Q1.

Crude oil is a fossil fuel.

(a) Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions.

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(4)

(b) Fuel oil is one of the fractions from crude oil.

Power stations burn fuel oil to generate electricity. The waste gases from the
combustion of fuel oil contain carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen.

The waste gases are passed through a suspension of limestone in water. Limestone
is mainly calcium carbonate.

Suggest how the use of a suspension of limestone decreases one of the

environmental impacts that the waste gases would cause.

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(3)

(c) Some fractions from crude oil contain large hydrocarbon molecules.

(i) Hydrocarbon molecules, such as decane, can be cracked to produce smaller,

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 more useful molecules.

Write the correct formula of the third product to complete the chemical
equation.

You do not need to give the name of this product.

C10H22 C5H10 + C3H8 + ___________

decane pentene propane

(1)

(ii) Pentene is used to produce poly(pentene).

Complete the equation and the displayed structure of poly(pentene).

(3)

(iii) Some polymers are described as smart polymers.

Suggest one property of a smart polymer that is different to that of an ordinary

polymer.

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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2.
Poly(butene) is a polymer made from crude oil in two stages.

(a) The first stage in making poly(butene) is to break down large hydrocarbon
molecules from crude oil into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, as shown in the figure
below.

(i) The products contain two types of hydrocarbon with different general formulae.

Name the two types of hydrocarbon.

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(1)

(ii) Describe the conditions in the reactor.

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 ______________________________________________________________

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(2)

(iii) Suggest why air must not enter the reactor.

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(1)

(iv) Suggest a method that can be used to separate butene (C4H8) from the other
hydrocarbons.

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(1)

(b) The second stage is to use butene (C4H8) to produce poly(butene).

(i) Draw the displayed structure of a butene (C4H8) molecule.

(1)

(ii) Describe how molecules of butene (C4H8) form poly(butene).

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) any four from:
• (crude oil is) heated
• to evaporate / vaporise / boil (the substances / hydrocarbons)
• the column is hotter at the bottom or is cooler at the top
• (vapours / fractions) condense
• at their boiling points or at different levels.
marks can be taken from a diagram
max 3 marks for reference to cracking
allow fractional distillation allow vapours (enter the column)
allow temperature gradient or (vapours) cool as they rise
allow description e.g. vapour turns to liquid)
allow they have different boiling points
4

(b) acid rain is caused by

allow consequences of acid rain
1

sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen

second marking point is dependent on first marking point
1

they react with / are neutralised by calcium carbonate or limestone

OR
global warming is caused by
carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide will react or dissolve in suspension of limestone

allow greenhouse effect is caused by or allow consequences
of global warming
1

(c) (i) C2H4

must be formula
ignore any name
1

(ii) a single bond between carbon atoms

would score 3 marks

1

other four bonds linking hydrogen atoms and C3H7 group plus two trailing
/ connecting bonds
1

n at the bottom right hand corner of the bracket

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 1

(iii) has a shape memory

or
(a smart polymer) can return to original shape (when conditions change)
1
[12]

Q2.
(a) (i) alkanes and alkenes
any order
allow saturated and unsaturated (hydrocarbons)
1

(ii) high temperature

allow temperatures from 300 – 900 °C
allow vapours
ignore heat / hot or pressure
1

catalyst or steam
allow zeolite / aluminium oxide
ignore names of other catalysts
1

(iii) oxygen could react / burn with the hydrocarbons

allow oxygen could cause an explosion
1

(iv) (fractional) distillation

1

(b) (i) displayed structure of butene drawn

1

(ii) many monomers or many butene molecules

1

form chains or very large molecules

if no other mark awarded allow double bond breaks / opens
up or double bond forms a single bond for 1 mark
1
[8]

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