MODULE 8 ESAT It uses vertical polarization

1. A transmitter has an output power of 200 watts. The coaxial

and connector losses are 3 dB in total, and the antenna gain is 9 8. When a half-wave dipole antenna is installed one-half
dB. What is the approximate Effective Radiated Power of this wavelength above ground, the:
system?
side lobe radiation is cancelled
400 watts radiation pattern is unaffected
800 watts vertical or upward radiation is cancelled
1600 watts radiation pattern changes to produce side lobes at 15 and 50
3200 watts degrees

2. A transmitter has a power output of 100 watts. There is a loss 9. How does antenna height affect the horizontal (azimuthal)
of 1.30 dB in the transmission line, a loss of 0.2 dB through the radiation pattern of a horizontal dipole HF antenna?
transmatch, and a gain of 4.50 dB in the antenna. The Effective
Radiated Power (ERP) is: If the antenna is too high, the pattern becomes unpredictable
If the antenna is less than one-half wavelength high, radiation
800 watts off the ends of the wire is eliminated
100 watts If the antenna is less than one-half wavelength high, reflected
400 watts radio waves from the ground significantly distort the pattern
200 watts Antenna height has no effect on the pattern

3. If the overall gain of an amateur station is increased by 3 dB 10. For long distance propagation, the vertical radiation angle of
the ERP (Effective Radiated Power) will: the energy from the antenna should be:

decrease by 3 watts more than 45 degrees but less than 90 degrees

double less than 30 degrees
remain the same more than 30 degrees but less than 45 degrees
be cut in half 90 degrees

4. For a 3-element Yagi antenna with horizontally mounted 11. Greater distance can be covered with multiple-hop
elements, how does the main lobe takeoff angle vary with transmissions by decreasing the:
height above flat ground?
main height of the antenna
It does not vary with height length of the antenna
It decreases with increasing height vertical radiation angle of the antenna
It depends on E-region height, not antenna height power applied to the antenna
It increases with increasing height
12. The impedance at the center of a dipole antenna more than 3
5. Most simple horizontally polarized antennas do not exhibit wavelengths above ground would be nearest to:
any directivity unless they are:
300 ohms
a quarter wavelength above the ground 25 ohms
three-eighths of a wavelength above the ground 600 ohms
a half wavelength or more above the ground 75 ohms
an eighth of a wavelength above the ground
13. What is the main reason why so many VHF base and mobile
6. The plane from which ground reflections can be considered antennas are 5/8 of a wavelength?
to take place, or the effective ground plane for an antenna is:
It's easy to match the antenna to the transmitter
at ground level exactly Most of the energy is radiated at a low angle
as much as a meter above ground The angle of radiation is high giving excellent local coverage
several centimeters to as much as 2 meters below ground, It's a convenient length on VHF
depending upon soil conditions
as much as 6 cm below ground depending upon soil conditions 14. The most important consideration when deciding upon an
antenna for contacting stations at great distances (DX) is:
7. Why is a ground-mounted vertical quarter-wave antenna in
reasonably open surroundings better for long distance contacts vertical angle of radiation
than a half-wave dipole at a quarter wavelength above ground? sunspot activity
bandwidth
The radiation resistance is lower impedance
It has an omnidirectional characteristic 15. What is meant by the radiation resistance of an antenna?
The vertical radiation angle is lower
 The specific impedance of an antenna
The equivalent resistance that would dissipate the same (total resistance / radiation resistance) X 100
amount of power as that radiated from an antenna (effective radiated power / transmitter output) X 100
The combined losses of the antenna elements and feed line (radiation resistance / total resistance) X 100
The resistance in the atmosphere that an antenna must (radiation resistance / transmission resistance) X 100
overcome to be able to radiate a signal
23. What is the term used for an equivalent resistance which
16. Why would one need to know the radiation resistance of an would dissipate the same amount of energy as that radiated from
antenna? an antenna?

