Expanding brackets and simplifying expressions

GCSE to A Level Transition Work

1 Expand and simplify.
Content a 3(y2 – 8) – 4(y2 – 5) b 2x(x + 5) + 3x(x – 7)
Expanding brackets and simplifying expressions

Surds 2 Expand (2y – 8)

Rules of Indices
3 Expand and simplify.
Factorising Expressions
a 13 – 2(m + 7) b 5p(p2 + 6p) – 9p(2p – 3)
Completing the Square
4 The diagram shows a rectangle.
Solving Quadratic Equations
Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the area of
Sketching Quadratic Graphs the rectangle.
Show that the area of the rectangle can be written as
Solving Linear Simultaneous 21x2 – 35x
Solving Linear and Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
5 Expand and simplify.
Solving Simultaneous Equations Graphically

Linear Inequalities a (3x + 4y)(5y + 6x) b (x + 5)2

c (2x − 7)2 d (4x − 3y)2
Quadratic Inequalities

Translating Graphs 6 Expand and simplify (x + 3)² + (x − 4)²

Sketching Cubic and Reciprocal Graphs
7 Expand and simplify.
Rearranging Equations

Straight Line Graphs

a b
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Pythagoras’ theorem

Trigonometry

Proportion

Circle Theorems

Volume & Surface Area of 3D Shapes

Area Under a Graph

Surds

1 Simplify.
Rules of Indices
a b

1 Evaluate.
2 Simplify.
a 140 b x0
a
2 Evaluate.
b c

a b
3 Expand and simplify.

a b 3 Evaluate.

4 Rationalise and simplify, if possible. a b

a b 4 Evaluate.

5 Rationalise and simplify. a 5–2 b 4–3

a b c 5 Simplify.

a b
6 Expand and simplify

7 Rationalise and simplify, if possible. c d

a b
e f

6 Evaluate.

a b c
 d e f 3

10 Write as sums of powers of x.

a b c
Example 7 Write as a single power of x

Use the rule , note that the

fraction remains unchanged

Example 8 Write as a single power of x

1 Use the rule

2 Use the rule

7 Write the following as a single power of x.

a b c

d e f

8 Write the following without negative or fractional powers.

a b x0 c

d e f

9 Write the following in the form axn.

a b c

Factorising Expressions = 2x(x + 3) + 3(x + 3)

1 Factorise.
a 6x4y3 – 10x3y4 b 21a3b5 + 35a5b2 = (x + 3)(2x + 3)

2 Factorise So
a x2 – 3x – 40 b x2 + 3x – 28

3 Factorise
a 36x2 – 49y2 b 4x2 – 81y2
c 18a2 – 200b2c2
=

4 Factorise
a 10x2 + 21x + 9 b 12x2 – 38x + 20

5 Simplify the algebraic fractions.

Example 5 Simplify
a b
1 Factorise the numerator and the
denominator 6 Simplify

2 Work out the two factors of a b

For the numerator:
ac = −21 which add to give b = −4
b = −4, ac = −21 (−7 and 3)
c d
3 Rewrite the b term (−4x) using these
two factors
So 4 Factorise the first two terms and the
last two terms 7 Simplify
x2 − 4x – 21 = x2 − 7x + 3x – 21
5 (x − 7) is a factor of both terms

8 Simplify
= x(x − 7) + 3(x − 7) 6 Work out the two factors of
ac = 18 which add to give b = 9 Completing the Square
(6 and 3)
= (x – 7)(x + 3) Example 1 Complete the square for the quadratic expression x2 + 6x − 2
7 Rewrite the b term (9x) using these
two factors
8 Factorise the first two terms and the x2 + 6x − 2 1 Write x2 + bx + c in the form
For the denominator: last two terms
9 (x + 3) is a factor of both terms = (x + 3)2 − 9 − 2
b = 9, ac = 18
2 Simplify
10 (x + 3) is a factor of both the
So numerator and denominator so = (x + 3)2 − 11
cancels out as a value divided by
2x2 + 9x + 9 = 2x2 + 6x + 3x + 9 itself is 1

