Hanoi University of Science and Technology

School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics

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EXERCISES ON LINEAR ALGEBRA

CHAPTER I

Sets – Maps – Complex numbers

Exercise 1. Let 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) be two functions defined on ℝ. We denote by 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈

ℝ|𝑓(𝑥) = 0}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑔(𝑥) = 0}. Show the solutions the following equations through 𝐴, 𝐵

a) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 0 b) [𝑓(𝑥)]! + [𝑔(𝑥)]! = 0

Exercise 2. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be two sets such that 𝐴 = [3; 6), 𝐵 = (1; 5), 𝐶 = [2; 4]. Determine the
following set (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\𝐶.

Exercise 3. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 be four sets. Prove that

a) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵\𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶).

b) 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵\𝐴) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.

c) (𝐴\𝐵) ∩ (𝐶\𝐷) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)\(𝐵 ∪ 𝐷)

Exercise 4. Let 𝑓, 𝑔 be two maps such that

𝑓: ℝ\{0} → ℝ 𝑔: ℝ→ℝ
" !#
𝑥↦# 𝑥 ↦ "$# !

a) Which of the maps are injective, surjective? Determine 𝑔(ℝ).

b) Determine the following map ℎ = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓.

Exercise 5. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a map. Prove that

a) 𝑓(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∪ 𝑓(𝐵); 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋.

a) 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊂ 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵); 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋. Give the examples that prove the opposite is false?

b) 𝑓 %" (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑓 %" (𝐴) ∪ 𝑓 %" (𝐵); 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

c) 𝑓 %" (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑓 %" (𝐴) ∩ 𝑓 %" (𝐵); 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

d) 𝑓 %" (𝐴\𝐵) = 𝑓 %" (𝐴)\𝑓 %" (𝐵); 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

e) Prove that 𝑓 is injective if and only if 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵); ∀𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋

Exercise 6. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 5, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, and the set 𝐴 =

{𝑥 ∈ ℝ |−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}. Determine the following sets 𝑓(𝐴), 𝑓 %" (𝐴).

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Exercise 7. Let 𝑓: ℝ! → ℝ! be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦) and the set 𝐴 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ R! |𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 9}. Determine the following sets 𝑓(𝐴) and 𝑓 %" (𝐴).

Exercise 8. Let 𝑓: ℝ! → ℝ! be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥; 𝑦) = (𝑥 ! − 𝑦; 𝑥 + 𝑦). Determine whether

the map 𝑓 is injective or surjective? Why?

Exercise 9. Show the canonical form of the following complex numbers

("$()!"
a) (1 + 𝑖√3)& b) ("%()"#
c) (2 + 𝑖√12)* (√3 − 𝑖)""
Exercise 10. Find complex solutions of the following equations
a) 𝑧 ! + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 b) 𝑧 ! + 2𝑖𝑧 − 5 = 0 c) 𝑧 + − 3𝑖𝑧 ! + 4 = 0
"/!+
d) 𝑧 , − 7𝑧 - − 8 = 0 e) 𝑧 . = 0#
f)𝑧 1 (√3 + 𝑖) = 1 − 𝑖 g) 𝒊𝒛𝟐 − (𝟏 + 𝟖𝒊)𝒛 + 𝟕 +
𝟏𝟕𝒊 = 𝟎
Exercise 11. Let 𝜖" , … , 𝜖!/"+ be the different 2014-roots of the complex number 1. Compute
𝐴 = ∑!/"+ !
(3" 𝜖(
(#$")$ %"
Exercise 12. Given the equation #
=0

a) Solve the above equation.

b) Find the modulus of the solutions.
45
c) Compute the product of its solutions and ∏143" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 &
.

Exercise 13. Let 𝑓: ℂ → ℂ be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑧 ! + (4 − 𝑖)𝑧 − 9𝑖, where 𝑖 is the
imaginary unit. Determine 𝑓 %" ({7}).

Exercise 14. Let 𝑧" , 𝑧! be two complex solutions of the equation 𝑧 ! − 𝑧 + 𝑎𝑖 = 0, where 𝑎 is a
real and 𝑖 is the imaginary unit. Find 𝑎 such that |𝑧"! − 𝑧!! | = 1.

