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EMBA Short notes

Based on Previous Years
1. VAT: Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax imposed on the value added to goods and
services at each stage of production and distribution. In Bangladesh, VAT is collected by the National
Board of Revenue (NBR) and is an important source of government revenue.

2. ATM Machine: An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is an electronic banking device that allows
customers to perform various financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, balance inquiries,
and fund transfers, using a bank card. ATMs are widely available in Bangladesh and provide
convenient access to banking services.

3. Independence Day: Independence Day in Bangladesh is celebrated on March 26th to

commemorate the country's declaration of independence from Pakistan in 1971. It is a national
holiday and a significant day in the history of Bangladesh, marked by various cultural and patriotic
events.

4. Bank Rate: Bank Rate refers to the rate at which the central bank (in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh
Bank) lends money to commercial banks. It is an important tool used by the central bank to influence
the cost of borrowing, control inflation, and regulate the country's monetary policy.

5. Interest Rate: Interest Rate is the percentage charged or paid for the use of money over a certain
period. In Bangladesh, interest rates are determined by the market forces of supply and demand
and play a crucial role in shaping the country's financial landscape, affecting borrowing costs,
investment decisions, and economic growth.

6. Credit Transfer: Credit Transfer refers to the process of transferring funds from one bank account
to another, either within the same bank or between different banks. It allows individuals and
businesses in Bangladesh to send and receive money electronically, facilitating convenient and
secure transactions.

7. Ecotourism: Ecotourism involves responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment, sustains the well-being of local communities, and provides educational and enriching
experiences for visitors. In Bangladesh, ecotourism initiatives focus on promoting the country's
unique natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural heritage while ensuring sustainable development
and conservation.

8. Goal Setting: Goal Setting is the process of defining specific objectives and targets to be achieved
within a certain timeframe. It is an essential practice in personal, professional, and organizational
development. In Bangladesh, goal setting is crucial for individuals, businesses, and the government
to drive progress, improve performance, and work towards desired outcomes.

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9. Bangladesh Bank: Bangladesh Bank is the central bank of Bangladesh, responsible for formulating
and implementing monetary policy, regulating the country's financial institutions, and maintaining
price stability. It plays a vital role in overseeing the banking sector, promoting economic growth, and
safeguarding the stability of the financial system.

10. Call Money: Call Money refers to short-term borrowing and lending of funds among commercial
banks and financial institutions. In Bangladesh, the call money market allows banks to meet their
temporary liquidity needs and manage their reserve requirements efficiently.

11. Inflation: Inflation is the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over
time. It erodes the purchasing power of money and affects the overall economy. In Bangladesh,
managing inflation is a key objective of the central bank and the government to ensure stable
economic conditions.

12. Black Money: Black Money refers to undisclosed income or wealth that is obtained through illegal
or unreported activities and kept hidden from authorities to evade taxes or legal obligations. It is a
significant issue in Bangladesh and many other countries, as it undermines the formal economy and
hampers economic development.

13. Online Banking: Online Banking, also known as internet banking or e-banking, enables individuals
and businesses to conduct various financial transactions and manage their accounts through
secure online platforms. It offers convenience, accessibility, and time-saving benefits, and has
become increasingly popular in Bangladesh.

14. Private Sector in Bangladesh: The Private Sector in Bangladesh refers to the part of the economy
that is owned, operated, and controlled by private individuals or entities. It encompasses a wide
range of businesses and industries, playing a significant role in employment generation, investment,
and economic growth.

15. Freedom: Freedom refers to the state of being able to act, speak, and think without any constraints
or limitations. In the context of Bangladesh, freedom holds great importance as the country fought
for and gained independence from Pakistan in 1971, allowing its people to exercise their rights and
pursue their aspirations.

16. Democracy: Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who
exercise it through elected representatives. Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy, with periodic
elections and a multi-party-political system that allows citizens to participate in decision-making
and governance.

17. Rural Development in Bangladesh: Rural Development in Bangladesh focuses on improving the
living standards and socio-economic conditions of rural areas. It involves initiatives such as

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infrastructure development, access to education and healthcare, agricultural advancements, and

poverty alleviation measures to create sustainable and inclusive growth.

18. Honesty: Honesty is the quality of being truthful, sincere, and having strong moral principles. In
Bangladesh, honesty is valued and considered a fundamental virtue in personal and professional
life. It promotes transparency, trust, and integrity in various aspects of society.