Example 2 Write 2x2 − 5x + 1 in the form p(x + q)2 + r

 1 Solve by factorising
2x2 − 5x + 1 1 Before completing the square write
ax2 + bx + c in the form a 6x2 + 4x = 0 b x2 – 36 = 0
c x2 + 3x – 28 = 0 d x2 – 6x + 9 = 0
e 2x2 – 7x – 4 = 0

2 Now complete the square by writing

2 Solve by factorising
a x2 – 3x = 10 b x2 + 5x = 24
= in the form
c x(x + 2) = 2x + 25 d x(3x + 1) = x2 + 15

3 Solve by completing the square.

a x2 – 4x – 3 = 0 b x2 – 10x + 4 = 0
3 Expand the square brackets – don’t c 2x2 + 8x – 5 = 0 d 5x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
=
4 Solve by completing the square.
forget to multiply by the a (x – 4)(x + 2) = 5
factor of 2
b 2x2 + 6x – 7 = 0
=
4 Simplify
5 Solve the equation x2 – 7x + 2 = 0

Give your solutions in the form , where a, b and c are integers.

6 Solve 10x2 + 3x + 3 = 5
Give your solution in surd form.
=

1 Write the following quadratic expressions in the form (x + p)2 + q

a x2 + 4x + 3 Sketching Quadratic Graphs
b x2 – 8x
c x2 + 3x – 2 Key points
● The graph of the quadratic function
2 Write the following quadratic expressions in the form p(x + q)2 + r y = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0, is a curve
a 3x2 + 12x – 9 b 2x2 + 6x – 8 called a parabola.
● Parabolas have a line of symmetry and
3 Complete the square. a shape as shown.
a 5x2 + 3x b 3x2 + 5x + 3 ● To sketch the graph of a function, find the points where the graph intersects the axes.
● To find where the curve intersects the y-axis substitute x = 0 into the function.
4 2 2
Write (25x + 30x + 12) in the form (ax + b) + c. ● To find where the curve intersects the x-axis substitute y = 0 into the function.
● At the turning points of a graph the gradient of the curve is 0 and any tangents to the curve at
these points are horizontal.
● To find the coordinates of the maximum or minimum point (turning points) of a quadratic
curve (parabola) you can use the completed square form of the function.
Solving Quadratic Equations

Examples
Example 1 Sketch the graph of y = x2. When , and

2
The graph of y = x is a parabola.
, so the turning point is at the

When x = 0, y = 0.
point

a = 1 which is greater
than zero, so the graph
has the shape:

Example 2 Sketch the graph of y = x2 − x − 6.

When x = 0, y = 02 − 0 − 6 = −6 1 Find where the graph intersects the

So the graph intersects the y-axis at y-axis by substituting x = 0.
(0, −6)
2 Find where the graph intersects the
When y = 0, x2 − x − 6 = 0 x-axis by substituting y = 0.
3 Solve the equation by factorising. 1 Sketch the graph of y = −x2.

(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0 4 Solve (x + 2) = 0 and (x − 3) = 0.

2 Sketch each graph, labelling where the curve crosses the axes.
a y = (x + 2)(x − 1) b y = x2 – 3x
5 a = 1 which is greater
x = −2 or x = 3 than zero, so the graph
has the shape: 3 Sketch the graph of y = 2x2 + 5x − 3, labelling where the curve crosses
the axes.
So, (continued on next page)
4 Sketch each graph. Label where the curve crosses the axes and write down the coordinates of the
the graph intersects the x-axis at (−2, 0) 6 To find the turning point, complete turning point.
and (3, 0) the square. a y = x2 − 5x + 6 b y = −x2 + 7x − 12

5 Sketch the graph of y = x2 + 2x + 1. Label where the curve crosses the axes and write down the
equation of the line of symmetry.

x2 − x − 6 =
7 The turning point is the minimum
value for this expression and occurs
when the term in the bracket is equal
= to zero.
 4 3x + 4y = 8
2x – y = –13
Solving Linear Simultaneous Equations
5 3x = y – 1 14 3x + 2y + 1 = 0
Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination 2y – 2x = 3 4y = 8 – x

1 2x + y = 11 2 2x + 3y = 11
x – 3y = 9 3x + 2y = 4 6 Solve the simultaneous equations 3x + 5y − 20 = 0 and .

Key points
● The subsitution method is the method most commonly used for A level. This is because it is
the method used to solve linear and quadratic simultaneous equations.