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CHAPTER II

Matrix – Determinant – System of linear equations

1 −3 2 2 1 1
Exercise 1. Given the following matrices 𝐴 = c2 1 −1d , 𝐵 = c−2 3 0d,
0 3 −2 1 2 4
−1 2 1
𝐶 = c 3 4 1d.
2 0 2
Find : 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴6 𝐵 − 𝐶, 𝐴(𝐵𝐶), (𝐴 + 3𝐵)(𝐵 − 𝐶).
1 3 −1 0
Exercise 2. Let 𝐴 = e f,𝐵 = e f be two matrices and 𝐼 be the identity matrix of size
−1 2 1 1
2.
a) Compute 𝐹 = 𝐴! − 3𝐴.
b) Find matrix 𝑋 that satisfies (𝐴! + 5𝐸)𝑋 = 𝐵6 (3𝐴 − 𝐴! ).
1 −2 3
Exercise 3. Let 𝐴 = c2 −4 1d be a matrix and 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5 be a function. Compute
3 −5 3
𝑓(𝐴).
Exercise 4. Compute 𝐴7 , where
𝑎 1 0
𝑐osa -sina
a) 𝐴 = e f. b) 𝐴 = c0 𝑎 1d.
sina cosa
0 0 𝑎

Exercise 5. Find all square matrices of size 2 that satisfy

0 0 1 0
a) 𝑋 ! = e f b) 𝑋 ! = e f
0 0 0 1

Exercise 6.

𝑎 𝑏
a) Prove that the matrix 𝐴 = e f that satisfies the following equation
𝑐 𝑑

𝑥 ! − (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0

b) Prove that if 𝐴 is a square matrix of size 2 then 𝐴4 = 0, (𝑘 > 2) Û 𝐴! = 0.

Exercise 7. Prove the following equalities by using the properties of determinant

𝑎" + 𝑏" 𝑥 𝑎" − 𝑏" 𝑥 𝑐" 𝑎" 𝑏" 𝑐" 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎!

a) o𝑎! + 𝑏! 𝑥 𝑎! − 𝑏! 𝑥 𝑐! o = −2𝑥 o𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐! o b) o1 𝑏 𝑎𝑐 o = o1 𝑏 𝑏 ! o.
𝑎- + 𝑏- 𝑥 𝑎- − 𝑏- 𝑥 𝑐- 𝑎- 𝑏- 𝑐- 1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐!

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Exercise 8. Compute the following determinants

1 3 5 −1
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎! + 𝑏!
2 −1 −1 4
a) 𝐴 = p p b) 𝐵 = o 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑏! + 𝑐 ! o
5 1 −1 7
𝑐+𝑎 𝑐𝑎 𝑎! + 𝑐 !
7 7 9 1
1 1 2 3
1 2 − 𝑥! 2 3
c) 𝐷 = p p
2 3 1 5
2 3 1 9 − 𝑥!
Exercise 9.

a) Let 𝐴 be an antisymmetric matrix of an odd size. Prove that det(𝐴) = 0

b) Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 2021. Prove that det(𝐴 − 𝐴6 ) = 0

Exercise 10. Determine the rank of the following matrices

1 3 5 −1 4 3 −5 2 3
⎡8 6 −7 4 2⎤
2 −1 −1 4 ⎢ ⎥
a) 𝐴 = t u b) 𝐵 = ⎢4 3 −8 2 7⎥
5 1 −1 7
⎢4 3 1 2 −5⎥
7 7 9 1 ⎣8 6 −1 4 −6⎦
1 −1 1 2
Exercise 11. Find 𝑚 such that the rank of matrix 𝐴 = c−1 2 2 1d is 2
1 0 4 𝑚

Exercise 12. Find the inverse of the following matrices

1 −𝑎 0 0
3 −4 5
3 4 0 1 −𝑎 0
a) 𝐴 = e f b) 𝐵 = c2 −3 1d c) 𝐶 = t u.
5 7 0 0 1 −𝑎
3 −5 1
0 0 0 1
𝑎+1 −1 𝑎
Exercise 13. Find 𝑎 such that matrix 𝐴 = c 3 𝑎+1 3 d is invertible.
𝑎−1 0 𝑎−1

Exercise 14. Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 𝑛. Prove that if 𝐴 satisfies 𝑎4 𝐴4 + 𝑎4%" 𝐴4%" +
⋯ + 𝑎" 𝐴 + 𝑎/ 𝐸 = 0 , where 𝑎( ∈ ℝ, 𝑎/ ≠ 0, then 𝐴 is invertible.