To calculate the front-to-back ratio of the antenna "j" factor

To measure the near-field radiation density from a transmitting Radiation resistance
antenna "K" factor
To calculate the front-to-side ratio of the antenna Antenna resistance
To match impedances for maximum power transfer
24. Antenna beamwidth is an angle formed from the antenna
17. What factors determine the radiation resistance of an center-line to:
antenna?
the maximum lobe spread points on the major lobe
Antenna location with respect to nearby objects and the the 3 dB power points on the first minor lobe
conductors length/diameter ratio the 6 dB power points on the major lobe
Sunspot activity and time of day the points on the major lobe at the half-power points
Transmission line length and antenna height
It is a physical constant and is the same for all antennas 25. Antenna beamwidth is an angle formed from the antenna
center-line to:
18. What is the term for the ratio of the radiation resistance of
an antenna to the total resistance of the system? the points on the major lobe at the half-power points
the 3 dB power points on the first minor lobe
Effective Radiated Power the 6 dB power points on the major lobe
Antenna efficiency the maximum lobe spread points on the major lobe
Radiation conversion loss
Beamwidth 26. How does the range of sky-wave propagation compare to
ground- wave propagation?
19. What is the term for the ratio of the radiation resistance of
an antenna to the total resistance of the system? It is much longer
It is much shorter
Beamwidth It depends on the weather
Radiation conversion loss It is about the same
Effective Radiated Power
Antenna efficiency 27. When a signal is returned to earth by the ionosphere, what is
this called?
20. What is included in the total resistance of an antenna
system? Earth-moon-earth propagation
Tropospheric propagation
Radiation resistance plus ohmic resistance Ground-wave propagation
Transmission line resistance plus radiation resistance Sky-wave propagation
Radiation resistance plus transmission resistance
Radiation resistance plus space impedance 28. How are VHF signals propagated within the range of the
visible horizon?
21. How can the approximate beamwidth of a beam antenna be
determined? By geometric wave
By sky wave
Draw two imaginary lines through the ends of the elements By direct wave
and measure the angle between the lines By plane wave
Measure the ratio of the signal strengths of the radiated power
lobes from the front and side of the antenna 29. Skywave is another name for:
Note the two points where the signal strength is down 3 dB
from the maximum signal point and compute the angular tropospheric wave
difference ionospheric wave
22. Measure the ratio of the signal strengths of the radiated inverted wave
power lobes from the front and rear of the antenna ground wave
How is antenna percent efficiency calculated?
30. That portion of the radiation which is directly affected by 38. Which region of the ionosphere is the least useful for long
the surface of the earth is called: distance radio-wave propagation?

tropospheric wave The E region

ionospheric wave The F2 region
inverted wave The F1 region
ground wave The D region

31. At HF frequencies, line-of-sight transmission between two 39. What two sub-regions of ionosphere exist only in the
stations uses mainly the: daytime?

ionosphere Electrostatic and electromagnetic

troposphere D and E
skip wave F1 and F2
ground wave Troposphere and stratosphere

32. The distance travelled by ground waves: 40. When is the ionosphere most ionized?

is less at higher frequencies Dusk

depends on the maximum usable frequency Midnight
is the same for all frequencies Midday
is more at higher frequencies Dawn

33. The radio wave which follows a path from the transmitter to 41. When is the ionosphere least ionized?
the ionosphere and back to earth is known correctly as the:

ionospheric wave Just after dusk

F layer Shortly before midnight
skip wave Just after noon
surface wave Shortly before dawn

34. Reception of high frequency (HF) radio waves beyond 4000 42. Why is the F2 region mainly responsible for the longest
km is generally possible by: distance radio-wave propagation?

ground wave Because it is the lowest ionospheric region

skip wave Because it does not absorb radio waves as much as other
ionospheric wave ionospheric regions
surface wave Because it is the highest ionospheric region
Because it exists only at night
35. What causes the ionosphere to form?
43. What is the main reason the 160, 80 and 40 metre amateur
Lightning ionizing the outer atmosphere bands tend to be useful only for short- distance communications
Release of fluorocarbons into the atmosphere during daylight hours?
Temperature changes ionizing the outer atmosphere
Solar radiation ionizing the outer atmosphere Because of magnetic flux
Because of D-region absorption
36. What type of solar radiation is most responsible for Because of auroral propagation
ionization in the outer atmosphere? Because of a lack of activity