Example 5 Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: 2x − y = 16 and 4x + 3y = −3 Solving Linear and Quadratic Simultaneous Equations

y = 2x − 16 1 Rearrange the first equation. Key points

4x + 3(2x − 16) = −3 2 Substitute 2x − 16 for y into the
second equation. ● Make one of the unknowns the subject of the linear equation (rearranging where necessary).
3 Expand the brackets and simplify. ● Use the linear equation to substitute into the quadratic equation.
● There are usually two pairs of solutions.
4x + 6x − 48 = −3
4 Work out the value of x.
10x − 48 = −3
10x = 45
Examples
5 To find the value of y, substitute x = Example 1 Solve the simultaneous equations y = x + 1 and x2 + y2 = 13
So x =
into one of the original x2 + (x + 1)2 = 13 1 Substitute x + 1 for y into the second
Using y = 2x − 16 equations. equation.
2 Expand the brackets and simplify.
y=2× − 16 x2 + x2 + x + x + 1 = 13
6 Substitute the values of x and y into
both equations to check your 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 13
So y = −7
answers.
3 Factorise the quadratic equation.
2x2 + 2x − 12 = 0
Check: 4 Work out the values of x.
(2x − 4)(x + 3) = 0
equation 1: 2 × – (–7) = 16 So x = 2 or x = −3 5 To find the value of y, substitute
YES both values of x into one of the
original equations.
equation 2: 4 × + 3 × (−7) = −3 Using y = x + 1
YES
When x = 2, y = 2 + 1 = 3
When x = −3, y = −3 + 1 = −2
Solve these simultaneous equations by substituion
6 Substitute both pairs of values of x
and y into both equations to check
3 y=x–4 So the solutions are your answers.
2x + 5y = 43
x = 2, y = 3 and x = −3, y = −2

Example 2 Solve 2x + 3y = 5 and 2y2 + xy = 12 simultaneously.

Check: 1 Rearrange the first equation.

equation 1: 3 = 2 + 1 YES
and −2 = −3 + 1 YES
equation 2: 22 + 32 = 13 YES 2 Substitute for x into the
and (−3)2 + (−2)2 = 13 YES second equation. Notice how it is
easier to substitute for x than for y.
3 Expand the brackets and simplify.

4 Factorise the quadratic equation.

5 Work out the values of y.

(y + 8)(y − 3) = 0
6 To find the value of x, substitute
So y = −8 or y = 3 both values of y into one of the
original equations.

Using 2x + 3y = 5
When y = −8, 2x + 3 × (−8) = 5, x = 14.5
When y = 3, 2x + 3 × 3 = 5, x = −2

7 Substitute both pairs of values of x

and y into both equations to check
So the solutions are
your answers.
x = 14.5, y = −8 and x = −2, y = 3

Check:
equation 1: 2 × 14.5 + 3 × (−8) = 5 YES
and 2 × (−2) + 3 × 3 = 5 YES
equation 2: 2×(−8)2 + 14.5×(−8) = 12 YES
and 2 × (3)2 + (−2) × 3 = 12 YES

Solve these simultaneous equations.

1 y = 2x + 1
x2 + y2 = 10

2 y = 3x – 5
y = x2 − 2x + 1

3 y = 2x – 1
 x2 + xy = 24 x = ...........................................................
y = ...........................................................
4 y = 2x
(Total for question = 2 marks)
y2 – xy = 8

5 y–x=2
x2 + xy = 3

Solving Simultaneous Equations Graphically Q2.

Q1.
The diagram shows the graph of y = x2 – 4x – 2

The graphs with equations and have been drawn on the

grid below.

(a) Use the graph to find estimates for the solutions of

Using the graphs, find estimates of the solutions of the simultaneous equations
(i) x2 – 4x – 2 = 0
...........................................................
(ii) x2 – 4x – 6 = 0
...........................................................
(3)
(b) Use the graph to find estimates for the values of x that satisfy the simultaneous
equations

y = x2 – 4x – 2
x+y=6
...........................................................
........................................................................................
(3)
(3)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q3. Linear Inequalities

2 2
(a) On the grid, draw the graph of x + y = 12.25 Key points
● Solving linear inequalities uses similar methods to those for solving linear equations.
● When you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number you need to reverse the
inequality sign, e.g. < becomes >.