−1 2 1 −1 2
2 12 10
Exercise 15. Given 𝐴 = c 2 3 4 d ; 𝐵 = c 3 4 d ; 𝐶 = e f . Find matrix 𝑋 that
6 16 7
3 1 −1 0 3
satisfies 𝐴𝑋 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 6

Exercise 16. Solve the following systems of linear equations

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3𝑥" − 𝑥! + 3𝑥- = 1
3𝑥" − 5𝑥! + 2𝑥- + 4𝑥+ = 2
−4𝑥" + 2𝑥! + 𝑥- = 3
a) • 7𝑥" − 4𝑥! + 𝑥- + 3𝑥+ = 5 b)€
−2𝑥" + 𝑥! + 4𝑥- = 4
5𝑥" + 7𝑥! − 4𝑥- − 6𝑥+ = 3
10𝑥" − 5𝑥! − 6𝑥- = −10
2𝑥" + 3𝑥! + 4𝑥- = 1
3𝑥" − 𝑥! + 𝑥- = 2
c) €
5𝑥" + 2𝑥! + 5𝑥- = 3
𝑥" − 4𝑥! − 3𝑥- = 1
Exercise 17. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using Gauss’ method

𝑥 +2𝑦 −𝑧 +3𝑡 = 12 !"#$"%&"'()*'

2𝑥 +5𝑦 −𝑧 +11𝑡= 49 %!"+$",-&",,()*,,
a) € b) ! !"#$"'&"#()*%
3𝑥 +6𝑦 −4𝑧 +13𝑡= 49
𝑥 +2𝑦 −2𝑧 +9𝑡 = 33 !"#$"#&"+)*.
Exercise 18. Find 𝑎 such that the system of linear equations
(𝑎 + 5)𝑥 + 3𝑦 +(2𝑎 + 1)𝑧= 0
• 𝑎𝑥 +(𝑎 − 1)𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0 has nontrivial solutions.
(𝑎 + 5)𝑥 +(𝑎 + 2)𝑦 + 5𝑧 =0

𝑚𝑥" + 2𝑥! − 𝑥- = 3
Exercise 19. Find 𝑚 such that the system of linear equations • 𝑥" + 𝑚𝑥! + 2𝑥- = 4 has a
2𝑥" + 3𝑥! + 𝑥- = −𝑚
unique solution

𝑥" + 2𝑥! − 𝑥- + 𝑚𝑥+ = 4

−𝑥" − 𝑥! + 3𝑥- + 2𝑥+ = 𝑘
Exercise 20. Given the system of linear equations €
2𝑥" − 𝑥! − 3𝑥- + (𝑚 − 1)𝑥+ = 3
𝑥" + 𝑥! + 𝑥- + 2𝑚𝑥+ = 5

a) Solve the system of linear equations when 𝑚 = 2, 𝑘 = 5

b) Find 𝑚, 𝑘 such that the system has a unique solution

c) Find 𝑚, 𝑘 such that the system has infinitely many solutions

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CHAPTER III

Vector space

Exercise 1. Let 𝑉 be a set with the following operations. Determine whether 𝑉 is a vector space?