19. Stock Exchange: A Stock Exchange is a regulated marketplace where buyers and sellers trade
stocks and other securities. In Bangladesh, the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and the Chittagong
Stock Exchange (CSE) are the primary platforms for buying and selling shares of publicly listed
companies, providing opportunities for investment and capital formation.

20. Technology: Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge, tools, and techniques
to solve problems, improve efficiency, and enhance human life. In Bangladesh, technology plays a
crucial role in sectors such as information technology, telecommunications, manufacturing,
agriculture, and healthcare, driving innovation and progress.

21. Fiscal Policy: Fiscal Policy refers to the government's use of taxation, public spending, and
borrowing to influence the economy. In Bangladesh, fiscal policy aims to achieve macroeconomic
stability, promote equitable growth, and address socio-economic challenges through revenue
generation, budget allocation, and effective financial management.

22. Monetary Policy: Monetary Policy involves the management of the money supply and interest
rates by the central bank to control inflation, stabilize prices, and support economic growth. In
Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Bank formulates and implements monetary policy measures to
regulate the country's financial system and achieve monetary stability.

23. Culture: Culture encompasses the beliefs, customs, traditions, arts, and social institutions of a
particular group or society. Bangladesh has a rich and diverse culture influenced by its history,
religion (predominantly Islam), language, festivals, music, dance, literature, and cuisine, reflecting
the fusion of different cultural elements.

24. Automation: Automation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks or
processes with minimal human intervention. In Bangladesh, automation is being increasingly
adopted across industries to improve productivity, efficiency, and quality of output, leading to
advancements in manufacturing, agriculture, and service sectors.

25. Green Financing: Green Financing, also known as sustainable financing, involves providing
financial support to environmentally friendly and sustainable projects or initiatives. In Bangladesh,
green financing aims to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, eco-friendly infrastructure,
and climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts to foster sustainable development and
environmental preservation.

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26. Globalization: Globalization refers to the interconnectedness and integration of economies,

societies, and cultures on a global scale. In Bangladesh, globalization has led to increased trade,
foreign investment, technological advancements, and cultural exchange, shaping the country's
economy and society.

27. E-banking: E-banking, short for electronic banking, encompasses various digital platforms and
technologies that enable individuals and businesses to conduct financial transactions and access
banking services online. In Bangladesh, e-banking has gained popularity, offering convenience,
efficiency, and 24/7 access to banking facilities.

28. International Mother Language Day: International Mother Language Day is observed on February
21st to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and commemorate the language movement of 1952
in Bangladesh. It celebrates the importance of preserving and promoting mother tongues as an
integral part of cultural heritage.

29. Email: Email, short for electronic mail, is a digital communication method that allows users to
send, receive, and store messages and files electronically. In Bangladesh, email has become a
widely used tool for communication in personal, professional, and academic contexts, facilitating
quick and efficient information exchange.

30. Digital Bangladesh: Digital Bangladesh is a vision and initiative of the Government of Bangladesh
to transform the country into a technologically advanced and digitally connected society. It aims to
leverage information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance governance, service
delivery, education, healthcare, and economic development.

31. Greenhouse Effect: The Greenhouse Effect refers to the process in which certain gases in the
Earth's atmosphere trap heat, leading to the warming of the planet. In Bangladesh, the Greenhouse
Effect is a significant concern due to its potential impact on climate change, sea-level rise, and the
vulnerability of coastal areas.

32. Metro Rail: Metro Rail, also known as a subway or underground, is a rapid transit system that uses
electric-powered trains to transport passengers within urban areas. In Bangladesh, the construction
of metro rail networks, such as the Dhaka Metro Rail, aims to address the challenges of urban
transportation and alleviate traffic congestion.

33. Padma Bridge: The Padma Bridge is a multipurpose road and rail bridge under construction over
the Padma River in Bangladesh. It is a crucial infrastructure project that will connect the southwestern
region of the country with the capital city, Dhaka, and facilitate transportation, trade, and economic
development.

34. Bangladesh's Aspiration to be a Middle-Income Country: Bangladesh's aspiration to become a

middle-income country refers to its goal of achieving a higher level of economic development and

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improving the living standards of its population. The government and various stakeholders in
Bangladesh are implementing strategies and policies to boost economic growth, reduce poverty,
and enhance human development indicators.

35. RMG in Bangladesh: RMG, or Ready-Made Garments, is a significant sector of Bangladesh's

economy, involving the manufacturing and export of clothing and textiles. The RMG industry is a
major source of employment and foreign exchange earnings for Bangladesh, contributing to
economic growth and international trade.