Example 4 Solve 2 − 5x ≥ −8

2 − 5x ≥ −8 1 Subtract 2 from both sides.

−5x ≥ −10 2 Divide both sides by −5.
Remember to reverse the inequality
x≤2 when dividing by a negative
number.

1 Solve these inequalities.

a b 10 ≥ 2x + 3 c 7 – 3x > –5

2 Solve
a 4x + 17 < 2 – x b 4 – 5x < –3x

3 Solve.
a 3(2 – x) > 2(4 – x) + 4 b 5(4 – x) > 3(5 – x) + 2

4 Find the set of values of x for which 2x + 1 > 11 and 4x – 2 > 16 – 2x.

(2)
(b) Hence find estimates for the solutions of the simultaneous equations
x2 + y2 = 12.25
2x + y = 1
 x2 − 5x = 0 1 Solve the quadratic equation by
x(x − 5) = 0 factorising.
x = 0 or x = 5
2 Sketch the graph of y = x(x − 5)

3 Identify on the graph where

x2 − 5x ≤ 0, i.e. where y ≤ 0

0≤x≤5
4 Write down the values which satisfy
the inequality x2 − 5x ≤ 0
Quadratic Inequalities

Key points
● First replace the inequality sign by = and solve the quadratic equation.
● Sketch the graph of the quadratic function.
● Use the graph to find the values which satisfy the quadratic inequality.
Example 3 Find the set of values of x which satisfy −x2 − 3x + 10 ≥ 0
Examples
−x2 − 3x + 10 = 0 1 Solve the quadratic equation by
Example 1 Find the set of values of x which satisfy x2 + 5x + 6 > 0 (−x + 2)(x + 5) = 0 factorising.
x = 2 or x = −5
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 1 Solve the quadratic equation by
(x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 factorising.
2 Sketch the graph of
x = −3 or x = −2 y = (−x + 2)(x + 5) = 0

3 Identify on the graph where

2 Sketch the graph of −x2 − 3x + 10 ≥ 0, i.e. where y ≥ 0
y = (x + 3)(x + 2)

3 Identify on the graph where

x2 + 5x + 6 > 0, i.e. where y > 0

3 Write down the values which satisfy

x < −3 or x > −2 the inequality −x2 − 3x + 10 ≥ 0

−5 ≤ x ≤ 2
4 Write down the values which satisfy
the inequality x2 + 5x + 6 > 0
1 Find the set of values of x for which (x + 7)(x – 4) ≤ 0

2 Find the set of values of x for which x2 – 4x – 12 ≥ 0

Example 2 Find the set of values of x which satisfy x2 − 5x ≤ 0

3 Find the set of values of x for which 2x2 –7x + 3 < 0

4 Find the set of values of x for which 4x2 + 4x – 3 > 0 Examples

5 Find the set of values of x for which 12 + x – x2 ≥ 0 Example 1 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
Sketch the graph of y = f(x) + 2.
2
6 x +x≤6

7 x(2x – 9) < –10

For the function y = f(x) + 2 translate

the function y = f(x) 2 units up.

Translating Graphs

Key points – Translating Graphs

Example 2 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
● The transformation y = f(x) ± a is a
translation of y = f(x) parallel to the y-axis; Sketch the graph of y = f(x − 3).
it is a vertical translation.

As shown on the graph,

o y = f(x) + a translates y = f(x) up
o y = f(x) – a translates y = f(x) down.
For the function y = f(x − 3) translate
the function y = f(x) 3 units right.

● The transformation y = f(x ± a) is a

translation of y = f(x) parallel to the x-axis;
it is a horizontal translation.

As shown on the graph,

o y = f(x + a) translates y = f(x) to the left
o y = f(x – a) translates y = f(x) to the right.
1 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
Copy the graph and on the same axes sketch and
label the graphs of y = f(x) + 4 and y = f(x + 2).
● The transformation y = f(–ax) is a
horizontal stretch of y = f(x) with scale

factor parallel to the x-axis and then a

reflection in the y-axis.

2 The graph shows the function y = f(x).

Copy the graph and on the same axes sketch and
label the graphs of y = f(x + 3) and y = f(x) – 3.
● The transformation y = af(x) is a vertical
stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor a
parallel to the y-axis.

