Chapter 7
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A connected world
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
What is the Internet?
The term Internet is derived from the term internetworking, which means connecting networks.
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
The Internet is a network of networks.
The Internet is a worldwide collection of millions of computers and networks of all sizes.
No one owns or runs the Internet; each network is administered and funded locally.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
History of the Internet
The Internet started in 1969 as a U.S. Department of Defense project called the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET).
1969 ARAPET It connected four nodes: the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the Stanford Research
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Institute at Stanford University in California, and the University of Utah at Salt Lake City.
Other nodes composed of computer networks from universities and government laboratories were added to the network later.
1971 E-Mail An e-mail program to send messages across a network was invented by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.
January Transition from Network Control Protocol (NCP) to Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the
TCP/IP
1983 protocol for sending and receiving packets.
ARPANET evolved into the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), which is considered the first Internet
1987 NSFNET backbone.
The NSF initially restricted Internet use to research and to educational institutions; commercial use was not
allowed.
Because of increased demand, other backbones were allowed to connect to NSFNET.
The Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee at the European Organization for Nuclear Research/ Conseil Europeen
pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN), the world's largest particle physics center.
1989 Web The Web changed the Internet in 1989 by introducing a graphical interface to the largely text-based Internet.
The Web is composed of billions of hypermedia documents with embedded links called hypertext.
Internet So “the Web” and “the Internet” are not the same thing. The Web constitutes a large portion of the Internet.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Architecture of the Internet
Connections are linked in a three-level hierarchical structure: backbones, regional networks, and local area networks.
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
The Internet backbone is a foundation network linked with fiber-optic cables that can support very high
Backbones
bandwidth.
It is called a backbone because it supports all the other networks that form the Internet, just as the
Regional networks human backbone is the foundation of the nervous system.
The Internet backbone is made up of many interconnected government, academic, commercial, and
other high-capacity data routers.
LANs
Several private companies operate their own Internet backbones that interconnect at network access
points (NAPs), for e.g. IBM.
NAPs determine how traffic is routed over the Internet.
Local area networks (LANs) serve as localized Internet connections, and they use NAPs to connect to the Internet backbone.
LAN ISP
In the USA, many LANs still have dedicated T1 or T3 lines connecting them to Internet Methods for connecting to a network, including the Internet, include dial-up and cable
Service Providers (ISPs). modems as well as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).
T1 and T3 lines are provided by the telephone company. Several types of DSL services are available.
They are capable of transporting the equivalent of 24 conventional telephone lines
using only two pairs of copper wires. Symmetric DSL (SDSL) – SDSL has the same data transmission rate to and
T1 uses two pairs of copper wires to carry up to 24 simultaneous conversations SDLS from the phone network (called upstream and downstream), usually up to
(called channels) and has a transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps; it is more widely used 1.5 Mbps (million bits per second) in both directions.
than T3.
A T3 line is a digital communication link that supports transmission rates of 43-45
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) – ADSL has a lower transmission rate upstream (3.5
Mbps. A T3 line actually consists of 672 channels, each supporting rates of 64 Kbps. ADLS
Mbps) than downstream (typically 24 Mbps).
www.speedtest.net from
borswer to see the speed
of your Internet
Very High-Speed DSL (VDSL) – VDSL has a downstream/upstream
VDLS
connection
transmission rate of up to 100 Mbps over short distances-for example.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
The Web organizes information by using hypermedia, meaning documents that include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, or other
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Hypermedia documents.
The embedded references in hypermedia documents are called hypertext; they consist of links users can click to follow a particular thread (topic).
By using hypertext links, users can access files, applications, and other computers in any order they like (unlike in paper documents) and retrieve
Hypertext information with the click of a button.
In essence, hypertext is an approach to data management, in which data is stored in a network of nodes connected by links.
Data in these nodes is accessed with an interactive browsing system, meaning the user determines the order in which information is accessed.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language used to create Web pages. Note:
The most recent version is HTML7, which competes with Adobe Flash. Flash is a multimedia platform
HTML defines a page's layout and appearance by using tags and attributes. used to add animation, video
and interactivity to Web pages
Tag A tag delineates a section of the page, such as the header or body.
Attribute An attribute specifies a value, such as a font color, for a page component.
HTML
A typical structure for an HTML document is as follows:
<HTML>
Note
<HEAD>
(Enter the page's description.)
is not case
HTML code
<HEAD>
<BODY>
sensitive
(Enter the page's content.)