a) 𝑉 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ}
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + (𝑥′, 𝑦′, 𝑧′) = (𝑥 + 𝑥′, 𝑦 + 𝑦′, 𝑧 + 𝑧′)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (|𝑘|𝑥, |𝑘|𝑦, |𝑘|𝑧), where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
b) 𝑉 = {𝑥 = (𝑥" , 𝑥! ) |𝑥" > 0, 𝑥! > 0} ⊂ ℝ!
(𝑥" , 𝑥! ) + (𝑦" , 𝑦! ) = (𝑥" 𝑦" , 𝑥! 𝑦! )
4 4
𝑘(𝑥" , 𝑥! ) = (𝑥" , 𝑥! ), where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
Exercise 2. Prove that the following subset of each vector space is a vector subspace
a) Given set 𝐸 = {(𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) ∈ ℝ- |2𝑥" − 5𝑥! + 3𝑥- = 0}
b) The set of symmetric matrices of the square matrices on size 𝑛
Exercise 3. Let 𝑉" , 𝑉! be two vector subspaces of vector space 𝑉.
a) Prove that 𝑉" ∩ 𝑉! is a vector subspace of 𝑉
b) Let 𝑉" + 𝑉! = {𝑢" + 𝑢! |𝑢" ∈ 𝑉" , 𝑢! ∈ 𝑉! }. Prove that 𝑉" + 𝑉! is a vector subspace of 𝑉
Exercise 4. Given a vector space 𝑉. Let vector set {𝑢" , 𝑢! , ⋯ , 𝑢7 , 𝑢7$" } be a linearly dependent
and {𝑢" , 𝑢! , ⋯ , 𝑢7 } be linearly independent. Prove that 𝑢7$" is a linear combination of vectors
𝑢" , 𝑢! , … , 𝑢7
Exercise 5. Determine whether the following vector sets are linearly independent in 𝑅- ?
a) 𝑣" = (4; −2; 6), 𝑣! = (−6; 3; −9).
b) 𝑣" = (2; 3; −1), 𝑣! = (3; −1; 5), 𝑣- = (−1; 3; −4).
c) 𝑣" = (1; 2; 3), 𝑣! = (3; 6; 7), 𝑣- = (−3; 1; 3), 𝑣+ = (0; 4; 2).
Exercise 6. Determine whether the vector set 𝐵 = {𝑢" = 1 + 2𝑥, 𝑢! = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 ! , 𝑢- = 2 − 𝑥 +
𝑥 ! } is linearly independent in the vector space 𝑃! [𝑥]?
Exercise 7. Consider ℝ- ,prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣" = (1; 1; 1), 𝑣! = (1; 1; 2), 𝑣- = (1; 2; 3)} is a
basis. Determine the transformation matrix from the standard basis of 𝑅- to this basis. Find the
coordinate vector 𝑥 = (6; 9; 14) with respect to this
of basis by two ways.
Exercise 8. Prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣" , 𝑣! , 𝑣- } is a basis of ℝ- and find [𝑣 ]8

a) 𝑣" = (2; 1; 1), 𝑣! = (6; 2; 0), 𝑣- = (7; 0; 7), 𝑣 = (15; 3; 1).

𝑏) 𝑣" = (0; 1; 1), 𝑣! = (2; 3; 0), 𝑣- = (1; 0; 1), 𝑣 = (2; 3; 0).

Exercise 9. Find a basis and the dimension of the following vector space which is generated by
the following vector set

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a) 𝑣" = (2; 1; 3; 4), 𝑣! = (1; 2; 0; 1), 𝑣- = (−1; 1; −3; 0) in ℝ+ .

b) 𝑣" = (2; 0; 1; 3; −1), 𝑣! = (1; 1; 0; −1; 1), 𝑣- = (0; −2; 1; 5; −3), 𝑣+ = (1; −3; 2; 9; −5) in
ℝ* .

Exercise 10. Consider ℝ+ , given vectors 𝑣" = (1; 0; 1; 0), 𝑣! = (0; 1; −1; 1), 𝑣- =
(1; 1; 1; 2), 𝑣+ = (0; 0; 1; 1). Let 𝑉" = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣" , 𝑣! }, 𝑉! = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣- , 𝑣+ }. Find a basis and the
dimension of vector spaces 𝑉" + 𝑉! , 𝑉" ∩ 𝑉!

