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    2.8 Cell Respiration

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    danijela cetkovic
    Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose, lipids, and proteins to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis and aerobic/anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP initially, which can then feed into either anaerobic respiration via fermentation or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Fermentation allows ATP production to continue without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis. A respirometer determines an organism's respiration rate by measuring gas exchange such as oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production using a manometer to quantify pressure changes.

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    2.8 Cell Respiration

    Uploaded by

    danijela cetkovic
    19 views1 page
    Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose, lipids, and proteins to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis and aerobic/anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP initially, which can then feed into either anaerobic respiration via fermentation or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Fermentation allows ATP production to continue without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis. A respirometer determines an organism's respiration rate by measuring gas exchange such as oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production using a manometer to quantify pressure changes.

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    Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose, lipids, and proteins to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis and aerobic/anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP initially, which can then feed into either anaerobic respiration via fermentation or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Fermentation allows ATP production to continue without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis. A respirometer determines an organism's respiration rate by measuring gas exchange such as oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production using a manometer to quantify pressure changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views1 page

    2.8 Cell Respiration

    Uploaded by

    danijela cetkovic
    Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose, lipids, and proteins to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis and aerobic/anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP initially, which can then feed into either anaerobic respiration via fermentation or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Fermentation allows ATP production to continue without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis. A respirometer determines an organism's respiration rate by measuring gas exchange such as oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production using a manometer to quantify pressure changes.

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    Topic 2.

    8: CELL RESPIRATIOn
    Cell Respiration ATP

    Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that functions as an
    from organic compounds to produce ATP immediate source of energy when hydrolysed (to form ADP)

    The main organic compounds used are carbohydrates Pi


    (i.e. glucose), but lipids or proteins may also be used +
    ATP ADP
    • Different organic compounds will have distinct
    breakdown pathways and so have varied ATP yields High-energy bond Free energy

    Glycolysis Anaerobic versus Aerobic Respiration

    Cell respiration begins with the break down of glucose Pyruvate (from glycolysis) will follow one of two pathways:
    via a process called glycolysis (occurs in the cytosol)
    Anaerobic Respiration
    • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate (×2)
    • Occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen
    • There is a small ATP yield (net gain = 2 ATP)
    • Results in a small energy yield (2 ATP from glycolysis)
    • Requires the reduction of NAD+ (to form NADH)
    • Forms lactic acid (animals) or ethanol and CO2 (plants / yeast)
    • Also known as fermentation and is reversible
    2× ATP NAD+ ADP
    Aerobic Respiration
    • Occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen
    Pyruvate • Results in a large energy yield (~36 ATP per glucose)
    Glucose ADP NADH 4× ATP
    (×2) • Forms carbon dioxide and water
    INVEST PAYOFF • Uses hydrogen carriers to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

    Fermentation Respirometry

    Fermentation is a reversible anaerobic process that allows A respirometer determines an organism’s respiration rate by
    ATP production to continue in the absence of oxygen measuring either carbon dioxide production or oxygen uptake
    • Commonly used for invertebrates or germinating seeds
    Fermentation restores NAD+ stocks (needed in glycolysis)
    to ensure a continued production of ATP (by glycolysis) A simple respirometer may involve the use of a manometer:
    • An organism is sealed in a container with a CO2 absorbant
    Fermentation in animals produces lactic acid, and is used
    • Oxygen uptake creates a pressure change which displaces
    to maximise muscle contractions when oxygen is limited
    the fluid in the manometer (allowing for quantitation)
    • This reaction can be reversed when oxygen is restored

    Fermentation in plants and yeast produce ethanol and


    CO2 gas which can be used in baking (leavening dough)
    • Also for the production of alcohol, yogurts and cheese

    GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION

    glucose lactate ethanol + CO2


    NAD+
    ATP
    NADH Platform A: Manometer Platform B:
    Specimen and pressure change Equivalent
    pyruvate CO2 absorbant moves the water volume / mass

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