<BODY>
<HTML>
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
The makeup of the Internet and the Web Client-server model
Any computer that stores hypermedia documents and makes them available to other computers on the Internet is called a server
Server
or Web server.
Computers requesting these documents from a server are called clients.
Client
A client can be a home computer or a node in an organization's LAN.
Hypermedia documents can be stored anywhere in the world, so users can jump from a site in the United States to a site in Paris,
France, in just a few milliseconds.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Domain name system
IP addresses Each computer or network has an Internet Protocol (IP) address, such as 208.77.188.166.
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Who assigns them? IP addresses are assigned by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Can consist of combinations of:
These numbers are difficult to remember, letters
Language-based domain Rules for domain
so language-based domain names are used the numerals 0 through 9, and
names names
more often to access Web sites. hyphens.
Spaces are not allowed.
When information is transferred from one network to another, (language-based) domain names are converted to IP addresses by the Domain
Name System (DNS) protocol.
Servers using this protocol (called DNS servers) maintain lists of computers' and Web sites' addresses and their associated IP addresses. DNS
DNS protocol
servers translate all domain names into IP addresses.
Domain names are used in uniform resource locators (URLs), also called universal resource locators, to identify a Web page. A URL is the address
of a document or site on the Internet.
Every domain name has a suffix indicating the top-level domain (TLD) it belongs to. The TLD denotes the type of organization or country the
address specifies.
Especially outside the USA, the domain name usually includes a second-level domain. For e.g. in unisa.ac.za, .za indicates South Africa as the
country, and .ac indicates academia as a second-level domain.
Suffixes Geographic domains (country code top-level domains, or ccTLDs).
ccTLDs These ccTLDs include .za for South Africa, au for Australia, .ca for Canada, .fr for France, .jp for Japan, and .uk for the United
Kingdom.
gTLDs See next slide.
Domain name system
Initially there were only 22 generic TLDs (gTLDs). These included:
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
.com Commercial organizations e.g. Microsoft
.edu Educational institutions e.g. California State University
.int International organizations e.g. United Nations
.mil U.S. Military organizations e.g. U.S. Army
Initially
.gov U.S. Government organisations e.g. Internal Revenue Service
.net Backbone, regional, and commercial networks e.g. National Science Foundation's Internet Network Information Center
.org Other organizations, such as research and nonprofit organizations e.g Internet Town Hall
In South Africa some of the gTLDs are used as second-level suffixes, including .gov (e.g. sars.gov.za), .mil (e.g. af.mil.za (South
gTLDs
African Air Force).
Other second-level suffixes include .ac for public universities (e.g. unisa.ac.za), .co for commercial organizations (for eg.
capitecbank.co.za) and .org (e.g. da.org.za).
Many new gTLDs have been proposed, including.aero (aviation industry), .museum, .law, and .store.
Later
Some are already in use, such as .info for organizations providing information services, .biz for businesses, and .news for news-related sites.
Now, corporations and individuals are able to choose from an expanded list of TLDs that has been approved by ICANN .
Now, Internet address names can end with almost any word in any language, giving organizations around the world the opportunity to market their
brands, products, or causes in new and creative ways.
The TLDs can be in any language or character set and can contain any phrase, including a company or brand name.
Now
Four Generic word TLDs (e.g., .company or .TV)
categories Corporate TLDs, owned by corporations to control use of their brands (e.g., .Microsoft or .Intel),
of new Community TLDs. limited to members of a defined community (e.g., .Spanish or .Persian),
gTLDs Geographic TLDs, owned by cities and geographic regions and used to promote business and tourism (e.g., .London or .Madrid).
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web What is the Internet?
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History of the Internet
Internet services Architecture of the Internet
Web applications Organization and access to data on the web by way of hypermedia and hypertext
Intranets Client-server model
Extranets Domain name system
Web trends Components of an URL
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Components of an URL
Using http:://www.csub.edu/~hbidgoli/books.html as an example.
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
http This is the protocol used for accessing most Web sites.
If http is overlaid by a security protocol, the URL will show https.
www
Stands for WWW, World Wide Web , or the Web.
.csub.edu
csub stands for California State University at Bakersfield.
Together, csub.edu uniquely identifies this Web site.
And the .edu is the suffix for educational institutions.
