CHAPTER 8

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
 Footing Design Calculation

Isolated Exterior Footings

First Floor (Exterior)
● Solving for the weight of the footing and soil above footing Given Data
Assuming the soil bearing capacity (SBC) or 𝑞𝑎 = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎
hcolumn 550 mm
𝜌𝑇 = 𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊 + 𝑆 Pu 1851.042 kN
𝜌𝑇 = 1,851.042 + 0.07(1,851.042) f'c 21 MPa
fy 275 MPa
𝝆𝑻 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 qa 250 MPa
Փ 0.85
db 25 mm
● Determining the dimension of the footing Cc 75 mm
𝜌𝑇
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐿 = √𝐴𝑓 Results
𝑞𝑎
1,980.6149 𝐿 = √7.92 L 2.81 m
𝐴𝑓 =
250 qu 234.42 kPa
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 d1 300 mm
𝐴𝑓 = 7.92 𝑚2
d2 385 mm
t 500 mm
deffective 387.5 mm
● Solving for the effective ultimate soil pressure (qu)
𝑃𝑢 Design of Top Reinforcing Bars
𝑞𝑢 = N 12 bars
𝐿2
s 210 mm
1,851.042
𝑞𝑢 =
(2.81)2 Design of Bottom Reinforcing Bars
N 13 bars
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
s 190 mm

● Solving the distance (d1) considering the

wide beam shear from the face of the support

𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝑞𝑢 (𝑥 − 𝑑1 ) 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑑1 6
234.42[1,130 − 𝑑1 ] 1
≤ (0.85) √21
𝑑1 6

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

● Solving for the distance (d2) considering the punching shear

𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝑅 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
4(𝑐 + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

𝜌 − 𝑞𝑢 (ℎ + 𝑑2 )2 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
4(ℎ + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

1,851.042 − 234.42(0.550 + 𝑑2 )2 1
≤ (0.85) √21
4(0.550 + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎

Since 𝑑2 > 𝑑1 , therefore use 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎

● Solving for the footing thickness (t) and effective depth (d effective)
1 1
𝑡 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝐶𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑏 − 𝑑𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐
2 2
1 1
𝑡 = 385 + 25 + (25) + 75 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 500 − 25 − (25) − 75
2 2
𝑡 = 𝟒𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝜔 = 0.0190
● Solving for the top reinforcing bars
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐
𝑞𝑢 𝑥 2 𝜌(275)
≤ Φ𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔) 0.0190 =
2 21
(234.42)(1.13)2 𝜌 = 0.0015
≤ (0.90)(21)𝜔(2,810)(387.5)2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2
1.4 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 Use 𝜌 = 0.0051:
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 =
𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
1.4 √21
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0051)(2,810)(387.5)
275 4(275)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0051 𝐴𝑠 = 5,553.26 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 0.0042

● Checking the temperature bar requirement

𝐴𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑑𝑏 + 2𝐶𝑐 + 6𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏𝑡 𝑁=
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 2,810 = 12(25) + 2(75) + 11𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = (0.002)(2810)(500)
5,553.26
𝑁= 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 = 2,810 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋(25)2
4
Use 𝐴𝑠 = 5,553.26 𝑚𝑚2
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
● Solving for the bottom reinforcing bars

𝐷𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 + 𝑑𝑏 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝐷𝐿 = 387.5 + 25 𝑞𝑢 𝑥 2
≤ Φ𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2 𝐷 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
(234.42)(1.13)2
≤ (0.90)(21)𝜔(2,810)(412.5)2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2
𝜔 = 0.0167

𝜌𝑓𝑦 1.4 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝜔= 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = Use 𝜌 = 0.0051:
𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝜌(275) 1.4
0.0167 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √21
21 275 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0051)(2,810)(412.5)
4(275)
𝜌 = 0.0013 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0051 𝐴𝑠 = 5,911.54 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 0.0042

● Checking the temperature bar requirement

𝐴𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑑𝑏 + 2𝐶𝑐 + 12𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏𝑡 𝑁=
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐴𝑠 = (0.002)(2,810)(412.5) 2,810 = 13(25) + 2(75) + 12𝑠
5,911.54
𝑁= 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 = 2,318.25 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋(25)2
4
Use 𝐴𝑠 = 5,911.54 𝑚𝑚2
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟏𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