Exercise 11. Consider ℝ+ , given vectors 𝑢" = (1; 3; −2; 1), 𝑢! = (−2; 3; 1; 1), 𝑢- =
(2; 1; 0; 1), 𝑢 = (1; −1; −3; 𝑚). Find 𝑚 such that 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑢" , 𝑢! , 𝑢- }

Exercise 12. Consider 𝑃- [𝑥], given vectors 𝑣" = 1, 𝑣! = 1 + 𝑥, 𝑣- = 𝑥 + 𝑥 ! , 𝑣+ = 𝑥 ! + 𝑥 -

a) Prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣" , 𝑣! , 𝑣- } is the basis of 𝑃- [𝑥]

b) Find the coordinate of vector 𝑣 = 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 ! with respect to this basis

c) find the coordinate of vector 𝑣 = 𝑎/ + 𝑎" 𝑥 + 𝑎! 𝑥 ! with respect to this basis

Exercise 13. Consider 𝑃- [𝑥 ], given a vector set containing 𝑣" = 1 + 𝑥 ! + 𝑥 - , 𝑣! = 𝑥 − 𝑥 ! +

2𝑥 - , 𝑣- = 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 - , 𝑣+ = −1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 - .
a) Find the rank of this vector set

b) Find a basis of space 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣" , 𝑣! , 𝑣- , 𝑣+ }

Exercise 14. Find a basis and the dimension of solutions space of the following system of linear
equations

𝑥" − 𝑥! + 2𝑥- + 2𝑥+ − 𝑥* = 0

2𝑥" − 𝑥! + 3𝑥- − 2𝑥+ + 4𝑥* = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑥! + 3𝑥- − 𝑥+ + 5𝑥* = 0
a) € " b) •4𝑥" − 2𝑥! + 5𝑥- + 𝑥+ + 7𝑥* = 0
2𝑥" + 𝑥! + 𝑥- + 𝑥+ + 3𝑥* = 0
2𝑥" − 𝑥! + 𝑥- + 8𝑥+ + 2𝑥* = 0
3𝑥" − 𝑥! − 2𝑥- − 𝑥+ + 𝑥* = 0

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CHAPTER IV.

Linear map

Exercise 1. Consider the map 𝑓: ℝ- → ℝ! defined by 𝑓(𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = (3𝑥" + 𝑥! − 𝑥- , 2𝑥" +

𝑥- )
a) Prove that 𝑓 is a linear map.
b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to two standard bases.
c) Find a basis of 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑓.

Exercise 2. Consider the map 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃+ [𝑥] defined by 𝑓(𝑝) = 𝑝 + 𝑥 ! 𝑝, ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃!. [𝑥]
a) Prove that 𝑓 is a linear map
b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the standard bases 𝐸" = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 ! } in 𝑃! [𝑥 ] and 𝐸! =
{1, 𝑥, 𝑥 ! , 𝑥 - , 𝑥 + } in 𝑃+ [𝑥]
c) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the bases 𝐸" ′ = {1 + 𝑥, 2𝑥, 1 + 𝑥 ! } in 𝑃! [𝑥 ] and 𝐸! =
{1, 𝑥, 𝑥 ! , 𝑥 - , 𝑥 + } in 𝑃+ [𝑥]
Exercise 3. Consider the map 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃! [𝑥] that satisfies 𝑓(1 − 𝑥 ! ) = −3 + 3𝑥 −
6𝑥 ! , 𝑓(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 ! ) = 17 + 𝑥 + 16𝑥 ! , 𝑓(2 + 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 ! ) = 32 + 7𝑥 + 25𝑥 ! .
a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to standard basis in 𝑃! [𝑥]. Compute 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 ! )
b) Determine 𝑚 that vector 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 ! in 𝐼𝑚𝑓
1 3 −1
Exercise 4. Let 𝐴 = c2 0 5 d be a matrix of linear map 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃! [𝑥] with respect to
6 −2 4
basis 𝐵 = {𝑣" , 𝑣! , 𝑣- }, where 𝑣" = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 ! , 𝑣! = −1 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 ! , 𝑣- = 3 + 7𝑥 + 2𝑥 !
a) Find 𝑓(𝑣" ), 𝑓(𝑣! ), 𝑓(𝑣- ) b) Find 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 ! )
Exercise 5. Consider 𝑓: ℝ- → ℝ- defined by 𝑓(𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = (𝑥" + 𝑥! − 𝑥- , 𝑥" − 𝑥! +
𝑥- , −𝑥" + 𝑥! + 𝑥- ). Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the basis 𝐵 = {𝑣" = (1; 0; 0), 𝑣! =
(1; 1; 0), 𝑣- = (1; 1; 1)}
Exercise 6. Consider a linear map 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃! [𝑥] that satisfies
𝑓(1 − 𝑥 ! ) = −3 + 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 ! , 𝑓(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 ! ) = 17 + 𝑥 + 16𝑥 ! , 𝑓(2 + 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 ! ) = 32 + 7𝑥 +
25𝑥 ! .
a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the standard basis in 𝑃! [𝑥]. Compute 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 ! ).
b) Determine 𝑚 that vector 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 ! in 𝐼𝑚𝑓
3 −2 1 0
Exercise 7. Let 𝐴 = c 1 6 2 1 d be a matrix of a linear map ℝ+ → ℝ- with respect to the
−3 0 7 1
two standard bases 𝐵 = {𝑣" , 𝑣! , 𝑣- , 𝑣+ } in ℝ+ and 𝐵′ = {𝑢" , 𝑢! , 𝑢- } in ℝ- where 𝑣" =