This part is the name of the directory in which files pertaining to the books the author has written are stored.
~hbidgoli/
A server can be divided into directories for better organization.
This part is the document itself.
books.html The .html extension means it is a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) document.
Servers that do not support long extensions display just .htm; other servers display .html.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History
Internet services Three Tools Navigational tools
Web applications Search engines
Intranets Directories
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History
Internet services Three Tools Navigational tools
Web applications Search engines
Intranets Directories
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
History
Back in the old days
Navigational tools, search engines, directorie
Originally, Internet users used text-based commands for simple tasks, such as downloading files or sending e-mails.
Disadvantages
It was tedious to type commands at the command line.
Users also had to have certain programming skills to use these systems.
The wheels is invested
The graphical browsers changed all this by providing menus and graphics-based tools that allowed users to point and click.
Advantages
These systems make the user-system interface easier to use.
The graphical browsers also support multimedia information, such as images and sound.
Today we have three tools to interact with the Internet.
Three tools
Navigational tools Search engines Directories
These are indexes of information,
based on keywords embedded in
These are used to These allow you to look up documents, that allow search
travel from Web information on the Internet engines to find what you are
site to Web site by entering keywords looking for.
(i.e., "surf' the related to your topic of Some Web sites (such as Yahoo!, a
Internet). interest. part of Verizon now) also use
directories to organize content
into categories.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History
Internet services Three Tools Navigational tools
Web applications Search engines
Intranets Directories
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Navigational tools, search engines, directorie Navigational tools
Use
Navigational tools are used to travel from Web site to Web site – as in "surf" the Internet.
Examples
Many graphical Web browsers are available, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) (now Microsoft Edge), Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple
Safari, and Opera.
Menu options like in word-processing programs, such as File, Edit, and Help.
Viewing your browsing history.
Bookmarking favourite Web sites.
Typical features of Web
browsers
Setting viewing preferences.
Navigation buttons to move backward and forward in Web pages you have visited.
With some browsers, you can also set up specialized toolbars for accessing frequently visited sites or conducting searches.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History
Internet services Three Tools Navigational tools
Web applications Search engines
Intranets Directories
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Search engines
What they are A search engine, is an information system that enables users to retrieve data from the Web by using search terms.
Navigational tools, search engines, directorie
Examples Google Bing DuckDuckGo Ask
All search engines follow a three-step process.
Crawling the web Software called crawlers, spiders, bots, and other similar names are automated modules that search the Web continuously for new data.
Crawlers find new and updated data.
Crawlers check links on webpages and make sure they work; if a link is broken, crawlers identify it and include this information as part of the data about that page
In addition, crawlers can go through the other pages that are part of a Web site, as long as there are links to those pages.
All the gathered data is sent back to the search engine's data center so the search engine always has the most current information on the Web.
Indexing Housed at server farms, search engines use keywords to index data coming in from crawlers.
Each keyword has an index entry that is linked to all Web pages containing that keyword.
How they work
The indexing process recognizes the frequency of use of a term on a web page and creates an index entry for the term.
This index entry is linked to webpage, along with all other sites containing the term.
Indexing makes it possible for search engines to retrieve all related Web pages when you enter a search term.
Searching When you enter a search term, the search engine uses the index created in Step 2 to look up the term.
If the term exists in the index, the search engine identifies all Web pages linked to the term.
However, it needs some way of prioritizing Web pages based on how close each one is to the search term.
Because search engines are programmed to try to differentiate different types of search requests, they can use other terms, to give a higher priority to Web pages containing
these additional terms, along with the search term, and a lower priority to Web pages containing other terms.
Search engines vary in intelligence, which is why you can use the same search term and get different results with two different search engines.
Facebook's graph Graph Search allows Facebook users to find people, photos, places, and interests that are relevant to them.
The objects that users are searching for are not Web pages like with a traditional Google Search; instead, they're searching for the virtual representations of real-world objects:
search
people, places, photos, and so forth.
Two types of And what determines the results of the search are Facebook Likes.
searches gaining The graph Search feature is not turned on automatically. The user has to activate it first in the search bar. Once the Graph Search feature is on, Facebook allows the user to
search for people, places, and things.
popularity
recently Google’s, Knowledge Graph provides answers, not just links.
Google's
So, alongside the usual results, there are now panels containing important facts about people, places, and things.
knowledge search The goal is to return pages that match the entities or concepts that the keywords evoke.