36. Global Warming: Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average temperature
due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases. In Bangladesh, global warming
poses significant challenges, including rising sea levels, increased frequency of natural disasters,
and threats to agricultural productivity and food security.

37. Rural Development: Rural development focuses on improving the economic, social, and
infrastructural conditions of rural areas. In Bangladesh, rural development initiatives aim to reduce
poverty, enhance livelihood opportunities, provide access to basic services like education and
healthcare, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

38. Millennium Development Goals (MDG): The Millennium Development Goals were a set of eight
international development targets established by the United Nations in 2000. Bangladesh made
significant progress in achieving the MDGs, including poverty reduction, education, gender equality,
and child health, and has now transitioned to working towards the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).

39. Public-Private Partnership (PPP): Public-Private Partnership involves collaboration between the
government and private sector entities to deliver public infrastructure, services, and development
projects. In Bangladesh, PPP models have been utilized in sectors such as transportation, energy, and
healthcare to leverage private sector expertise, investment, and efficiency for public benefit.

40. Rohingya: The Rohingya are a stateless Muslim ethnic minority group primarily residing in
Myanmar, but a significant number have sought refuge in Bangladesh. The Rohingya crisis involves
their persecution and displacement, creating challenges for Bangladesh in providing humanitarian
aid, shelter, and support to the Rohingya refugees.

41. EPZ (Export Processing Zone): Export Processing Zones are designated industrial areas where
companies enjoy special incentives and streamlined procedures for manufacturing and exporting
goods. In Bangladesh, EPZs have played a crucial role in attracting foreign investment, promoting
export-oriented industries, and generating employment opportunities.

42. Money Laundering: Money laundering refers to the illegal process of disguising the origins of illicitly
obtained money to make it appear legitimate. In Bangladesh, combating money laundering is a

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priority, and various measures and regulations have been put in place by the government and
financial institutions to prevent and detect money laundering activities.

43. Fiscal Year: A fiscal year is a 12-month accounting period used by governments and businesses
for financial reporting and budgeting purposes. In Bangladesh, the fiscal year starts on July 1st and
ends on June 30th of the following year, aligning with the country's budget cycle and economic
planning.

44. Budget: A budget is a financial plan that outlines projected revenues and expenditures for a
specific period. In Bangladesh, the national budget is presented annually by the government and
determines the allocation of resources to various sectors, programs, and development priorities.

45. Economic Zone: An Economic Zone is a designated area within a country where specific policies
and regulations are implemented to attract investment, promote economic activities, and create
employment. In Bangladesh, economic zones, such as the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority
(BEZA), serve as platforms for industrialization, export-oriented production, and foreign direct
investment.

46. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Gross Domestic Product is a measure of the total value of all
goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period. In Bangladesh, GDP
is an important indicator of economic growth and development, reflecting the overall size and
performance of the country's economy.

47. Gross National Product (GNP): Gross National Product is a measure of the total value of all goods
and services produced by the residents of a country, both domestically and abroad, during a
specific period. In Bangladesh, GNP takes into account the income generated by Bangladeshi
individuals and businesses operating within the country and overseas.

48. Good Governance: Good governance refers to the effective, transparent, and accountable
management of public affairs and resources by the government. In Bangladesh, good governance
is essential for promoting stability, economic development, social justice, and the rule of law.

49. Mobile Banking: Mobile banking, also known as m-banking, is a service that allows individuals to
conduct financial transactions and access banking services using mobile devices, such as
smartphones or feature phones. In Bangladesh, mobile banking has gained significant popularity,
particularly in rural areas, for facilitating convenient and secure financial transactions.

50. Remittance: Remittance refers to the money sent by individuals working abroad to their home
country. In Bangladesh, remittances from Bangladeshi expatriates are a significant source of foreign
exchange earnings and play a vital role in the country's economy, supporting households,
consumption, and investment.

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51. Brexit: Brexit refers to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU) following
a referendum held in 2016. While Bangladesh is not directly impacted by Brexit, it may have
implications for global trade dynamics, including trade agreements and preferences that
Bangladesh enjoys with the UK and the EU.

52. Green Banking: Green banking, also known as sustainable banking, involves incorporating
environmental and social considerations into banking practices and decision-making. In
Bangladesh, green banking initiatives aim to promote environmentally friendly practices, financing
renewable energy projects, and supporting sustainable development.