3 The graph shows the function y = f(x).

Copy the graph and on the same axes sketch the
graph of y = f(x – 5). ● The transformation y = –af(x) is a vertical
stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor a
parallel to the y-axis and then a reflection
in the x-axis.

4 The graph shows the function y = f(x) and two

transformations of y = f(x), labelled C1 and C2.
Write down the equations of the translated curves
C1 and C2 in function form.

Key points – Stretching Graphs

● The transformation y = f(ax) is a horizontal

stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor

parallel to the x-axis.

Examples
Example 3 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
5 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
Sketch and label the graphs of a Copy the graph and on the same axes
y = 2f(x) and y = –f(x). sketch and label the graph of y = 3f(x).
b Make another copy of the graph and on
the same axes sketch and label the graph
of y = f(2x).

The function y = 2f(x) is a vertical

stretch of y = f(x) with scale 6 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
factor 2 parallel to the y-axis. Copy the graph and on the same axes
The function y = −f(x) is a reflection sketch and label the graphs of
of y = f(x) in the y = –2f(x) and y = f(3x).
x-axis.

7 The graph shows the function y = f(x).

Copy the graph and, on the same axes,
Example 4 The graph shows the function y = f(x).
sketch and label the graphs of
Sketch and label the graphs of
y = –f(x) and y = .
y = f(2x) and y = f(–x).

8 The graph shows the function y = f(x).

Copy the graph and, on the same axes,
The function y = f(2x) is a horizontal sketch the graph of y = –f(2x).
stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor

parallel to the x-axis.

The function y = f(−x) is a reflection

of y = f(x) in the y-axis.
 Examples
Sketching Cubic and Reciprocal Graphs Example 1 Sketch the graph of y = (x − 3)(x − 1)(x + 2)

Key points To sketch a cubic curve find intersects with both axes and use the key points above
for the correct shape.
● The graph of a cubic function,
which can be written in the When x = 0, y = (0 − 3)(0 − 1)(0 + 2) 1 Find where the graph intersects the
form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, = (−3) × (−1) × 2 = 6 axes by substituting x = 0 and y = 0.
where a ≠ 0, has one of the Make sure you get the coordinates
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 6) the right way around, (x, y).
shapes shown here.
2 Solve the equation by solving
x − 3 = 0, x − 1 = 0 and x + 2 = 0
When y = 0, (x − 3)(x − 1)(x + 2) = 0
So x = 3, x = 1 or x = −2
The graph intersects the x-axis at
(−2, 0), (1, 0) and (3, 0)
3 Sketch the graph.
a = 1 > 0 so the graph has the shape:
● The graph of a reciprocal

function of the form has

one of the shapes shown here.

● To sketch the graph of a function, find the points where the graph intersects the axes.
● To find where the curve intersects the y-axis substitute x = 0 into the function. Example 2 Sketch the graph of y = (x + 2)2(x − 1)
● To find where the curve intersects the x-axis substitute y = 0 into the function.
● Where appropriate, mark and label the asymptotes on the graph. To sketch a cubic curve find intersects with both axes and use the key points above
● Asymptotes are lines (usually horizontal or vertical) which the curve gets closer to but never for the correct shape.
touches or crosses. Asymptotes usually occur with reciprocal functions. For example, the
When x = 0, y = (0 + 2)2(0 − 1) 1 Find where the graph intersects the
= 22 × (−1) = −4 axes by substituting x = 0 and y = 0.
asymptotes for the graph of are the two axes (the lines y = 0 and x = 0). The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, −4)
● At the turning points of a graph the gradient of the curve is 0 and any tangents to the curve at
these points are horizontal.
● A double root is when two of the solutions are equal. For example (x – 3)2(x + 2) has a When y = 0, (x + 2)2(x − 1) = 0 2 Solve the equation by solving
double root at x = 3. So x = −2 or x =1 x + 2 = 0 and x − 1 = 0
● When there is a double root, this is one of the turning points of a cubic function.