Google Voice Another type of search, Google Voice Search, has become popular on mobile devices. This search works quickly and overcomes difficulties that some people have with typing on handheld devices.
This can be activated by saying "Okay, Google." Using voice search, you can generate queries, ask for help, get directions, and so forth.
Search
You can use an Android or an iOS device and conduct a search using your voice. You can also use voice to generate reminders that can be added in a note to Google Keep or Evernote.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories History
Internet services Three Tools Navigational tools
Web applications Search engines
Intranets Directories
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Directories
What they do Directories organize information into categories.
Navigational tools, search engines, directorie
Automated, or It creates indexes of search terms and collects these terms automatically by using crawlers.
crawler-based, Google, Yahoo!, Ask, and others fall into this category.
directory When your Web page changes, for example, these directories update their indexes and databases automatically to reflect the
change.
Crawler-based directories are based on index terms, just as the phone book's white pages are based on the last names and first
names of people.
Some search engines, in addition to their index term-based directory, offer directories based on popular categories, such as
Two types of directories business, sports, entertainment, travel, and dining.
on the Web Each category can have subcategories; for example, an Entertainment category might contain Movies, Music, and Theater sub-
categories.
Human-powered It does no use crawlers to collect data; users have to manually submit keywords to a human-powered directory.
directory After keywords are submitted, they are indexed with search engines and can then be listed in search results.
If a Web page changes, the directory does not have the updated content until changes to the directory are submitted manually.
Open Directory is an example of a human-powered directory.
Google has made many directories obsolete, and directories in general are not as relevant as they used to be.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
What makes Internet services possible?
TCP suite of protocols Most Internet services are made possible by the TCP suite of protocols in the Application layer.
SMTP Simple Message Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for sending e-mails and Post Office Protocol (POP) for retrieving messages.
Examples E-mail protocols
POP Post Office Protocol (POP) for retrieving messages.
Internet services
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
General E-mail is one of the most widely used services on the Internet for personal use and business use.
Benefits It reduce costs.
It is more environmentally friendly than using paper.
Web-based e-mail enables you to access your e-mail account from any computer and, in some cases, store your e-mails on a
Web-based e-
Web server.
mail
Microsoft Outlook and Google Gmail are two examples of Web-based e-mail services.
Internet services
Two main types of e-mail
It consists of an e-mail program you install on your computer.
Client-based e-
E-mail is downloaded and stored locally on your computer.
Examples of client-based e-mail programs include Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Apple Mail.
A folder system for organizing your e-mails and an address book in which to store e-mail addresses.
Autocompletion feature so you can just type a recipient's name and the e-mail address is filled in automatically.
Features of most e-mail You can also set up distribution groups for sending an e-mail to several people at the same time.
programs
Spell checkers.
Delivery notifications.
You can also attach documents and multimedia files to e-mails.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Newsgroups and discussion groups
The Internet serves millions of people with diverse backgrounds and interests.
Discussion groups and newsgroups are a great way for people with similar interests to find one another.
Discussion groups are usually for exchanging opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature.
Discussion groups
Group members post messages or articles that others in the group can read.
Internet services
Newsgroups are typically more general in nature and can cover any topic; they allow people to get together for fun or for business purposes.
Newsgroups
Newsgroups can also serve as an effective advertising medium in e-commerce.
These are a chain of written ideas or opinions exchanged among two or more participants in an online discussion.
By using hypertext, discussion threads allow new or old participants to start at any point and follow the entire discussion from its beginning to its
Discussion threads
latest idea or opinion.
There are many platforms available for discussion threads including Reddit, Voat and Quora.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Instant messaging (IM)
Instant messaging (IM) is a service for communicating with others via a private "chat room" on
What it is
the Internet.
Range of
It can be a private message between individuals, with a group, or with a broader audience.
participants
Many IM applications are available, such as Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp Messenger (owned
IM applications by Facebook), Windows Messenger, and Google Chat.
Internet services
Capabilities and features vary depending on the application.
Capabilities and
For example, some IM applications notify you when someone on your chat list comes online.
features
Others have features for audio or video conversations.
Facebook Facebook Messenger has over 150,000 chatbots.
Messenger These chatbots offer flexibility in order to automate tasks and assist in retrieving data.
They improve user experience and user productivity.