53. Microcredit: Microcredit refers to the provision of small loans to low-income individuals or groups
who have limited access to traditional banking services. Bangladesh is renowned for its successful
microcredit programs, pioneered by organizations like Grameen Bank, which have helped alleviate
poverty and empower marginalized communities.

54. L/C (Letter of Credit): A Letter of Credit is a financial document issued by a bank on behalf of a
buyer, guaranteeing payment to a seller once specified conditions are met. In Bangladesh, Letters
of Credit are widely used in international trade transactions to ensure secure and efficient payment
settlements.

55. SDR (Special Drawing Rights): Special Drawing Rights are an international reserve asset created
by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement member countries' official reserves. SDRs
are based on a basket of major currencies and provide liquidity and stability in the global financial
system.

56. Tax Holiday: A tax holiday refers to a period during which businesses or specific industries are
exempted from paying certain taxes or granted reduced tax rates. In Bangladesh, tax holidays have
been offered to attract foreign investment and promote targeted sectors to encourage economic
growth and industrialization.

57. Stagflation: Stagflation refers to a combination of stagnant economic growth, high

unemployment rates, and high inflation. While stagflation is not currently a significant issue in
Bangladesh, it is an economic phenomenon that can pose challenges for policymakers in managing
the economy effectively.

58. Deflation: Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services in an economy,
resulting in an increase in the purchasing power of money. While deflation can have benefits, such
as increased affordability, it can also lead to reduced consumer spending and investment, posing
challenges to economic growth.

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59. Blue Chip: Blue chip refers to a company with a long-established reputation for reliability, stability,
and strong financial performance. In Bangladesh, blue-chip companies are typically large and well-
established entities that are considered reliable and safe investment options.

60. Blue Economy: Blue economy refers to sustainable economic activities and practices related to
oceans, seas, and coastal areas. In Bangladesh, the blue economy encompasses sectors such as
fisheries, marine resources, tourism, and maritime transportation, aiming to balance economic
development with environmental conservation and social well-being.

61. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was
an international agreement established in 1947 to promote international trade by reducing tariffs
and trade barriers. Bangladesh, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), adheres to
GATT principles and participates in global trade negotiations.

62. International Development Association (IDA): The International Development Association is part
of the World Bank Group and provides low-interest loans and grants to the world's poorest countries
for development projects. Bangladesh has been a recipient of IDA support, which has contributed to
various sectors, including infrastructure, education, and poverty reduction.

63. IFC (International Finance Corporation): The International Finance Corporation is a member of
the World Bank Group and focuses on promoting private sector investment in developing countries.
In Bangladesh, the IFC has played a role in supporting private sector development, financing
projects, and promoting sustainable business practices.

64. Excise Duty: Excise duty is a tax imposed on the production or sale of specific goods within a
country. In Bangladesh, excise duties are levied on various products such as tobacco, alcohol, and
certain luxury items, contributing to government revenue and serving as a regulatory tool.

65. Liquidity: Liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset or investment can be converted into
cash without causing significant price changes. In the context of Bangladesh, maintaining adequate
liquidity in the financial system is essential for smooth functioning, stability, and efficient allocation
of funds.

66. Profitability: Profitability refers to the ability of a business or investment to generate profits or
financial returns. In Bangladesh, profitability is a key factor in assessing the performance and
sustainability of companies across various sectors, influencing investment decisions and economic
growth.

67. Bail-out: A bailout refers to financial assistance provided to a struggling company, institution, or
government entity to prevent its collapse or insolvency. While bailouts are not unique to Bangladesh,

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they can occur in situations where the failure of an entity could have significant negative impacts
on the economy or public welfare.

MORE
68. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO): Non-Governmental Organizations are non-profit,
voluntary organizations that operate independently of the government and aim to address social,
humanitarian, or environmental issues. Bangladesh is home to numerous NGOs that play a vital role
in areas such as poverty alleviation, healthcare, education, and disaster relief.

69. Delta Plan 2100: The Delta Plan 2100 is a long-term strategic plan developed by the government
of Bangladesh to address the challenges and opportunities related to climate change and
sustainable development in the country's coastal areas. It aims to enhance water resource
management, protect ecosystems, and promote socio-economic development in the vulnerable
delta region.

70. Smart Bangladesh: Smart Bangladesh refers to the vision and initiatives taken by the government
to leverage digital technologies and innovation for economic development, improved governance,
and enhanced quality of life. It encompasses various sectors, including smart cities, digital
infrastructure, e-governance, and ICT-enabled services.