(−2, 0) is a turning point as x = −2 is a

double root.
The graph crosses the x-axis at (1, 0)

3 a = 1 > 0 so the graph has the shape:

Sketch the following graphs

1 y = 2x3 2 y = x(x – 2)(x + 2)

3 y = (x + 1)(x + 4)(x – 3) 4 y = (x + 1)(x – 2)(1 – x)

2
5 y = (x – 3) (x + 1) 6 y = (x – 1)2(x – 2)

7 y= 8 y=

9 Sketch the graph of 10 Sketch the graph of

Rearranging Equations
Change the subject of each formula to the letter given in the brackets.

1 D= [T] 2 [t] 3 u = at – t [t]

4 V = ax + 4x [x] 5 [y] 6 [a]

7 Make r the subject of the following formulae.

a A = πr2 b c P = πr + 2r

8 Make x the subject of the following formulae.

a b

9 Make sin B the subject of the formula

10 Make x the subject of the following equation.

a
 Straight Line Graphs

1 Find the gradient and the y-intercept of the following equations.

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
a 2x – 3y – 7 = 0 b 5x + y – 4 = 0

2 Copy and complete the table, giving the equation of the line in the form y = mx + c.
Key points
● When lines are parallel they have the same
Gradient y-intercept Equation of the line gradient.
5 0 ● A line perpendicular to the line with equation
–3 2
y = mx + c has gradient (negative
4 –7 reciprocal).

Example 1 A straight line has gradient and y-intercept 3.

1 Find the equation of the line parallel to each of
Write the equation of the line in the form ax + by + c = 0. the given lines and which passes through each of the given points.
a y = 3x + 1 (3, 2) b y = 3 – 2x (1, 3)
1 A straight line has equation
m= and c = 3 y = mx + c. Substitute the gradient
and y-intercept given in the question
So y = x+3 into this equation. 2 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to y = x – 3 which passes through the point (–5, 3)
2 Rearrange the equation so all the
terms are on one side and 0 is on
the other side.
x+y–3=0 3 Multiply both sides by 2 to eliminate 3 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to each of the given lines and which passes through
the denominator. each of the given points.

x + 2y − 6 = 0 a y = 2x – 6 (4, 0) b y= x+ (2, 13)

c x –4y – 4 = 0 (5, 15)
3 Find, in the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and c are integers, an equation for each of the lines
with the following gradients and y-intercepts. 4 Work out whether these pairs of lines are parallel, perpendicular or neither.
a y = 2x + 3 b y = 3x c y = 4x – 3
y = 2x – 7 2x + y – 3 = 0 4y + x = 2
a gradient , y-intercept –7 b gradient 2, y-intercept 0

5 The straight line L1 passes through the points A and B with coordinates (–4, 4) and (2, 1),
c gradient , y-intercept 4 d gradient –1.2, y-intercept –2 respectively.
a Find the equation of L1 in the form ax + by + c = 0

4 Write an equation for the line which passes through the point (6, 3) and has gradient The line L2 is parallel to the line L1 and passes through the point C with coordinates (–8, 3).
b Find the equation of L2 in the form ax + by + c = 0
5 Write an equation for the line passing through each of the following pairs of points.
a (4, 5), (10, 17) b (0, 6), (–4, 8)

Trigonometry

1 Calculate the length of the unknown side in each triangle.

Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.
a b
Pythagoras’ theorem

1 Work out the length of the unknown side in each triangle.

Give your answers in surd form.
a b

c d

2 A rectangle has length 84 mm and width 45 mm. 2 Calculate the size of angle x in each triangle.
Calculate the length of the diagonal of the rectangle. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures
a b

3 A yacht is 40 km due North of a lighthouse.

A rescue boat is 50 km due East of the same lighthouse.
Work out the distance between the yacht and the rescue boat.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

4 Points A and B are shown on the diagram.

Work out the length of the line AB.
Give your answer in surd form. 3 Work out the height of the isosceles triangle.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

4 Calculate the size of angle θ.

Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
5 A cube has length 4 cm.
Work out the length of the diagonal AG.
Give your answer in surd form.
Key points – Cosine Rule b Work out the size of angle WXY.
Give your answer correct to
● a is the side opposite angle A. 1 decimal place.
b is the side opposite angle B.
c is the side opposite angle C. 7 a Work out the length of QS.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

b Work out the size of angle RQS.

● You can use the cosine rule to find the length of a side when two sides and the included Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
angle are given.
● To calculate an unknown side or angle use the formula .
8 Work out the area of each triangle.
Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.
Key points – Sine Rule
● You can use the sine rule to find the length of a side when its opposite angle and another a
opposite side and angle are given.

