responsible for ensuring that the neces-
weld. sary code requirements are fulfilled for each job.
The recommendations contained in this pocket hand- The electrode manufacturer will have recommen-
book represent good welding practices. Many weld- dations for processing their products. Valuable
ing codes have specific requirements for handling information can be obtained from the manufacturers
electrodes and for the time of electrode exposure in for handling, using, and reconditioning SMAW
the atmosphere during the welding operation. The electrodes.
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Special Precautions for Low-Hydrogen Electrodes
Hydrogen can have adverse effects on welds in some which the electrodes are stored determines the proper
steels under certain conditions. One source of this length of time and temperature used for recondition-
hydrogen is moisture in the electrode coverings. For ing. Some typical storage and drying conditions are
this reason, the proper storage, treatment, and han- included in the table on page 21.
dling of electrodes are necessary.
Low hydrogen electrodes will adsorb, and possibly
Electrodes are manufactured to be within acceptable
absorb, excessive moisture in the coatings when
moisture limits, consistent with the type of covering
exposed to the atmosphere. Fabrication standards
and strength of the weld metal. They are normally
sometimes specify the time limits for exposure to the
packaged in a container which has been designed to
atmosphere that may be permitted before the elec-
provide the degree of moisture protection considered
trodes must be redried or otherwise processed prior to
necessary for the type of covering involved.
use on a job.
If there is a possibility that the noncellulosic elec-
trodes may have absorbed excessive moisture, they Not all coated electrodes are treated the same. For
may be restored by rebaking. Some electrodes example, cellulosic coverings for E6010 and E6011
require rebaking at a temperature as high as 800°F electrodes need moisture levels of 3% to 7% for
(425°C) for approximately 1 to 2 hours. The manner proper operation. Therefore, storage or conditioning
in which the electrodes have been produced and the
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above ambient temperature may dry them too much
relative humidity and temperature conditions under and adversely affect their operation.
Guide to Conditioning and Storage of Steel Electrodes
Reconditioning Temperature and
Time to Affect Weld Quality
Air Conditioned Holding
AWS Electrode Storage Before Opening Temperature Recondition Step
Classification RH = Relative Humidity After Opening #1 Rebake Step #2
EXX10, EXX11, EXX12, Keep Dry @ Room 100°F (±25°) Not Required Not Required
EXX13 Temperature 40°–120°F NEVER STORE
60% (±10%) RH ABOVE 130° OR
BELOW 50% RH
EXX20, EXX30 90°F (±20°) 150°–200°F 250°–300°F 350°F (±25°)
Iron Powder 50% Max. RH ONE HOUR ONE HOUR
EXX14, EXX24, EXX27 TWO HOUR TOTAL
Iron Powder–Low Hydrogen 90°F (±20°) 300°F (±50°) 500°–600°F 700°F (±50°)
EXX18, EXX28 50% Max. RH ONE HOUR ONE-HALF HOUR
Low Hydrogen
ONE & ONE-HALF HOUR TOTAL
EXX15, EXX16
Low Hydrogen–High Tensile 90°F (±20°) 300°F (±50°) 500°–600°F 650°F (±50°)
EXXX15, EXXX16, EXXX18 50% Max. RH ONE HOUR ONE-HALF HOUR
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(
Permissible Atmospheric Exposure of Low-Hydrogen Electrodes
Electrode Column A (hours) Column B (hours)
A5.1
E70XX 4 max
E70XXR 9 max Over 4 to 10 max
E70XXHZR 9 max
E7018M 9 max
A5.5
E70XX-X 4 max Over 4 to 10 max
E100XX-X 1/2 max Over 1/2 to 4 max
E110XX-X 1/2 max Over 1/2 to 4 max
Notes:
1. Column A: Electrodes exposed to atmosphere for longer periods than shown shall be redried before use.
2. Column B: Electrodes exposed to atmosphere for longer periods than those established by testing shall be redried before use.
3. Entire table: Electrodes shall be issued and held in quivers, or other small open containers. Heated containers are not mandatory.
4. The optional supplemental designator, R, designates a low-hydrogen electrode which has been tested for covering moisture content after
exposure to a moist environment for 9 hours and has met the maximum level permitted in ANSI/AWS A5.1-91, Specification for Carbon
Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
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(Taken from AWS D1.1-96)