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(0; 1; 1; 1), 𝑣! = (2; 1; −1; −1), 𝑣- = (1; 4; −1; 2), 𝑣+ = (6; 9; 4; 2) và 𝑢" = (0; 8; 8), 𝑢! =
(−7; 8; 1), 𝑢- = (−6; 9; 1).
a) Find [𝑓(𝑣" )]8: , [𝑓(𝑣! )]8: , [𝑓(𝑣- )]8: , [𝑓(𝑣+ )]8: .
b) Find 𝑓(𝑣" ), 𝑓(𝑣! ), 𝑓(𝑣- ), 𝑓(𝑣+ )
c) Find 𝑓(2; 2; 0; 0).
Exercise 8. Consider a linear operator in 𝑃! [𝑥 ] defined by 𝑓(1 + 2𝑥) = −19 + 12𝑥 +
2𝑥 ! ; 𝑓(2 + 𝑥) = −14 + 9𝑥 + 𝑥 ! ; 𝑓(𝑥 ! ) = 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 !
Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the basis in 𝑃! [𝑥 ] and find 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝑓)
Exercise 9. Consider a linear operator in ℝ- defined by 𝑓(𝑥" ; 𝑥! ; 𝑥- ) = (𝑥" − 2𝑥! + 𝑥- ; 𝑥" +
𝑥! − 𝑥- ; 𝑚𝑥" − 𝑥! + 𝑥- ), where 𝑚 is a paramater. Determine the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the
standard basis of 𝑓 and find 𝑚 that 𝑓 is surjective
Exercise 10. Find eigenvalues and a basis of eigenvector spaces of the following matrices
2 −1 0
3 0 10 −9
a) 𝐴 = e f b) 𝐵 = e f c) 𝐶 = c 5 −3 3 d
8 −1 4 −2
−1 0 −2
0 1 0 4 −5 2
d) 𝐷 = c−4 4 0d e) 𝐸 = c5 −7 3d
−2 1 2 6 −9 4
Exercise 11. Consider a linear operator 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃! [𝑥] defined by 𝑓(𝑎/ + 𝑎" 𝑥 + 𝑎! 𝑥 ! ) =
(5𝑎/ + 6𝑎" + 2𝑎! ) − (𝑎" + 8𝑎! )𝑥 + (𝑎/ − 2𝑎! )𝑥 ! .
a) Find eigenvalues of 𝑓
b) Find eigenvectors with respect to the above eigenvalues.
Exercise 12. Find 𝑃 such that 𝑃 diagonalizes 𝐴 and determine 𝑃%" 𝐴𝑃
1 0 0 2 1 −2
−14 12 1 0
a) 𝐴 = e f b) 𝐵 = e f c) 𝐶 = c0 1 1d d) 𝐷 = c0 3 1 d.
−20 17 6 −1
0 1 1 0 0 3
7
Find 𝐴
Exercise 13. Is matrix 𝐴 diagonal? If yes, find the diagonal matrix
−1 4 −2 5 0 0 0 0 0
a) 𝐴 = c−3 4 0 d b) 𝐵 = c1 5 0d c) 𝐶 = c0 0 0d.
−3 1 3 0 1 5 3 0 1
Exercise 14. Find a basis of ℝ that the matrix of 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ-
- -
with respect to this basis is
diagonal
a) 𝑓(𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = (2𝑥" + 𝑥! + 𝑥- , 𝑥" + 2𝑥! + 𝑥- , 𝑥" + 𝑥! + 2𝑥- ).
b) 𝑓(𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = (2𝑥" − 𝑥! − 𝑥- , 𝑥" − 𝑥! , −𝑥" + 𝑥! + 2𝑥- )
Exercise 15. Consider a linear operator in ℝ- defined by 𝑓(1; 2; −1) =
(4; −2; −6), 𝑓(1; 1; 2) = (5; 5; 0), 𝑓(1; 0; 0) = (1; 2; 1)
a) Find 𝑚 that 𝑢 = (6; −3; 𝑚) ∈ 𝐼𝑚(𝑓)

