BASIC CONCEPTS OF

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Engr. Jesusa SJ. Angeles
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner is able to perform
appropriate tests of hypotheses
involving the population
CONTENT STANDARD mean and population proportion
to make inferences in real-life
The learner demonstrates problems in different
understanding of key concepts of disciplines.
tests of hypotheses on the
population mean and population
proportion.
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Illustrate: (a) null hypothesis;
(b) alternative hypothesis;
(c) level of significance; Formulate the
(d) rejection region; and appropriate null and
(e) types of errors in hypothesis alternative hypotheses
testing on a population mean.
M11/12SP-IVb-1
M11/12SP-IVa-1
02 04

01 03 M11/12SP-IVb-2
M11/12SP-IVa-3 ●Identify the appropriate form of the test-
Identify the parameter statistic when: (a) the population variance
to be tested given a is assumed to be known; (b) the
real-life problem.
population variance is assumed be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit
Theorem is to be used.
ACTIVITY
Multiple Choice.
Choose the correct
answer in each
number.
 It refers to the whole
group under study or 01
investigation.
A. Population C. random sampling
B. Sample D. subset
 It is a subset taken
from a population,
either by random or
nonrandom sampling 02
techniques.

A. Population C. random sampling

B. Sample D. subset
It is the average value
of all data from your 03
population or sample
A. variance C. standard deviation
B. population D. mean
 What will be the
degree of freedom of
the data with a
04
sample size of 20?
A. 17 C. 19
B. 18 D. 20
 These symbols 𝜇 and 𝜎
represent the mean and
standard deviation for
which of the following 05
choices?

A. Population C. Sampling distribution

B. Sample D. None of these
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 “The country will
experience thunder
storm in the next few
months.”
-friend
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

is a proposed explanation,
assertion, or assumption
about a population parameter
or about the distribution of a
random variable.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

is a statistical method applied in

making decisions using
experimental data. Hypothesis
testing is basically testing an
assumption that we make about a
population
 NULL HYPOTHESIS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
denoted by 𝐻o states denoted by 𝐻1 𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑎 states
that there is no difference that there is a difference
between a parameter between a parameter and
and specific value, or specific value, or that there
that there is no difference is a difference between
between two parameters. two parameters.

It can be written as follows: It can be written as follows:

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0
𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0
 HYPOTHESIS – TESTING COMMON PHRASES
is equal to is not equal to

= is the same as
is exactly the same as
has not changed from
≠ is not the same
is different from
has changed from

is increased
is greater than
is at most

≤ is not more than

is less than or equal to > is higher than
is above
is bigger than
is longer than

is decreased
is less than
is at least

≥ is not less than

is greater than or equal to < is lower than
is below is smaller than
is decreased or reduced from
is not more than
EXAMPLE 1
Solutions:
The parameter of interest is the mean 𝛍 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎.
The owner of factory
sells a particular
bottled fruit juice 𝐻0 : The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per
claims that the bottle. (This is the claim.)
average capacity of 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎
their product is 250
ml. Is the claim true? 𝐻1 : The bottled drinks do not contain
250 ml per bottle.

𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓𝟎
EXAMPLE 2
Solutions:
The parameter of interest is the mean 𝛍>𝟐𝟎𝟎
A farmer believes that 𝟎𝟎𝟎.
using organic
fertilizers on his plants 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
will yield greater
income. His average 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
income from the past (This is the claim.)
was P 200, 000.00
per year. State the
hypotheses in
symbols.
EXAMPLE 3
Solutions:
The parameter of interest is the mean 𝛍<𝟐𝟎.
The average waiting
time of all costumers
in a restaurant 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎
before being served
is less than 20 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 < 𝟐𝟎
minutes. State the (This is the claim.)
hypotheses in
symbols.
 The region of rejection is on
TYPES OF Right-
the right tail. It is used when
the alternative hypothesis
TESTS directional uses comparatives such as
greater than, higher than,
test better than, superior to,
Directional Test exceeds, etc.
one-tailed test

The rejection region

is lying on either left
The region of rejection is on
the left tail. It is used when
or right tail of the
the alternative hypothesis
Left-
normal tail.
uses comparatives such as directional
less than, smaller than,
inferior to, lower than,
test
below, etc.
ONE-TAILED (RIGHT)

Null Hypothesis:
The average life of batteries is less than or equal to 15
hours.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟓
Alternative Hypothesis:
The average life of batteries is greater than 15 hours.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟓
ONE-TAILED (LEFT)

Null Hypothesis:
The average life of batteries is greater than or equal
to 15 hours.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟓
Alternative Hypothesis:
The average life of batteries is less than 15 hours.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟓
TYPES OF
TESTS
Non-directional Test
two-tailed test Example

The rejection region is lying Null Hypothesis:

on both tails of the normal
curve. It is used when the The average life of batteries is equal to 15
alternative hypothesis uses hours. 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟓
words such as not equal to, Alternative Hypothesis:
significantly different, etc.
The average life of batteries is not equal to
15 hours. 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟓
EXAMPLE 1
Solutions:
The parameter of interest is the mean 𝛍 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎.
The owner of factory
sells a particular
bottled fruit juice 𝐻0 : The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per
claims that the bottle. (This is the claim.)
average capacity of 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎
their product is 250
ml. Is the claim true? 𝐻1 : The bottled drinks do not contain
250 ml per bottle.

𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓𝟎
EXAMPLE 2
Solutions:
The parameter of interest is the mean 𝛍>𝟐𝟎𝟎
A farmer believes that 𝟎𝟎𝟎.
using organic
fertilizers on his plants 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
will yield greater
income. His average 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
income from the past (This is the claim.)
was P 200, 000.00
per year. State the
hypotheses in
symbols.
TYPES OF
ERROR
Type I Error Type II Error
If the null hypothesis is true If null hypothesis is false
and rejected, then it is a and accepted, then it is a
Type I error. The probability Type II error. The probability
of committing a Type I error of committing a Type II
is denoted by α (alpha). error is denoted by β (beta).
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Maria insists that she is A man plans to go hunting

30 years old when, in the Philippine monkey-
fact, she is 32 years old. eating eagle believing that
What error is Maria it is a proof of his mettle.
committing? What type of error is this?

Answer: Maria is rejecting the truth. Answer: Hunting Philippine eagle is

She is committing a Type I error prohibited by law. Thus, it is not a good
sport. It is a Type II error.
Statistical errors

Null Hypothesis
Accepted 𝐻𝑜 Rejected 𝐻𝑜
𝐻𝑜

Correct
True Type I error
decision
Correct
False Type II error
decision
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE In symbol, it is written as:
𝛼 = 0.01
denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to 𝛼 = 0.05
𝛼 = 0.10
the degree of significance in which
we accept or reject the null If the alternative
hypothesis. hypothesis used ≠, then
alpha will be divided by 2,

In public health research, alpha is 𝛼

= 0.005
usually 0.01 or 1%. 2
In social science, alpha 𝜶 is usually 𝛼
= 0.025
0.05 or 5%. 2
𝛼
0.10 or 10% in other studies. = 0.05
2
 Critical Region
The critical region (rejection
region) is the set of all values of
the test statistic that causes us to
reject the null hypothesis.

The non-rejection region (or

acceptance region) is the set of
all values of the test statistic that The critical value is a point
causes us to fail to reject the null (boundary) on the test distribution
hypothesis. that is compared to the test
statistic to determine if the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
 Commonly used Level of Significance and
its Corresponding Critical Values of z-distribution
Test Types
Level of
Significance 𝛂
One-Tailed Two-Tailed

0.010 +2.33 or -2.33 ± 2.575

0.025 +1.96 or -1.96 ± 2.24

0.05 +1.645 or -1.645 ±1.96

0.100 +1.28 or -1.28 ± 1.645

 EXAMPLE 1
Solutions:

Write the critical

value of the given:

two- tailed test

𝛼 = 0.01 n= 67

table Example 2
 Previous slide

Commonly used Level of Significance and

its Corresponding Critical Values of z-distribution
Test Types
Level of
Significance 𝛂
One-Tailed Two-Tailed

0.010 +2.33 or -2.33 ± 2.575

0.025 +1.96 or -1.96 ± 2.24

0.05 +1.645 or -1.645 ±1.96

0.100 +1.28 or -1.28 ± 1.645

 EXAMPLE 2
Solutions:

Write the critical

value of the given:

right-tailed test
𝛼=0.05 n= 25

table next
Previous slide
 EXAMPLE 3
Solutions:

Write the critical

value of the given:

two-tailed test
𝛼=0.05 n= 21

table nexts
Previous slide
 a. critical t-value of -2.33
EXAMPLE 4 computed t-value of -1.38
The computed t-
Illustrate the value is at the
non-rejection
rejection region region.
given the critical
value and identify if b. critical t-value of 2.12
computed t-value of 2.15
the t-values lie in
the non-rejection The computed t-
region or rejection value is at the
rejection region.
region:
Identifying Appropriate Test Statistics
Involving Population Mean

Test Statistic
A test statistic is a value
used to determine the
probability needed in
decision making. It is a
random variable that is
calculated from sample
data and used in a
hypothesis.
Identifying Appropriate Test Statistics Involving Population Mean

z- test t- test

The sample is assumed The sample is also

to be normally assumed to be
distributed. normally distributed.
A z-score is calculated A t-test is used when
with population the population variance
parameters such as or standard deviation
population mean and are not known. The
population standard sample size is less than
deviation. The normal 30.
or sample size is large.
Identifying Appropriate Test Statistics Involving Population Mean

Central Limit Theorem

If the population is normally distributed or
the sample size is large and the true
population mean 𝝁=𝝁0 , then z has a
standard normal distribution.

When population standard deviation 𝜎 is

not known, we may still use z-score by
replacing the population standard
deviation 𝜎 by its estimate, sample
standard deviation s.
 When the value of sample size (n)…

n ≥ 30 n < 30

𝝈 is known 𝝈 is known 𝝈 is unknown

z-test z-test t-test

EXAMPLE 1 Answer:

Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in the given z-test

problem.

The average test score for an entire school is 75 with a

standard deviation of 10. What is the probability that a
random sample of 5 students scored above 80?

Given:

𝜇 = 75 𝜎 = 10 𝑛=5
EXAMPLE 2 Answer:

Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in the given z-test

problem.

From a random sample of 100 students who have passed a

statistic course, the average score was 71.8. Assuming that
the population standard deviation is 8.9, with a significance
level of 0.05, does it seem to signify that the average score is
more than 70?

Given:
𝑛 = 100 𝑥ҧ = 71.8 𝜎 = 8.9
EXAMPLE 3 Answer:

Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used in the given t-test

problem.

An English teacher wanted to test whether the mean reading

speed of students is 550 words per minute. A sample of 12
students revealed a sample mean of 540 words per minute
with a standard deviation of 5 words per minute. At 0.05
significance level, is the reading speed different from 550
words per minute?
Given:
𝜇 = 550 𝑛 = 12 𝑥ҧ = 540 s=5
 THANKS!
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