71. COP 28: COP 28 refers to the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is an international gathering where world leaders,
policymakers, and stakeholders come together to discuss and negotiate climate change-related
issues and strategies. Bangladesh actively participates in COP meetings to advocate for climate
justice and sustainable development.

72. Cashless Bangladesh: Cashless Bangladesh envisions a society where financial transactions are
primarily conducted through electronic or digital means, reducing reliance on physical cash. It
involves the promotion of digital payment systems, mobile banking, online transactions, and
financial inclusion, aiming for a more efficient, transparent, and secure financial ecosystem.

73. Vision 2041: Vision 2041 is a long-term development vision set by the government of Bangladesh,
aiming to transform the country into a prosperous and developed nation by the year 2041. It
encompasses various sectors, including infrastructure development, human resource development,
sustainable economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental conservation.

74. Digital Bank: A digital bank is a financial institution that primarily operates online or through digital
platforms, providing banking services and financial products to customers remotely. In Bangladesh,
digital banks have emerged as alternatives to traditional brick-and-mortar banks, offering
convenience, accessibility, and innovative financial solutions.

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75. Fintech: Fintech, short for financial technology, refers to the application of technology and
innovation to enhance and improve financial services. In Bangladesh, the fintech sector has
witnessed significant growth, with the introduction of digital payment systems, mobile banking,
online lending platforms, and other innovative financial solutions.

76. 5G: 5G, or fifth-generation, is the latest standard in wireless communication technology, offering
faster data transfer speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity compared to previous generations.
In Bangladesh, the deployment of 5G networks holds the potential to revolutionize various sectors,
including telecommunications, e-commerce, healthcare, and smart cities, enabling advanced
connectivity and digital transformation.

77. E-commerce: E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the
Internet. In Bangladesh, e-commerce has experienced significant growth, allowing businesses to
reach a wider customer base, facilitate online transactions, and contribute to the digital economy.

78. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 global
goals established by the United Nations to address various social, economic, and environmental
challenges by 2030. Bangladesh is committed to achieving the SDGs, focusing on poverty
eradication, quality education, gender equality, renewable energy, climate action, and more.

79. Digital Literacy: Digital literacy refers to the ability to use digital technologies and tools effectively
and responsibly. In Bangladesh, efforts are being made to enhance digital literacy skills among the
population to ensure equitable access to digital opportunities, bridge the digital divide, and foster a
digitally empowered society.

80. Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity involves measures and practices to protect computer systems,
networks, and data from unauthorized access, breaches, and attacks. In Bangladesh, cybersecurity
is a growing concern as digital technologies advance, and efforts are being made to strengthen
cybersecurity infrastructure, awareness, and legislation.

81. Start-up: A start-up refers to a newly established and innovative business venture with high
growth potential. In Bangladesh, the start-up ecosystem has been growing rapidly, with support from
the government, investors, and various initiatives promoting entrepreneurship, fostering innovation,
and creating employment opportunities.

82. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that focuses on
creating intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.
In Bangladesh, AI is being explored and applied in various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture,
education, and automation, to drive efficiency and innovation.

83. Climate Resilience: Climate resilience refers to the capacity of individuals, communities, and
systems to adapt to and recover from the impacts of climate change. In Bangladesh, being one of

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the most climate-vulnerable countries, climate resilience measures are crucial for mitigating risks,
protecting livelihoods, and ensuring sustainable development.

84. Renewable Energy: Renewable energy refers to energy derived from natural sources that are
replenished and have a low impact on the environment, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. In
Bangladesh, promoting renewable energy is a priority to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, combat
climate change, and ensure energy security.

85. Gender Equality: Gender equality refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of
individuals regardless of their gender. In Bangladesh, efforts are being made to promote gender
equality, empower women and girls, address gender-based violence, ensure equal access to
education and employment, and achieve inclusive development.

86. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Greenhouse gas emissions are gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2)
and methane, that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and contribute to global warming and
climate change. In Bangladesh, efforts are being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
promote clean

87. Telemedicine: Telemedicine refers to the use of telecommunications technology to provide

remote medical services and healthcare consultations. In Bangladesh, telemedicine has gained
importance, especially in rural areas, where access to healthcare facilities is limited, enabling people
to receive medical advice and diagnosis from healthcare professionals through digital platforms.

88. Cybercrime: Cybercrime refers to criminal activities conducted through digital platforms or
targeting computer systems, networks, or individuals. In Bangladesh, cybercrime poses a significant
challenge, and measures are being taken to enhance cybersecurity, raise awareness, and enforce
legislation to combat cyber threats and protect individuals and businesses.