● Develooment length

𝐿𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑𝑏
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑐
𝐿𝑑 = 0.02𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑦/√𝑓′𝑐 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06(25)(275) 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 1,130 − 75
2
𝜋(25) 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚
0.02 ( ) (275) 𝑳𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎 > 𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎; 𝑶𝒌𝒂𝒚!
4
𝐿𝑑 =
√21
𝑳𝒅 = 𝟓𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Isolated Interior Footings

● Solving for the weight of the footing and soil above footing

Assuming the soil bearing capacity (SBC) or 𝑞𝑎 = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎

First Floor (Interior)
𝜌𝑇 = 𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊 + 𝑆 Given Data
𝜌𝑇 = 1,564.953 + 0.07(1,564.953)
hcolumn 550 mm
𝝆𝑻 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 Pu 1564.953 kN
f'c 21 MPa
fy 275 MPa
● Determining the dimension of the footing qa 250 MPa
𝜌𝑇 Փ 0.85
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐿 = √𝐴𝑓 db 28 mm
𝑞𝑎
Cc 75 mm
1,674.4997 𝐿 = √6.70
𝐴𝑓 =
250 Results
𝐿 = 2.59 𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 6.70 𝑚2
L 2.59 m
qu 233.2930 kPa
d1 270 mm
● Solving for the effective ultimate soil pressure (qu) d2 320 mm
𝑃𝑢 t 440 mm
𝑞𝑢 = deffective 327.5 mm
𝐿2
1,564.953
𝑞𝑢 = Design of Top Reinforcing Bars
(2.59)2 N 9 bars
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 s 270 mm

Design of Bottom Reinforcing Bars

N 10 bars
s 240 mm

● Solving the distance (d1) considering the

wide beam shear from the face of the support

𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝑞𝑢 (𝑥 − 𝑑1 ) 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑑1 6
233.2930[1,020 − 𝑑1 ] 1
≤ (0.85) √21
𝑑1 6

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎

● Solving for the distance (d2) considering the punching shear

𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝑅 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
4(𝑐 + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

𝜌 − 𝑞𝑢 (ℎ + 𝑑2 )2 1
≤ Φ √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
4(ℎ + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

1,564.953 − 233.2930(0.550 + 𝑑2 )2 1
≤ (0.85) √21
4(0.550 + 𝑑2 )𝑑2 3

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Since 𝑑2 > 𝑑1 , therefore use 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎

● Solving for the footing thickness (t) and effective depth (d effective)
1 1
𝑡 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝐶𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑏 − 𝑑𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐
2 2
1 1
𝑡 = 320 + 25 + (25) + 75 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 440 − 25 − (25) − 75
2 2
𝑡 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = 𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

● Solving for the top reinforcing bars 𝜔 = 0.0234

𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐
𝑞𝑢 𝑥 2
≤ Φ𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2 𝜌(275)
0.0234 =
(233.2930)(1.02)2 21
≤ (0.90)(21)𝜔(2590)(327.5)2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2 𝜌 = 0.0018

1.4 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = Use 𝜌 = 0.0051:
𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
1.4 √21
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0051)(2,590)(327.5)
275 4(275)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0051 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 0.0042 𝐴𝑠 = 4,325.95 𝑚𝑚2
● Checking the temperature bar requirement
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏𝑡 𝑁= 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑑𝑏 + 2𝐶𝑐 + 8𝑠
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐴𝑠 = (0.002)(2,590)(440) 2,590 = 9(25) + 2(75) + 8𝑠
4,325.95
𝑁=
𝐴𝑠 = 2,279.2 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋(25)2 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒎
4
Use 𝐴𝑠 = 4,325.95 𝑚𝑚2
𝑵 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟏 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟗 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

● Solving for the bottom reinforcing bars

𝐷𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 + 𝑑𝑏 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑

𝐷𝐿 = 327.5 + 25 𝑞𝑢 𝑥 2
≤ Φ𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2 𝐷 = 352.5 𝑚𝑚
𝐿
(233.2930)(1.02)2
≤ (0.90)(21)𝜔(2,590)(352.5)2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
2
𝜔 = 0.0202

𝜌𝑓𝑦 1.4 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝜔= 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = Use 𝜌 = 0.0051:
𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝜌(275) 1.4
0.0202 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √21
21 275 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0051)(2,590)(352.5)
4(275)
𝜌 = 0.0015 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0051 𝐴𝑠 = 4,656.17 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 = 0.0042

● Checking the temperature bar requirement

𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏𝑡 𝑁=
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑑𝑏 + 2𝐶𝑐 + 9𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = (0.002)(2,590)(352.5)
4,656.17 2,590 = 10(25) + 2(75) + 9𝑠
𝑁=
𝐴𝑠 = 1,825.95 𝑚𝑚2 𝜋(25)2
4 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Use 𝐴𝑠 = 4,656.17 𝑚𝑚2
𝑵 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