● To calculate an unknown side use the formula .

● Alternatively, you can use the sine rule to find an unknown angle if the opposite side and
another opposite side and angle are given.

● To calculate an unknown angle use the formula .

Key points – Area of triangle 9 The area of triangle XYZ is 13.3 cm2.
Work out the length of XZ.

The area of the triangle is .

5 Find the size of each lettered angle or side.
Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.

a b
10 The area of triangle ABC is 86.7 cm 2.
Work out the length of BC.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

c d

6 a Work out the length of WY.

Give your answer correct to
3 significant figures.

Proportion b 7 The graph of y = 3.2x is a straight

line passing through (0, 0) with a
Key points gradient of 3.2.
● Two quantities are in direct proportion when, as one
quantity increases, the other increases at the same rate.
Their ratio remains the same.
● ‘y is directly proportional to x’ is written as y x.
If y x then y = kx, where k is a constant.
● When x is directly proportional to y, the graph is a
straight line passing through the origin. Example 3 P is inversely proportional to Q.
When P = 100, Q = 10.
● Two quantities are in inverse proportion when, as one quantity Find Q when P = 20.
increases, the other decreases at the same rate.
1 Write P is inversely proportional
● ‘y is inversely proportional to x’ is written as y .
to Q, using the symbol .

If y then y = , where k is a constant. 2 Write the equation using k.

● When x is inversely proportional to y the graph is the same shape
3 Substitute P = 100 and Q = 10.
as the graph of y =
4 Solve the equation to find k.
5 Substitute the value of k into
Examples k = 1000
Example 1 y is directly proportional to x.
When y = 16, x = 5.
a Find x when y = 30.
b Sketch the graph of the formula. 6 Substitute P = 20 into
and solve to find Q when P = 20.
1 Write y is directly proportional to x,
a
using the symbol .
2 Write the equation using k.
y = kx
3 Substitute y = 16 and x = 5 into
16 = k × 5
y = kx.
4 Solve the equation to find k.
k = 3.2 1 x is directly proportional to y.
x = 35 when y = 5.
5 Substitute the value of k back into
y = 3.2x a Find a formula for x in terms of y.
the equation y = kx.
b Sketch the graph of the formula.
When y = 30,
6 Substitute y = 30 into y = 3.2x and c Find x when y = 13.
30 = 3.2 × x
solve to find x when y = 30.
x = 9.375 d Find y when x = 63.

2 Q is directly proportional to the square of Z.

Q = 48 when Z = 4.
a Find a formula for Q in terms of Z.
b Sketch the graph of the formula.
c Find Q when Z = 5.
d Find Z when Q = 300
3 s is inversely proportional to t.
s = 6 when t = 12. ● When two angles are subtended by the same arc,
a Find s when t = 3. the angle at the centre of a circle is twice the
b Find t when s = 18. angle at the circumference.
So angle AOB = 2 × angle ACB.
4 y is inversely proportional to x2.
● Angles subtended by the same arc at the
y = 4 when x = 2.
Find y when x = 4. circumference are equal. This means that angles
in the same segment are equal.
So angle ACB = angle ADB and
5 y is inversely proportional to the square root of x. angle CAD = angle CBD.
x = 25 when y = 1.
Find x when y = 5.
Circle Theorems

Key points ● A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with all

four vertices on the circumference of a circle.
● A chord is a straight line joining two points on Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral total 180°.
the circumference of a circle. So x + y = 180° and p + q = 180°.
So AB is a chord.

● The angle between a tangent and chord is equal

to the angle in the alternate segment, this is
known as the alternate segment theorem.
● A tangent is a straight line that touches the So angle BAT = angle ACB.
circumference of a circle at only one point.
The angle between a tangent and the radius is 90°.

Examples
Example 1 Work out the size of each angle
marked with a letter.
Give reasons for your answers.
● Two tangents on a circle that meet at a point
outside the circle are equal in length.
So AC = BC.

● The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

So angle ABC = 90°.

Angle a = 360° − 92° 1 The angles in a full turn total 360°.