Microwave 44. During the day, one of the ionospheric layers splits into two
Thermal parts called:
Ionized particle
Ultraviolet E1 & E2
D1 & D2
37. Which ionospheric region is closest to the earth? F1 & F2
A&B
The D region
The A region 45. The position of the E layer in the ionosphere is:
The F region
The E region below the F layer
above the F layer
below the D layer
 sporadic perigee and apogee
downlink and uplink
46. What is a skip zone? uplink and downlink

An area covered by ground- wave propagation 54. The bandwidth of an FM signal is considered to be limited
An area covered by sky-wave propagation because:
An area which is too far away for ground-wave propagation,
but too close for sky-wave propagation it is band-limited at the receiver
An area which is too far away for ground-wave or sky-wave there can only be a finite number of sidebands
propagation it is equal to the frequency deviation
the power in the outer sidebands is negligible
47. What is the maximum distance along the earth's surface
that is normally covered in one hop using the F2 region? 55. Mathematically, the calculation of FM bandwidth requires the
use of:
4500km (2500 miles)
325 km (180 miles) ordinary trigonometry and algebra
2160 km (1200 miles) Bessel functions
None; the F2 region does not support radio-wave propagation Taylor series
fractals
48. An advantage of digital techniques over analog in a
microwave system is: 56. FM bandwidth can be approximated by:

less bandwidth is required Armstrong's Rule

it requires less power Bessel's Rule
accumulation of noise is reduced Carson's Rule
all of the above none of the above

49. MMDS stands for: 57. NBFM stands for:

Multiple Microwave Distribution Systems National Broadcast FM

Multichannel Microwave Distribution System Near Band FM
Correct Answer Narrowband FM
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System Non-Broadcast FM
You Answered
Multipoint Microwave Distribution System 58. When FM reception deteriorates abruptly due to noise, it is
called:
50. LMDS stands for:
the limit effect
Local Multipoint Distribution System the noise effect
Local Multichannel Distribution System the threshold effect
Low-power Microwave Distribution System the capture effect
Local Microwave Distribution System
59. An FM receiver switching suddenly between two stations on
51. LMDS is: nearby frequencies is called:

unidirectional the "two-station" effect

multidirectional none of the above
none of the above the capture effect
bidirectional the threshold effect

52. The height of the geosynchronous orbit above the equator is 60. Pre-emphasis is used to:
about:
allow stereo audio to be carried by FM stations
depends on satellite velocity increase the signal to noise ratio for lower audio frequencies
3,578 km increase the signal to noise ratio for all audio frequencies
35,780 km increase the signal to noise ratio for higher audio frequencies
357,800 km

53. The high and low points of a satellite's orbit are called, 61. A pre-emphasis of 75 µs refers to:
respectively:
the time delay between the L and R channels
apogee and perigee the "dead time" before de-emphasis occurs
 the time-constant of the filter circuits used 70. With high-level AM:
the time it takes for the circuit to work
all of the above
62. FM stereo: minimum modulation power is required
minimum RF power is required
is not compatible with mono FM all RF amplifiers can be nonlinear
has a higher S/N than mono FM
uses DSBSC AM modulation 71. With high-level AM:
is implemented using an SCA signal
the RF amplifiers are typically Class A
63. An SCA signal: the RF amplifiers are typically Class B
the RF amplifiers are typically Class C
is monaural the RF amplifiers are typically Class AB
can use FM modulation
all of these are correct 72. With low-level AM:
can use amplitude modulation
the RF amplifiers must be Class AC. the RF amplifiers must be
64. The modulation index of an FM signal can be determined linear
readily: the RF amplifiers must be low-power
the RF amplifiers are typically Class C
using measurements at points where the deviation equals zero the RF amplifiers must be Class B
using measurements at points where J0 equals one
using measurements at points where J0 equals zero 73. Power amplifiers must be linear for any signal that:
only by using Bessel functions
is complex
65. The ability to change operating frequency rapidly without a has variable frequency
lot of retuning is called: all of the above
has variable amplitude
VFO
agility 74. In high-level AM, "high-level" refers to:
spread-spectrum
expansion the power level of the final RF amplifier
the power level of the carrier
66. The difference between the DC power into a transmitter and none of the above
the RF power coming out: the power level of the modulation

may require water cooling 75. In high-level AM, the power in the sidebands comes from:
is a measure of efficiency
heats the transmitter the driver stage
all of the above the carrier
the modulating amplifier
67. Baseband compression produces: the RF amplifier

