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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﻧﻴﻮﺗﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ 1.0‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔﺭﻗﻢ‪BO/05 :‬‬
‫‪2.0‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ‬
‫‪ 03.0‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ :1‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.5‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺃ(‬

‫‪.2‬ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺏ(‬

‫‪0.6‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍء‬

‫‪.1‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎءﺓ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ )ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ( ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻠﺆﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(1‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬ﻗﻢ ﺃﻭﻻ ًﺑﺈﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮءﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪.6‬ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺈﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ً.‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺣﺪﺍً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪.7‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﻉ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ٍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺍً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪ .‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ًﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
 ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﻧﻴﻮﺗﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.0‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ :2‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ(‪.‬‬

‫‪.8‬ﺍﻣﻸ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ )‪ (%2.5 ،%5 ،%10‬ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪.9‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،10‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻗﺴﻤﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻊ ‪ 20‬ﻗﺴﻤﺎً ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪0.05‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪0‬ﺱﺇﻟﻰ ‪180‬ﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪.10‬ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻴﻪ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ًﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻧﻀﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪2θ‬‬ ‫‪111. θ‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪.12‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ θ‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ ‪ 2/2+ θ1θ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪8.0‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ = ‪....‬ﺱﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ = ‪. dm ......‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ = ‪ ......‬ﺟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ = ‪......‬ﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

 ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﻧﻴﻮﺗﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ :3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪.....‬ﺱ‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺉﺮﻱ =‬

‫‪′‬‬‫‪.6‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻧﻴﺔ = ‪.....‬ﺱ= ‪.....‬‬

‫‪9.0‬ﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞ‬

‫‪.1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ )‪ (α‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬
‫) ‪(1‬‬ ‫=‪, × α‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬

‫ﻝ ﺱ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ = α‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ؛ﻝ =ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ؛ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ =ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‪.‬ﺱ =ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﺍﻡ؛ ‪ = θ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ )‪ (α‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ )ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﺴﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.....‬ﺱﺝ ﻫﻮ ‪.......‬ﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ‪ α‬ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺭﺳﻤﺎً ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.01‬ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬

‫‪.1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﻠﺉﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻘﻮﻝﺿﻮء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‪90±‬ﺱﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬ﺃﻃﻔﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﻧﻴﻮﺗﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ :4‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪0.4‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻟﺰ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ )ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(3‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺫﻭ ﺳﻤﻚ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﻥ ﺿﻮﺉﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﺉﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ( ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻃﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻸ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‪.‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎً ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ )]‪ ([α‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻛـ‬

‫‪θ‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫=‪α‬‬
‫ﻝ×ﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻦﻝﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺝﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪.‬ﺝﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺉﺒﺔ )ﺟﻢ( ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ )ﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫(‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﻃﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‪.‬‬