For example, chatbots can now send videos, audio clips, GIFs, and other files automatically.
Snapchat Users combine pictures, videos, text, and drawings into "Snaps" that are sent to other
Snapchat users.
Facebook and Instagram now have this functionality also.
These Snaps self-destruct in a matter of seconds, seeming to not leave a trace.
However, while they are on the screen they can be captured or somebody can take a picture
of them.
They can also be undeleted and brought back to life, using recently developed tools.
Some people have been using Snapchat for sexting and/or sending nude pictures of Five additional popular
themselves to others, which may cause them legal issues. messaging systems
include WeChat (Tencent,
Snapchat, Instagram, and Facebook include a newer functionality called "stories." China), Popcorn Buzz
The Facebook Stories feature is a type of news feed that uses visual rather than written (Line Corp., Japan), Kik,
"Stories" as new Allo (Google), and
information.
IM functionality iMessage (Apple).
It adds new filters and effects to the camera and requires the user to select the Stories
section, rather than just posting to Facebook as it is usually done.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services What makes Internet services possible?
Web applications Four popular Internet services E-mail
Intranets Newsgroups and discussion groups
Extranets Instant messaging (IM)
Web trends Internet telephony
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Internet telephony
What it is Internet telephony is using the Internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations.
To use VoIP, you need a high-speed Internet connection and usually a microphone or headset.
What is needed
Some companies have special adapters that connect to your high-speed modern and allow you to use your regular phone.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the protocol used for Internet telephony.
VoIP
VoIP is also used to route traffic starting and ending at conventional public switched telephone network (PSTN) phones.
Business case Many businesses use VoIP to offer hotlines, help desks, and other services at a far lower cost than with telephone networks.
Internet services
Main benefit Because access to the Internet is available at local phone connection rates, international and other long-distance calls are much less expensive.
A drawback is the call quality, which is not as good as with regular phone lines.
Drawback
However, the quality has been improving steadily.
Users do not experience busy lines.
Voicemails can be received on the computer.
Users can screen callers, even if the caller has caller ID blocked.
Users can have calls forwarded from anywhere in the world.
Users can direct calls to the correct departments and take automated orders.
Advantages in
addition to cost Hold on...
savings
Call forward
Call directed
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The makeup of the Internet and the Web
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Web applications
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Tourism and travel
Many travel Web sites allow customers to book tickets for plane trips and cruises as well as make reservations for hotels and rental cars.
TripAdvisor (www.tripadvisor.com) features reviews and advice on hotels, resorts, flights, vacation rentals, vacation pack ages, travel guides, and
much more.
Expedia.com, Travel.com, TraveloCity.com, Priceline.com, Hotels.com, Google.com/flights/, and Yahoo!Travel are other examples of sites that offer all
types of tourism and travel services.
Web applications
Publishing
Many major publishers have Web sites that offer descriptions of forthcoming books, sample modules, online ordering, and search features for looking
up books on certain topics or by specific authors.
Some publishers even offer books that can be read online free for 90 days or allow you to buy e-book versions or even selected modules.
Cengage Learning, is a digital subscription that gives students total and on-demand access to all the digital learning platforms, ebooks, online
homework, and study tools all in in one place with a very low cost
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Higher education
www.unisa.ac.za Most universities have Web sites with information about departments, programs, faculty, and academic resources.
Virtual tours Some universities even offer virtual tours of the campus for prospective students.
More universities are creating virtual divisions that offer entire degree programs via the Internet.
Online degree programs help colleges and universities facing an enrollment decline, because they make it possible for students who could not attend
Online degrees school otherwise to enroll in classes.
Web applications
With online classes, universities can also have renowned experts give lectures or seminars, usually at a reduced cost because travel expenses are not a
factor.
Many professional certification programs are offered through the Internet, which is convenient for people who live in remote areas or cannot attend
Professional certificates
regular classes.
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) will bring down costs and offer flexibility, but at the expense of losing the personal touch and interaction that
MOOCs exists in campus-based learning.
MOOCs are suitable for retraining, job-related credentials, and skills updating.
A blended or hybrid model of teaching and learning will most likely emerge.
Blended model Using this model, some courses will be taught online and some on campus, and the line between campus offerings and online learning will become
blurred in the years ahead.
Newcomers The growth of online degrees from companies like Coursera and 2u as newcomers to higher education have been steady.