89. social media: social media refers to online platforms and websites that allow users to create,
share, and interact with content and engage in virtual communities. In Bangladesh, social media
platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become popular channels for
communication, information sharing, and social networking.

90. Public-Private Partnership (PPP): Public-Private Partnership involves collaboration between

government entities and private sector organizations to jointly undertake and finance infrastructure
projects and public services. In Bangladesh, PPP initiatives have been implemented to address
infrastructure gaps, promote economic development, and improve service delivery in sectors such
as transportation, energy, and healthcare.

91. Renewable Energy: Renewable energy refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and
have a minimal impact on the environment, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. In Bangladesh,
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the promotion of renewable energy plays a vital role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating
climate change, and achieving sustainable energy access.

92. Green Building: Green building, also known as sustainable building or eco-friendly construction,
involves designing and constructing structures that have minimal impact on the environment,
conserve resources, and promote energy efficiency. In Bangladesh, green building practices are
being adopted to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and create healthier and more
sustainable living and working environments.

93. Microfinance: Microfinance refers to the provision of financial services, such as small loans,
savings accounts, and insurance, to low-income individuals and underserved communities who
have limited access to traditional banking services. In Bangladesh, microfinance programs have
been instrumental in poverty reduction, women's empowerment, and fostering entrepreneurship
and financial inclusion.

94. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Corporate Social Responsibility refers to the responsibility
of businesses to contribute to sustainable development, address social and environmental issues,
and positively impact society. In Bangladesh, CSR initiatives involve companies undertaking activities
such as community development projects, environmental conservation, philanthropy, and ethical
business practices.

95. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development refers to balanced and equitable growth
that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In Bangladesh, sustainable development involves economic
growth, social progress, and environmental stewardship, considering factors such as poverty
alleviation, education, health, and environmental sustainability.

96. E-Governance: E-Governance involves the use of digital technologies and online platforms to
enhance the delivery of government services, improve efficiency, and promote transparency and
citizen participation. In Bangladesh, e-governance initiatives aim to streamline administrative
processes, reduce corruption, and provide convenient and accessible services to citizens.

97. Universal Pension Scheme: A Universal Pension Scheme is a government program that provides
pension benefits to all eligible individuals, regardless of their income, employment status, or
contribution history. In Bangladesh, the Universal Pension Scheme aims to ensure social security and
financial stability for senior citizens by providing regular income after retirement.

98. DAP: Detailed Area Planning (DAP) is a comprehensive planning process that focuses on the
detailed development and utilization of a specific area within a city or region. It involves analyzing
land use, infrastructure requirements, transportation systems, and other factors to create a blueprint
for the physical and social development of the designated area, ensuring sustainable and orderly
growth.
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99. Green Energy: Green energy refers to renewable energy sources that have minimal
environmental impact and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In Bangladesh, green
energy initiatives include the development and utilization of solar power, wind energy, and
hydroelectric power to meet the country's energy needs while promoting sustainability and
combating climate change.

100. RSF: The Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) provides affordable long-term financing to
countries undertaking reforms to reduce risks to prospective balance of payments stability, including
those related to climate change and pandemic preparedness.

BANK, ECONOMICS & FINANCE RELATED

1. Mutual Funds: Investment vehicles that pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified
portfolio of securities, such as stocks and bonds.

2. Initial Public Offering (IPO): The process through which a private company offers its shares to the
public for the first time, allowing individuals to invest and become shareholders.

3. Exchange Rates: The value of one currency in terms of another currency, determining the price at
which one currency can be exchanged for another in the foreign exchange market.

4. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The monetary value of all goods and services produced within a
country's borders in a specific time period, often used as a measure of economic activity.

5. GNP (Gross National Product): The total value of goods and services produced by the residents of
a country, both domestically and abroad, within a specific time period.

6. Budget Deficit: A situation where a government's spending exceeds its revenue, resulting in
negative net borrowing and an increase in national debt.

7. Trade Deficit: The negative balance that occurs when a country imports more goods and services
than it exports, indicating that it is spending more on imports than it is earning from exports.

8. Balance of Payments: A record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the
world during a specific period, including trade, investments, and transfers.

9. Stock Market: A marketplace where stocks (shares) of publicly traded companies are bought and
sold, providing a platform for investors to participate in ownership and trading of equities.

10. Bonds: Fixed-income securities that represent loans made by investors to governments,
municipalities, or corporations, with the issuer promising to repay the principal amount plus interest
at a specified future date.