● Development length

𝐿𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑𝑏
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑐
𝐿𝑑 = 0.02𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑦/√𝑓′𝑐
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06(25)(275) 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 910 − 75
𝜋(25)2
0.02 ( ) (275) 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚
4 𝑳𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 = 𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎 > 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎; 𝑶𝒌𝒂𝒚!
𝐿𝑑 =
√21
𝑳𝒅 = 𝟓𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Combined Footing

Combined Exterior - Interior Footings

First Floor
● Solving the weight of the footing and soil above footing Given Data
Assuming the soil bearing capacity (SBC) or 𝑞𝑎 = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎
hcolumn 550 mm
𝑃1 = 1,851.042 𝑘𝑁 𝑃2 = 1,564.953 𝑘𝑁 P1 1,851.042 kN
𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 P2 1,564.953 kN
𝑃 = 3,415.995 𝑘𝑁 f'c 21 MPa
𝑃 = 1,851.042 + 1,564.953 fy 275 MPa
qa 250 MPa
𝑥1 = 1.5 𝑚; 𝑥2 = 4.5 𝑚 Փ 0.85
db 25 mm
γc 23.6 kN/m3
● Determining the center (x) and length (L) of the footing using γs 18 kN/m3
Varignon’s theorem Cc 75 mm
𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃1 𝑥1 + 𝑃2 𝑥2

3,415.995𝑥 = (1,851.042)(1.5) + (1,564.953)(4.5)

𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟑 𝒎

𝐿 = 2𝑥 = 2(3) = 𝟔 𝒎

● Determining the total depth of the footing (hc)

Assume 𝑑 = 550 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑠 = ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − ℎ𝑐
1
ℎ𝑐 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝐶𝑐
2
ℎ𝑠 = 2,200 − 640
1
ℎ𝑐 = 550 + (25) + 75 ℎ𝑠 = 1,560 𝑚𝑚
2
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟔𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎

● Solving the effective soil pressure (qeffective)

Assume soil bearing capacity (SBC) or 𝑞𝑎 = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠 𝑞𝑐 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑐 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑐
𝑞𝑠 = (18)(1.56) 𝑞𝑐 = (23.6)(0.64) 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 250 − 28.08 − 15.104
𝑞𝑠 = 28.08 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑞𝑐 = 15.104 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 206.816 𝑘𝑃𝑎
● Solving the width of the footing (b) and the ultimate soil pressure (q u)

𝑃 𝑃 3,415.995
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 206.816 = 𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎
𝐴 𝐿𝑏 6𝑏

● Solving for the ultimate soil pressure (qu)

𝑃 𝑃 3,415.995
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 = 203.33 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝐿𝑏 (6)(2.8)

● Checking d for punching shear

Փ𝑉𝑐 = (0.85)(3,696.6111)
1
For Column 1: 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑
3 Փ𝑉𝑐 = 3,142.1194 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃1 − 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 1
𝑉𝑐 = ( ) (√21)[1100(4)](550) Since Փ𝑽𝒄 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 > 𝑽𝒖
𝑉𝑢 = 1,851.042 − 203.33(1.1) 2 3
therefore, it is Safe!
𝑉𝑢 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝑉𝑐 = 3,696.6111 𝑘𝑁

For Column 2: 1 Փ𝑉𝑐 = (0.85)(3,696.6111)

𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃2 − 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 3
Փ𝑉𝑐 = 3,142.1194 𝑘𝑁
2 1
𝑉𝑢 = 1,564.953 − 203.33(1.1) 𝑉𝑐 = ( ) (√21)[1,100(4)](550) Since Փ𝑽 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 > 𝑽
3 𝒄 𝒖

𝑉𝑢 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 therefore, it is Safe!

𝑉𝑐 = 3,696.6111 𝑘𝑁
● Checking d for one-way shear using sectioning

At section a: At section b:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑥1 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑥2 − 𝑃1

𝑉𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80)(0.95) 𝑉𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80)(2.05) − 1,851.042

𝑉𝑢 = 540.86 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑢 = −683.9278 𝑘𝑁

At section c: At section d:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃2 − 𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑥3 𝑉𝑢 = −𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑥4

𝑉𝑢 = 1,564.953 − (203.33)(2.80)(2.05) 𝑉𝑢 = −(203.33)(2.80)(0.95)

𝑉𝑢 = 489.5406 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑢 = −540.8578 𝑘𝑁

Therefore, use 𝑽𝒖 = 683.9278 𝑘𝑁.