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Real estate
Real-estate Web sites provide up-to-date listings of homes for sale.
Buyers can review neighbourhoods, schools, and local real-estate prices, and customers can use these sites to find realtors and brokerage firms and
learn home-buying tips.
Some sites have virtual tours of houses for sale, which is convenient for buyers moving to another state.
Other services include appraisals, neighbourhood and school profiles, financing options, and home-improvement advice.
There are also apps available for both iPhone and Android devices that can simplify real-estate decisions.
Employment
Web applications
Employment services are widely available on the Internet.
Linkedln is widely used in South Africa.
Several sites offer comprehensive services to job seekers.
Expert advice and tools for managing your
career
Resume assistance, including tools for
creating professional-looking resumes
Job search tutorials
Resume posting and distribution
Searches by company, industry, region, or
category
Announcements of Job fairs
Career tests to see what career is right for
you
Salary calculators
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Financial institutions
Financial institutions offer online banking services.
Online banking
Customers can get more up-todate account information and check balances at any time of the day or night.
E-mail Financial institutions use e-mail to communicate with customers and send account statements and financial reports.
E-mail helps banks reduce the time and costs of communicating via phone (particularly long-distance calls) and postal mail.
Web applications
Some online banking services:
Accessing customer service by e-mail
around the clock
Viewing current and old transactions
Online mortgage applications
Interactive tools for designing a savings plan,
choosing a mortgage, or getting insurance
quotes online
Finding loan status and credit card account
information online
Paying bills and credit card accounts
Transferring funds
Viewing digital copies of cheques
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Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Software distribution
Software, patches, drivers Vendors distribute software, drivers and patches on the internet.
Antivirus Most antivirus vendors make updates available for download to keep up with new viruses and worms.
Typically, patches, updates, and small programs such as new browser versions are fast and easy to download.
Download speed Large programs, such as Microsoft Office Suite and Adobe’s suite, were not distributed online in the past, but now are available to download, but
takes time to download.
Web applications
Copyright Developing online copyright-protection schemes continues to be a challenge.
Drawbacks
Backups If users need an encryption code to "unlock" software they have downloaded, making backups might not be possible.
Overall judgment Despite these challenges, online software distribution provides an inexpensive, convenient, and fast way to sell software.
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Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Healthcare
With patient records stored on the Internet, health care workers can order lab tests and prescriptions, admit patients to hospitals, and refer patients
to other physicians more easily.
Test and consultation results can be directed to the right patient records automatically.
Ubiquitous patient records All patient information can be accessible from one central location; finding critical health information is faster and more efficient, especially if a
patient falls ill while away from home.
However, these systems have potential problems involving information privacy, accuracy, and currency.
Web applications
Popular health-related Web sites include:
Yahoo! Lifestyle (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle.)
Health-related Web sites National Institutes of Health (NIH) (www.nih.gov)
WebMD (www.webmd.com)
MedicineNet (www.meclidnenet.com/script.main/hp.asp)
Telemedicine enables medical professionals to conduct remote consultation, diagnosis, and conferencing, which can save
Telemedicine on office overhead and travel costs.
Some medical aids now even cover such consultations.
Remote healthcare
Telepresence surgery allows surgeons to operate all over the world without physically traveling anywhere.
Telepresence surgery
A robot performs the surgery based on the digitized information sent by the surgeon via the Internet.
Personal health Personal health information systems (PHISs) can make interactive medical tools available to the public.
information systems These systems prompts patients with a series of questions.
(PHISs) These systems can be useful in detecting early onset of diseases.
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The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services Tourism and travel
Web applications Publication
Intranets Higher education
Extranets Real estate
Web trends Employment
The Internet of Everything and beyond Financial institutions
Software distribution
Healthcare
Politics
Politics
Most political candidates now make use of Web sites in campaigns.
Online campaigning The sites are a helpful tool for announcing candidates' platforms, posting notices of upcoming appearances and debates, and even raising campaign
funds.
Online voting will make voting easier for people who in the past could not make it to polling sites.
Online voting
However, there are some challenges that must be overcome, including hacking on government sites, security of voting machines, fake news, and deep fakes.
Web applications
There is the possibility of legislators being able to remain at their homes, close to their constituents, and voting on bills via an online system..
Online legislatures
However, a stringent ID system would have to be in place, one that most likely would use biometric security measures.