= 268°
as the angles in a full turn total 360°.
2 Work out the size of each angle marked with a letter.
Angle b = 268° ÷ 2 Give reasons for your answers.
= 134°
as when two angles are subtended by the 2 Angles a and b are subtended by a b
same arc, the angle at the centre of a the same arc, so angle b is half of
circle is twice the angle at the angle a.
circumference.

Example 4 Work out the size of each angle marked with a letter.
Give reasons for your answers.
3 Work out the size of each angle marked with a letter.
Angle f = 180° − 94° 1 Opposite angles in a cyclic Give reasons for your answers.
= 86° quadrilateral total 180° so angle 94°
as opposite angles in a cyclic and angle f total 180°. a
quadrilateral total 180°.

(continued on next page)

Angle g = 180° − 86° 2 Angles on a straight line total 180°

= 84° so angle f and angle g total 180°.
as angles on a straight line total 180°.

Angle h = angle f = 86° as angles 3 Angles subtended by the same arc

subtended by the same arc are equal. are equal so angle f and angle h are
b c
equal.

1 Work out the size of each angle marked with a letter.

Give reasons for your answers.
a b
 1 A cuboid has width 9.5 cm, height 8 cm and volume 1292 cm3.
Work out its length.

2 The triangular prism has volume 1768 cm3.

Work out its height.

Volume & Surface Area of 3D Shapes

3 The diagram shows a solid triangular prism.

Key points
All the measurements are in centimetres.
● Volume of a prism = cross-sectional area × length. The volume of the prism is V cm3.
● The surface area of a 3D shape is the total area
Find a formula for V in terms of x.
of all its faces.
Give your answer in simplified form.

● Volume of a pyramid = × area of base × vertical height.

● Volume of a cylinder = πr2h 4 The diagram shows the area of each of three
● Total surface area of a cylinder = 2πr2 + 2πrh faces of a cuboid.
The length of each edge of the cuboid is a whole
number of centimetres.
Work out the volume of the cuboid.

● Volume of a sphere =
● Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2

5 The diagram shows a large catering size tin of beans

in the shape of a cylinder.

The tin has a radius of 8 cm and a height of 15 cm.

● Volume of a cone =
A company wants to make a new size of tin.
● Total surface area of a cone = πrl + πr2
The new tin will have a radius of 6.7 cm.

It will have the same volume as the large tin.

Calculate the height of the new tin.
Give your answer correct to one decimal place.

6 The diagram shows a sphere and a solid cylinder.

The sphere has radius 8 cm.
The solid cylinder has a base radius of 4 cm and
a height of h cm.
The total surface area of the cylinder is half the
total surface area of the sphere.
Work out the ratio of the volume of the sphere to
the volume of the cylinder.
Give your answer in its simplest form.

7 The diagram shows a solid metal cylinder.

The cylinder has base radius 4x and height 3x.
The cylinder is melted down and made into
a sphere of radius r.
Find an expression for r in terms of x.

Area Under a Graph 1.

Here is a speed-time graph showing the speed, in metres per second, of an object t seconds
Key points after it started to move.

● To estimate the area under a curve, draw a chord between the

two points you are finding the area between and straight
lines down to the horizontal axis to create a trapezium.
The area of the trapezium is an approximation for the area
under a curve.

● The area of a trapezium = #

● On a speed (or velocity) time graph, the area of under the graph represents the distance
travelled

● On a speed (or velocity) time graph, the gradient of the line (or gradient at one point on a
curve) represents the acceleration
 The velocity-time graph in Figure 4 represents the journey of a train P travelling along a
straight horizontal track between two stations which are 1.5 km apart. The train P leaves the
first station, accelerating uniformly from rest for 300 m until it reaches a speed of 30 m s−1.
The train then maintains this speed for T seconds before decelerating uniformly at 1.25 m
s−2, coming to rest at the next station.
(a) Find the acceleration of P during the first 300 m of its journey.
(a) Use 3 strips of equal width to find an estimate for the area under the graph between t = 1
and t = 4

...........................................................
(3)
...........................................................
(b) Describe fully what your answer to part (a) represents.
(2)
(b) Find the value of T.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain whether your answer in part (a) gives an underestimate or an overestimate for
the area under the graph.

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(1) ...........................................................
(Total for question = 6 marks) (5)
2.
(Total for question = 7 marks)