11. Venture Capital: Financing provided to startup companies or small businesses with high growth
potential, typically involving equity investments in exchange for ownership stakes.
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12. Corporate Governance: The system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is
directed and controlled, aiming to balance the interests of stakeholders and ensure accountability.

13. Corporate Finance: The field of finance that deals with the financial decisions and strategies of
corporations, including capital investment, financing, and dividend policies.

14. Credit Rating: An assessment of the creditworthiness and risk associated with a borrower, issuer,
or specific debt instrument, typically assigned by credit rating agencies.

15. Risk Management: The process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks in order to
minimize potential losses and maximize opportunities.

16. Central Bank: A financial institution responsible for managing a country's money supply,
controlling interest rates, and overseeing the stability and functioning of the banking system.

17. Commercial Bank: A financial institution that offers various services to individuals, businesses, and
governments, including accepting deposits, providing loans, and facilitating payments.

18. Investment Banking: A division of banking focused on providing financial services and advice to
corporations, governments, and other institutions regarding capital raising, mergers and
acquisitions, and other financial transactions.

19. Retail Banking: The provision of banking services to individual customers, such as savings
accounts, checking accounts, loans, and other financial products and services.

20. Asset Management: The management of investments on behalf of individuals, institutions, or

funds, aiming to maximize returns and minimize risks through the strategic allocation of assets.

21. Capital Markets: The financial markets where long-term securities, such as stocks and bonds, are
bought and sold, facilitating the allocation of capital and investment opportunities.

22. Money Market: A segment of the financial market where short-term borrowing and lending of
funds occur, typically involving instruments with high liquidity and low risk, such as Treasury bills and
commercial paper.

23. Foreign Exchange (Forex): The decentralized global market where currencies are bought and sold,
enabling international trade and investment by determining exchange rates.

24. Solvency: The ability of an individual, company, or institution to meet its financial obligations and
pay off debts when they become due.

25. Dividend: A portion of a company's profits distributed to its shareholders as a return on their
investment in the form of cash or additional shares.

26. Securities: Tradable financial assets, such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives, representing
ownership or creditorship rights in a company or government entity.
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27. Savings Account: A bank account that allows individuals to deposit and store money while
earning interest on the deposited funds.

28. Current Account: A type of bank account that facilitates regular transactions, such as deposits,
withdrawals, and payments, typically used for day-to-day financial activities.

29. Debit Card: A payment card linked to a bank account, allowing the cardholder to make electronic
transactions by deducting funds directly from the account.

30. Credit Card: A payment card that enables the cardholder to borrow funds from a financial
institution up to a certain credit limit, with the option to repay the borrowed amount over time or in
full.

31. Cheque: A written order instructing a bank to pay a specific amount of money from the drawer's
account to the payee.

32. Overdraft: A credit facility provided by a bank that allows an account holder to withdraw more
money than is available in the account, up to a predetermined limit.

33. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): The electronic exchange of money from one bank account to
another, facilitating various types of financial transactions, such as online payments and direct
deposits.

34. Online Banking: A service offered by banks that allows customers to perform various financial
transactions, such as account management, bill payments, and fund transfers, through the internet.

35. Mobile Banking: A banking service that enables customers to conduct financial transactions,
access account information, and manage their finances using mobile devices, such as
smartphones or tablets.

36. Wire Transfer: A method of electronic funds transfer that allows the swift transfer of money from
one bank or financial institution to another, often used for large or international transactions.

37. Bankruptcy: A legal process through which individuals or businesses declare their inability to
repay their debts, seeking relief from their financial obligations and potential liquidation of assets.

38. Collateral: Assets or property offered as security for a loan, which the lender can seize and sell to
recover the outstanding debt if the borrower defaults.

39. Mortgage: A loan provided by a financial institution to finance the purchase of real estate, with
the property itself serving as collateral for the loan.

40. Fixed Deposit: A financial instrument offered by banks where a sum of money is deposited for a
fixed period at a predetermined interest rate, providing higher interest earnings compared to regular
savings accounts.
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41. Bank Statement: A periodic document provided by a bank to an account holder, summarizing the
transactions, balances, and other relevant details of the account within a specific period.

42. Line of Credit: A flexible borrowing arrangement provided by a financial institution, allowing a
borrower to access funds up to a predetermined credit limit as needed, with interest charged only
on the amount borrowed.

43. Overdraft Protection: A service offered by banks to prevent overdrawing an account by

automatically transferring funds from another linked account or providing a short-term loan to cover
the shortfall.

