LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF

HIGHER ORDER T H CONSTANT

COEFFICIENTS

Definition: The most gene.al fos of a ineor diffeen-

tial
equatiom af h order is given by

d
+ P d+ PP dd - 4y -Pry y = .(1

ere
RP. P2 -- - P are all continubus gmd Yec
Valued fumctions of L.
The eguation
caled neer
1> is
differentia Equation
octh vasialle CoeSficierts

Am equation of he formn

d'y P d P P - (2)

cOhere PPa o are real constants amd 6

is ether a
consta or afunction af
only. is
Called an
ordi-namy inear equation oS order w r t h
Constarst coefficiemts.

Tbe Operator D

Let
Let D be
syobot denotnga
he operattbn of
diere-ottatton, So hat
DE Dy dy
d

dr2

D= d Dy=
 called a differemtiol
The synbols D, D D ase
Operat oss or Sinpy operators.
comittem as
be
be syobole forwn of (2 con

- - *PrnD+Pn)y= &
(D+P D + B -2

f(D Y=
Complemertay fune-tion (C.F)

the Comople-te folution of a diffeenttad equatton

Coopleroentay Functon. I t is
-fCDD9 =o fs called
denoted by e

Auxiliary Equation (A.E)

The algebroic euaton f(n)=0 d.e

2
+P O ohere PP2
Prore real constants, i s called thbe
aucitary eaation ( E ) of fCDDy =0

Working Rule for Fiding Complementary Function

1) (OeGirst reosite he gtvem

diffeLeotiod equation
(m symbouc f o n

SCDDy= Q
2) Substituehina D by m imfCD) =O .then oe
hawe fCm)=0 ds called a u t uay equatt'om.

Solve thus equaiuorn amdfind its roots

Let t s root be
 According to atuve ofhose voots,use the sules
for compleoeota-yfunction as given be loo

1. Root.s are eal aand distinct

Let b e the roats cll are

Yeal and disttnet he he

Ce C,e +Cre

2 Roots are real amd equal

a) Let two of the voots Say m a n d mg be Yeal

and eaual amd renaimng m2,TP - be

all real and olifSerent then

(C+Cr) e " +C2e +CAe4 +Ce

b Simoilaly, 1hree of the roots sa O
be real amd
equcl amd re aming mA ms -- en b e

all real and dffexemt,hen

(C+ +Cg)e" +Cae4*, +Cneh

3 Roots ccre
ImagImary
Let 2 be magtn o md of he form
dtip and remauo(9 m all r e a

and dsfere-ot hen

Uee ccos px+C Sin pr)+(ge"+. c

Tuo poirs af agimay oats dbich ore

equal
Let (m, = ip ond Cclso ma A = A P
 rec ond
amd Yemycto tng m be ccll

differerst oem
+
e C+Cg)Cos pr+(C2++C4*) Sin P:)+Cse
+Ce Ce2

5. Roots are irra-tional

Let o FP ond emnaumimg 2
o-P
b e oll rel and differertthem
( P
Co e Ce- - + C e
or)
S +Jp be he Toots of an equationf(m) =O

eo
hem the cooplementa function can also be put

im he Jorro
e

- e
r

c cosh pr+ Ca Simh p r

1 Selve dy ay
in he syobolic f o r (s
Givo equattoD

(D-ay = O

Let fCD) = Da
i s fCon) =0
Auci LiaAy Equatt'oro
(o) = m-a= O

2
a = a

The oots ore real and distnct

The gemescl Solution is

-q
3- Je= Cje Ce cobere CC2ccre
corbitary Constasts

(or) y = CCosh ac+CSimh ax

2. Solve dd r +3 d9
dr
-54y =

The Syrobolic foro is

(D+3D-54)y=O
A. Eauacibn is

om+3m-54=0

mm 9or-6mn- 54 = o
o(m+9)6(mo+9) = O

m + ) (om-6) =O
= 6,-9

- e = C e + Coe
3. Solve d+18
dt - 16 =O

OperatbY formn is (gp+18p- 16)c = O

Auciliay equatton is
9m18m-16 = O

qm2 4m- o- 16 = O

2m (3m)+8) -

2 (2mtH8)=O
(3m+8) (2m-2) = O

m- 2 =0
= 2
3 8 - O

Gtemesol Solution is
21at 8/at
J-Se +Ce
4 Sofve (D-6D+6) Y =o

Auxi Liary Equoction s

6mm+6=O
6 36-24
2

6t12
2

C,e E)r Ce(2-JE)x

5. Solve
dr de

(D+8 D16 D) = 0
A.E is m 8o+16m=O
o (m 8ro +16)=O

m (m +4) EO

m=O, 4,-4

y=C +(C+C )e
6. Selve (D3p+3p-1) y=O

o-2mo-3er- O
A.E is

(-1 =O
-3
2
m - 1.1,1
2

-(C+Cgr +Cg x e
,
7 Sowe d d+ dy +4y=O
4y=O
dz dz
Symboluc for (s (D+D+4D-+4)9=0

Auri Liay auauon is

m o + 4 m +4=O

m+1)+4(+1)=O

+1 (o+4)zO

mE1 , m -4
m=+ 2

2*)
-Ce +(c cos 2x + C2 Sin
c =0,y=EO
dy +4 dy +299 =O given hat onhen
d2 da

anddy15
d
( D + 4 D 4 2 9 ) y =O

A-E (s

- 4 t16-116

- 4 t F 1 o 0 = 4 + 1o
2 2
m=-2+5
 y =
e C cos 5x +C Sin 5)
Osing
y Otohen 0

o e C Cos o +Cp Sin o

C-O
Sulbs-tihute C in

y-e2 (C, Sin 5)

uSimg du- 155

d
coben T=O

=C, f5e-2 cos 5c -22T Sin 5x

15 C2 5 e cos o]

5 C 15 C 3
The particula Soluton is

y 3 e Sin Sx

q Solve (Dt- 4 D+8D- 8D+4)y=O

Auct tary Equation tS

myt- 4m+8m-8o t4 O

mT-4m+4m+4m8+4 =O
Cor (Dm)+2-2.m. 2m-2-2m 2+2.m 2=0
( 2ro+2)=O
m 2m+2=0 m 2m+2 0

2tVA-8 -2+2i
=1i 1
y=e(C+Cp) cos x + (C%+ C4) Sin *)
10 Solve (D+1D+D+y = o
A.E is ( + 1 ( +om+ 1 - o

rn+1D°=o, ( m+1)=0
m+=o m=-1

m-+i,+i,i

m rm+1 O > m=-1tJ1-4

-
Sinx +
-(C+C+C2 cosr CCa+Cs*+Cs
e cq+Cg*) cos J r + (Cq+ Cto) Sin *

11. Solve (Dt+16)9=0

A.E i s t+l6 =O

C +4+2.m4 -2.mo =O
rn+4-(2J -o
2 4 2 m+4) ( n + 2 J 2 m + 4 ) = 0

m+2J2m+4 0
m 2J}m+ 4=0
2 2 N8-16
m= = 2 J 2 +J8 -16

-22 2J2

m=2+J -2+J0
e- e S c o s J E + c 2 SinJa ) +

e2fes cos 2x +C SinJE)

12. Solve t8y
= o
dra

Syoboic f o o is (D+8)9=o
AE Js mm+8=O

( ) = o m+22 (m-2m + 4)=O

m+2=O, m 20+4=0
m--2. 2+J4-16
2
2+22
2

= - 2 , 1tJ2

= c,e2+e*se, cos JEs +C2 Sin3