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b) Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 𝑓
−3 1 2
Exercise 16. Consider a linear map 𝑓: 𝑃! [𝑥] → 𝑃! [𝑥] with matrix 𝐴 = c 6 0 −3d with
−10 2 6
{ !} [ ]
respect to standard basis 1, 𝑥, 𝑥 of 𝑃! 𝑥
a) Find 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ! ). Find 𝑚 that 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 ! in 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑓
b) Find a basis of 𝑃! [𝑥 ] that the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to this basis is diagonal.

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CHAPTER V.
Quadratic form, Euclide space
Exercise 1. Let 𝜔( be a quadratic form in ℝ-
𝜔" (𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = 𝑥" ! + 5𝑥! ! − 4𝑥- ! + 2𝑥" 𝑥! − 4𝑥" 𝑥- . 𝜔! (𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ) = 𝑥" 𝑥! + 4𝑥" 𝑥- +
𝑥! 𝑥- .
a) Convert quadratic form to canonical form by using Lagrange reduction
b) Is quadratic form positive definite or negative definite?
Exercise 2. Determine 𝑎 such that the following quadratic forms are definite?
a) 5𝑥" ! + 𝑥! ! + 𝑎𝑥- ! + 4𝑥" 𝑥! − 2𝑥" 𝑥- − 2𝑥! 𝑥-
b) 2𝑥" ! + 𝑥! ! + 3𝑥- ! + 2𝑎𝑥" 𝑥! + 2𝑥" 𝑥-
c) 𝑥" ! + 𝑥! ! + 5𝑥- ! + 2𝑎𝑥" 𝑥! − 2𝑥" 𝑥- + 4𝑥! 𝑥- .
Exercise 3. Given a bilinear form in ℝ- defined by < (𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ), (𝑦" , 𝑦! , 𝑦- ) > = 2𝑥" 𝑦" +
𝑥" 𝑦! + 𝑥! 𝑦" + 𝑎𝑥! 𝑦! − 2𝑥! 𝑦- − 2𝑥- 𝑦! + 3𝑥- 𝑦- ,where 𝑎 is a parameter. Find the matrix of
this bilinear form with respect to standard basis of ℝ- and determine 𝑎 such that the bilinear
form is an inner product in ℝ-
Exercise 4. Given a bilinear from in ℝ- defined as 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- )𝐴(𝑦" , 𝑦! , 𝑦- )< , where
4 2 −1
𝐴=c 2 3 4 d and 𝑥 = (𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥- ), 𝑦 = (𝑦" , 𝑦! , 𝑦- ). Determine 𝑎 such that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is an
!
−1 𝑎 2𝑎
inner product in ℝ- .
Exercise 5. Consider that 𝑉 is 𝑛-dimensional vector space with a basis 𝐵 = {𝑒" , 𝑒! , . . . , 𝑒7 }.
Given vectors 𝑢, 𝑣 of 𝑉, where 𝑢 = 𝑎" 𝑒" + 𝑎! 𝑒! + ⋯ + 𝑎7 𝑒7 ; 𝑣 = 𝑏" 𝑒" + 𝑏! 𝑒! + ⋯ + 𝑏7 𝑒7 .
Let < 𝑢, 𝑣 > = 𝑎" 𝑏" + ⋯ + 𝑎7 𝑏7
a) Prove that < 𝑢, 𝑣 > is an inner product.
b) When 𝑉 = ℝ- with 𝑒" = (1; 0; 1), 𝑒! = (1; 1; −1), 𝑒- = (0; 1; 1), 𝑢 = (2; −1; −2), 𝑣 =
(2; 0; 5). Compute < 𝑢, 𝑣 >.
c) When 𝑉 = 𝑃! [𝑥] with 𝐵 = {1; 𝑥; 𝑥 ! }, 𝑢 = 2 + 3𝑥 ! , 𝑣 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 ! . Compute < 𝑢, 𝑣 >.
d) When 𝑉 = 𝑃! [𝑥 ] with 𝐵 = {1 + 𝑥; 2𝑥; 𝑥 − 𝑥 ! }, 𝑢 = 2 + 3𝑥 ! , 𝑣 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 ! . Compute <
𝑢, 𝑣 >.
Exercise 6. Determine where < 𝑝, 𝑞 > is an inner product in the vector space 𝑃- [𝑥]
a) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= 𝑝(0)𝑞(0) + 𝑝(1)𝑞(1) + 𝑝(2)𝑞(2)
b) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= 𝑝(0)𝑞(0) + 𝑝(1)𝑞(1) + 𝑝(2)𝑞(2) + 𝑝(3)𝑞(3)
"
c) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= ∫%" 𝑝(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Compute < 𝑝, 𝑞 > when it is an inner product with 𝑝 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 ! − 𝑥 - . 𝑞 = 4 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 ! +
2𝑥 -
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Exercise 7. Given Euclide space 𝑉. Prove that
a) ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖! + ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖! = 2(‖𝑢‖! + ‖𝑣‖! ).
b) 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣 ⇔ ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖! = ‖𝑢‖! + ‖𝑣‖! , ∀𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉.
Exercise 8. Let 𝐵 = {(1; 1; −2), (2; 0; 1), (1; 2; 3)} be a basis of space ℝ- with the conventional
inner product. Apply Gram-Schmidt process on 𝐵 to obtain the orthonormal basis 𝐵′. Find
coordinate of vector 𝑢 − (5; 8; 6) with respect to 𝐵′.
Exercise 9. Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑢 onto 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣}
a) 𝑢 = (1; 3; −2; 4), 𝑣 = (2; −2; 4; 5)
b) 𝑢 = (4; 1; 2; 3; −3), 𝑣 = (−1; −2; 5; 1; 4)
Exercise 10. Given space ℝ- with the conventional inner product and vectors 𝑢 = (3; −2; 1),
𝑣" (2; 2; 1), 𝑣! = (2; 5; 4). Let 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣" , 𝑣! }. Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑢
onto 𝑊.
Exercise 11. Given space ℝ- with the conventional inner product and vectors 𝑢 =
(1; 2; −1), 𝑣 = (3; 6; 3). Let 𝐻 = {𝑤 ∈ ℝ- |𝑤 ⊥ 𝑢 }
a) Find an orthonormal basis of space 𝐻
b) Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑣 onto 𝐻
Exercise 12. Consider space ℝ+ with the conventional inner product. Given 𝑢" =
(6; 3; −3; 6), 𝑢! = (5; 1; −3; 1). Find the orthonormal basis of 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑢" , 𝑢! }
"
Exercise 13. Let < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= ∫%" 𝑝(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 be an inner product in 𝑃! [𝑥], where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑃! [𝑥 ]
a) Apply Gram-Schmidt process on 𝐵 = {1; 𝑥; 𝑥 ! } to obtain the orthonormal basis 𝐴
b) Determine the transformation matrix from 𝐵 to 𝐴
c) Find [𝑟]= where 𝑟 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 !
Exercise 14. Orthogonally diagonalize the following matrices
1 0 0 1 −1 0
−7 24
a) 𝐴 = c0 1 1d b) 𝐵 = e f c) 𝐶 = c−1 1 0d d) 𝐷 =
24 7
0 1 1 0 0 1
7 −2 0
c−2 6 2d
0 2 5
Exercise 15. Convert the following quadratic forms to canonical forms by orthogonal
diagonalization
a) 𝑥" ! + 𝑥! ! + 𝑥- ! + 2𝑥" 𝑥!
b) 7𝑥" ! − 7𝑥! ! + 48𝑥" 𝑥!
c) 7𝑥" ! + 6𝑥! ! + 5𝑥- ! − 4𝑥" 𝑥! + 4𝑥! 𝑥-

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