44. Cashier's Check: A check issued by a bank on its own funds, guaranteeing payment to the payee
since the funds are already deposited with the bank.

45. Merchant Account: An account established by a business to accept and process debit card and
credit card payments from customers, typically through a payment processor or acquiring bank.

46. International Banking: The provision of banking services, including lending, trade financing, and
foreign currency transactions, to individuals, businesses, and governments across national borders.

47. Swift Code: A unique identification code used in international wire transfers to identify a particular
bank or financial institution, ensuring the correct routing of funds.

48. Clearing House: A financial institution or organization that facilitates the settlement and
clearance of financial transactions, ensuring the smooth transfer of funds between banks or
financial entities.

49. Trade Finance: Financial services and products, such as letters of credit, trade insurance, and
factoring, are designed to facilitate and mitigate risks in international trade transactions.

50. KYC (Know Your Customer): A regulatory requirement imposed on banks and financial institutions
to verify the identity, suitability, and risk associated with their customers before establishing a
business relationship.

51. Anti-Money Laundering (AML): Measures and regulations implemented by financial institutions
and governments to detect, prevent, and report activities aimed at disguising the origins of illicitly
obtained funds.

52. SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication): A global messaging
network used by banks and financial institutions to securely exchange information and instructions
for international transactions.

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53. Nostro Account: An account held by a bank in a foreign currency with another bank, usually
located in the country where the currency is issued, facilitating foreign exchange and international
transactions.

54. Vostro Account: An account held by a foreign bank with a local bank in a foreign currency,
enabling the foreign bank to provide local banking services to its clients in the foreign country.

55. RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement): A funds transfer system that enables real-time and gross
settlement of high-value and time-critical interbank transactions, usually operated by a country's
central bank.

56. NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer): A payment system that allows individuals and
businesses to electronically transfer funds from one bank account to another within the same
country, typically with a deferred settlement.

57. CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio): The portion of a bank's deposits that it must hold in the form of reserves
with the central bank, which helps regulate the liquidity and credit expansion in the banking system.

58. SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio): The minimum percentage of a bank's net demand and time
liabilities that it must maintain as specified liquid assets, such as cash, gold, or government
securities, ensuring liquidity and stability.

59. NPA (Non-Performing Asset): A loan or advance where the borrower has failed to make interest
or principal payments for a specific period, typically classified as non-performing after a certain
number of days.

60. Basel Accords: International banking regulations and standards developed by the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision to promote stability and risk management in the global banking
system.

61. Asset Liability Management: Financial institutions' strategic management of assets and liabilities
to ensure a proper balance between profitability, liquidity, and risk.

62. Bangladesh Automated Cheque Processing Systems (BACPS): Bangladesh Automated Cheque
Processing Systems (BACPS) is an automation system that uses Cheque Imaging and Truncation
(CIT) technology for electronic presentment and payment of paper-based instruments (i.e., cheque,
pay order, dividend & refund warrants, etc.) It allows banks to exchange cheque images and data
electronically, reducing manual handling and speeding up cheque clearing and settlement.

63. Financial Inclusion: Financial inclusion refers to efforts to make financial products and services
accessible and affordable to all individuals and businesses, regardless of their personal net worth or
company size.

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64. Economic Growth: The increase in a country's production of goods and services over time,
typically measured by changes in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

65. Risk Assessment: The process of evaluating and identifying potential risks, their likelihood of
occurrence, and their potential impact on an organization or investment.

66. Financial Technology (Fintech): The use of technology and innovation to provide financial
services, including digital banking, online payments, blockchain, and other technological
advancements in the financial industry.

67. Cryptocurrencies: Digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for secure transactions,
typically decentralized and operating on blockchain technology, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

68. Bangladesh Electronic Funds Transfer Network (BEFTN): BEFTN is the country's first paperless
electronic inter-bank funds transfer system that facilitates both credit and debit transactions, as a
lead-over cheque clearing system. This network can handle credit transfers such as payroll, foreign
and domestic remittances, social security payments, company dividends, bill payments, corporate
payments, government tax payments, social security payments, and person-to-person payments.

69. National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB): NPSB is meant for establishing interoperability
among participating banks for their account and card-based transactions. Currently, it caters to
interbank Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sales (POS), and Internet Banking Fund Transfer
(IBFT) transactions while the Mobile Financial Services interoperability is under active consideration.
53 Banks are now interconnected through NPSB for their ATM transactions

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