none of the above 76. In an AM transmitter with 100% modulation, the voltage of
a smaller range of amplitude from soft to loud the final RF stage will be:
a smaller number of signals
a smaller range of frequencies from low to high approximately four times the DC supply voltage
approximately half the DC supply voltage
68. ALC stands for: none of the above
approximately twice the DC supply voltage
Accurate Level Control
Amplitude Level Control 77. Practical transmitters are usually designed to drive a load
none of the above impedance of:
Automatic Level Control
300 ohms resistive
69. In an AM transmitter, ALC is used to: 600 ohms resistive
75 ohms resistive
keep the modulation close to 100% 50 ohms resistive
maximize transmitted power
all of the above 78. What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line
keep the modulation below 100% present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end?
 A capacitive reactance
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line 86. What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart?
An inductive reactance
The same as the input impedance to the final generator stage Voltage circles and current arcs
Resistance lines and reactance chords
79. What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line Voltage lines and current chords
present to a generator when the line is open at the far end? Resistance circles and reactance arcs

The same as the input impedance of the final generator stage 87. Which of the following is often determined using a Smith
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line chart?
An inductive reactance
A capacitive reactance Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines
Trigonometric functions
80. What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line Satellite azimuth and elevation bearings
present to a generator when the line is open at the far end? Beam headings and radiation patterns

Very high impedance 88. What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a
The same as the input impedance to the generator Smith chart?
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
Very low impedance Resistance and voltage
Resistance and reactance
81. What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line Reactance and voltage
present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end? Voltage and impedance

Very high impedance 89. What is the process of normalization with regard to a Smith
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line chart?
Very low impedance
The same as the input impedance to the generator Reassigning prime center with regard to the reactance axis
Reassigning resistance values with regard to the reactance axis
82. What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line Reassigning impedance values with regard to the prime center
present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end? Reassigning reactance values with regard to the resistance axis

Very high impedance 90. What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart
Very low impedance during the process of solving problems?
The same as the characteristic impedance of the line
The same as the output impedance of the generator Standing-wave ratio circles
Coaxial-length circles
83. What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line Antenna-length circles
present to a generator when the line is open at the far end? Radiation-pattern circles

The same as the characteristic impedance of the line 91. What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent?
Very low impedance
The same as the output impedance of the generator Points with constant resistance
Correct! SWR
Very high impedance Points with constant reactance
Frequency
84. Which of the following is a significant difference between
foam-dielectric coaxial cable and solid-dielectric cable, assuming 92. How are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated?
all other parameters are the same?
In fractions of antenna electrical wavelength
All of these choices are correct In fractions of transmission line electrical frequency
Reduced losses per unit of length In fractions of antenna electrical frequency
Reduced safe operating voltage limits In fractions of transmission line electrical wavelength
Higher velocity factor 93. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a two-wire
open line transmission line?
85. Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith
chart? High radiation losses and noise pickup.
High frequency losses limit the practical length of the line
Impedance along transmission lines Expensive to construct and must be kept dry.
Radiation resistance All of these are correct.
Radio propagation
Antenna radiation pattern
94. What type of transmission line is often used to connect an
older television set to its antenna?

shielded pair
Twin lead
Parallel two-wire
twisted pair

95. Which of the following losses is caused by skin effect and

the I2R (power) loss?

Radiation losses
Corona losses
Copper losses
Dielectric losses.

96. What types of losses cause the dielectric material between

the conductors to be heated?

Copper losses
Dielectric losses.
Corona losses
Radiation losses

97. On an open-ended transmission line, the voltage is always

zero at what distance from each end of the line?

One-eighth the distance from each end of the line.

One-third the distance from each end of the line.
One-half the distance from each end of the line.
One-fourth the distance from each end of the line.

98. A non-resonant line is a line that has no standing waves of

current and voltage on it and is considered to be flat. Why is this
true?

All of these are correct.

The load impedance of such a line is equal to Zo.
There is no power in the line.
The SWR in the line is zero.

99. SWR stands for:

Sine Wave Response

Shorted Wire Region
none of the above
Shorted Wave Radiation

100. TDR stands for:

Time-Domain Response
Transmission Delay Ratio
Time-Domain Reflectometer
Total Distance of Reflection