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑑 Φ𝑉𝑐 = (0.85)(2,352.3889)
3
Φ𝑉𝑐 = 1,999.5305 𝑘𝑁
1
𝑉𝑐 = ( ) (√21)(2,800)(550)
3
𝑉𝑐 = 2,352.3889 𝑘𝑁
Moments along the long direction:
At section a: At section b:
2
𝑥1 𝑥2 2 𝑐2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑃1
2 2 2
1.2252 1.7752 0.552
𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80) ( ) 𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80) ( ) − (1,851.042) ( )
2 2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 427.1709 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = 616.8931 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

At section c:
𝑥2 𝑐
Solve for point of zero shear (x) 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑃1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 − )
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑃1 2 2
3.252 0.55
0 = (203.33)(2.8)𝑥 − 1,851.042 𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(2.8) ( ) − 1,851.042 (3.25 − 1.225 − )
2 2
𝑥 = 3.25
𝑀𝑢 = −232.5811 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

At section d: At section e:
2 2
𝑥3 𝑐 𝑥4 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑃𝑢 2 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏
2 2 2
1.7752 0.55 1.2252
𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80) ( ) − (1,564.953) ( ) 𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(2.80) ( )
2 2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 466.5011 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = 427.1709 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Solving for the steel ratios and area steel:
1.4 𝜋(𝑑𝑏 )2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 = 4
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75)(0.0378) 𝜋(25)2
1.4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.85)(21)(0.85)(600) 4
275 𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0284
(275) (600 + 275)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0051 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 490.87 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0378
 Area of Steel Number of
Moment, 𝑀𝑢 Steel Ratio, Final Steel
Sections Reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 Bars, N Location
(𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) 𝜌 Ratio, 𝜌
(𝑚𝑚2 ) (𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)

a 427.1709 0.0019 0.0051 7,854 16 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

b 616.8931 0.0027 0.0051 7,854 16 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

c 232.5811 0.0010 0.0051 7,854 16 𝑇𝑜𝑝

d 466.5011 0.0020 0.0051 7,854 16 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

e 427.1709 0.0019 0.0051 7,854 16 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

Moments along the short direction:

𝑦1 2 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏1
𝑏1 = 𝑐 + 0.75𝑑 2
𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 550 − 25
𝑏1 = 550 + 0.75(550) 1.1252
𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(0.965) ( )
2 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 525 𝑚𝑚
𝑏1 = 962.5 𝑚𝑚 "𝑠𝑎𝑦" 965 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 124.1663 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑏2 = 𝑐 + 0.75𝑑 𝑦2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏2
2
𝑏2 = 550 + 0.75(550)
1.1252
𝑏2 = 962.5 𝑚𝑚 "𝑠𝑎𝑦" 965 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = (203.33)(0.965) ( )
2

𝑀𝑢 = 124.1663 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
 Area of Steel
Steel Ratio, Final Steel Reinforcement, Number of
Moment, 𝑀𝑢 Width, 𝑏 Location
Column 𝜌 Ratio, 𝜌 𝐴𝑠 Bars, N
(𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) (𝑚𝑚)
(𝑚𝑚2 ) (𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)

Column 1 124.1663 965 0.0017 0.0051 2115.91 6 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

Column 2 124.1663 965 0.0017 0.0051 2115.91 6 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

● Solving for the shrinkage and temperature bars

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 < 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜌𝑡 = 0.002

𝐴𝑠 1000
𝑁= 𝑆2 =
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑡 𝑏ℎ 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑁
𝐴𝑠 = (0.002)(1000)(640) 1,280 1000
𝑁= 𝑆2 =
𝜋(16)2 7
𝐴𝑠 = 1,280 𝑚𝑚2 4
𝑺𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑵 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

Therefore, use 𝟕 − 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎 Ø 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 @ 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪.

● Solving for the development length

𝐿𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑𝑏
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑐
𝐿𝑑 = 0.02𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑦/√𝑓′𝑐
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06(25)(275) 𝐿𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = 3000 − 75
𝜋(25)2
0.02 ( ) (275) 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚
4 𝑳𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎 > 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎; 𝑶𝒌𝒂𝒚!
𝐿𝑑 =
√21
𝑳𝒅 = 𝟓𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 "𝒔𝒂𝒚" 𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