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Copyright American Welding Society Suggested Joint Designs for SMAW Applications
Suggested Joint Designs for SMAW Applications (Continued)
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Suggested Joint Designs for SMAW
Applications (Continued)
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Basic Welding Symbols and Their Location Significance
Refer to AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, for more information.
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Basic Welding Symbols and Their Location Significance (Continued)
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Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
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Other Publications Available from AWS
Order No. Title
SMA-1 SMAW Replica Kit
3-hole punched sample plate ideal for training welders and inspectors. Problems are shown
using E6010, E70018, and E70024 welding electrodes. Comes with guide.
B2.1-026-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification for SMAW of Carbon Steel, 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch
Thick, E7018, As Welded or PWHT Condition
This spec cites the base metals, operating conditions, filler metals, and allowable joint designs.
15 pages, softcover.
B2.1-014-91 Standard Welding Procedure Specification for SMAW of Carbon Steel to Austenitic Stain-
less Steel, 10 through 18 Gauge, in the As-Welded Condition, with or without Backing
15 pages, softcover.
Ask about the B2 series (numbers 201–208) welding procedure specifications for carbon steel
pipe applications.
A5.5-96 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
DoD-adopted. 46 pages, softcover.
A5.3-91 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
DoD-adopted. 19 pages, softcover.
To order these, or any AWS publication, call Customer Service at
(800) 334-9353
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--`,,`,,``,``,```,`,,,,`,,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126


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The Everyday

Compiled as a useful tool for

Copyright American Welding Society

Electrodes ...........................................................14 Other Publications Available from AWS................ 34

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Type of Electrode AWS Specification

Carbon steel A5.1

Low alloy steel A5.5

Corrosion resistant steel A5.4

Cast iron A5.15

Aluminum and aluminum alloys A5.3

Copper and copper alloys A5.6

Surfacing A5.13 and A5.21

Copyright American Welding Society

• Promotes electrical conductivity by ionization of gases

• Produces shielding gas

• Adds slag formers for grain refinement

• Provides materials for controlling bead shape and width

• Provides alloy additions to deposit

• Concentrates arc stream

• Imparts characteristics for welding position

• Insulates core wire

Copyright American Welding Society

Electrode Class Current

EXX13 AC or DC either polarity

EXX27 AC or DCSP (horizontal fillet)

Copyright American Welding Society

Provided by IHS under license with AWS

Copyright American Welding Society

Power supply Note a AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC DC AC or DC AC or DC AC or DC

a. E6010 is DC reverse polarity; E6020 is AC or DC.

Copyright American Welding Society

Electrode Deposition Efficiency and Stub Loss Factors

Diameter Amperage Diameter Amperage

E6010 and 3/32 50–70 E7018 3/32 70–110

E6012 1/8 100–130 E7024 1/8 140–180

E6013 3/32 60–75

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Position of Work Angle, Travel Angle, Technique of

Groove Flat 90 5–10* Backhand

Groove Horizontal 80–100 5–10 Backhand

Groove Vertical-Up 90 5–10 Forehand

Groove Overhead 90 5–10 Backhand

Fillet Horizontal 45 5–10* Backhand

Fillet Vertical-Up 35–55 5–10 Forehand

Fillet Overhead 30–45 5–10 Backhand

Copyright American Welding Society

Diameter Amperage Diameter Amperage

E3XX-15 and 3/32 40–85 ECuNi 3/32 65–95

Copyright American Welding Society

Diameter Amperage Diameter Amperage

ENiCrFe-3 3/32 55–80 ENiCu-7 3/32 55–80

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Copyright American Welding Society

Permissible Atmospheric Exposure of Low-Hydrogen Electrodes

Electrode Column A (hours) Column B (hours)