Governments can publish a wide ranging documents to support the political process on a website.
Government websites
www.polity.org.za publishes a wide range of documents, such as pending bills, links to the manifestos of political parties and even case law.
Some claim the Internet has
helped empower voters and revitalize
the democratic process.
Being well informed about
candidates' stances on political
issues is much easier with Web sites,
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Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
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The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories Alias
Internet services What they are
Web applications Languages and files
Intranets What they replaced
Extranets Wider access
Web trends Compared to LANs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Architecture
Advantages of intranets
Information sharing
Compared to Internet
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The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories Alias
Internet services What they are
Web applications Languages and files
Intranets What they replaced
Extranets Wider access
Web trends Compared to LANs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Architecture
Advantages of intranets
Information sharing
Compared to Internet
Alias Intranets are also called corporate portals.
An intranet is a network within an organization that uses Internet protocols and technologies (e.g., TCP/IP, which includes File Transfer Protocol [FTP],
What they are SMTP, and others) for collecting, storing, and disseminating useful information that supports business activities, such as sales, customer service, human
resources, and marketing.
Typically, they use similar languages than the internet for developing applications, such as Java.
Languages and files
They offer files in similar formats.
An intranet uses Internet technologies to solve organizational problems that have been solved in the past by proprietary databases, groupware,
What they replaced scheduling, and workflow applications.
Intranets
Although designed for internal use by employees, many companies also allow trusted business partners to access their intranets, usually with a password
Wider access or another authentication method to protect confidential information.
An intranet is different from a LAN, although it uses the same physical connections.
Compared to LANs An intranet is an application or service that uses an organization's computer network.
Although intranets are physically located in an organization, they can span the globe, allowing remote users to access the intranet's information.
Carefully defining and limiting access is important for security reasons, so intranets are typically set up behind a firewall.
In a typical intranet configuration, users in the organization can access all Web servers, but the system administrator must define each user's level of
access.
Architecture
Employees can communicate with one another and post information on their departmental Web servers.
Departmental Web servers can be used to host Web sites.
Employees can also bookmark important sites in the intranet.
Chapter 7
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The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories Alias
Internet services What they are
Web applications Languages and files
Intranets What they replaced
Extranets Wider access
Web trends Compared to LANs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Architecture
Advantages of intranets
Information sharing
Compared to Internet
As the organization can control which browser is used, it can specify a browser that supports the technologies the
Browser specification
organization uses, such as Internet telephony or video conferencing.
The organization knows documents will be displayed the same way in all users' browsers; on the Internet, there is no
Document display assurance that a Web page will be displayed the same way for every user who views it.
Advantages of intranets Software sharing Intranets also enable organizations to share software, such as an office suite or a DBMS.
Intranets help organizations move from a calendar or schedule-based document-publishing strategy and events- or
Supports events-based strategy
needs-based one. Updated are made when needed by events, rather than in terms of a set schedule.
Time and costs Intranets reduce the costs and time of document production, too.
Intranets
A well-designed intranet can make the following types of information, among others, available to the entire organization in a timely manner to improve
an organization's efficiency and effectiveness:
Upcoming events, the company's mission statement and policies, job postings, medical benefits, orientation
Human resources management
materials, online training sessions and materials, meeting minutes, vacation time.
Call tracking, information on competitors, customer information, order tracking and placement, product
Information-sharing Sales and marketing
information.
Production and operations Equipment inventory, facilities management, industry news, product catalog, project information.
Accounting and financing Budget planning, expense reports
Key feature Internet Intranet
User Anybody Approved users only
Compared to Internet General scope Unlimited Limited or unlimited
Speed Slower than an intranet Faster than the internet
Security Less than an intranet’s More than the Internet's; user access more restricted
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Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
An extranet is a secure network that uses the Internet and Web technologies to connect intranets of business partners so communication between organizations or between
What they are
consumers is possible.
Extranets are considered a type of interorganizational system (IOS).
These systems facilitate information exchange among business partners.
As a type of IOS
Some of these systems, such as electronic funds transfer (EFT) and e-mail, have been used in traditional businesses as well as in ecommerce.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is another common IOS.
It can be a portion on the Often, an organization makes a portion of its intranet accessible to external parties as its extranet (e.g. at www.sapo.org.za you can track "Track my parcel").
intranet Comprehensive security measures must ensure that access is granted only to authorized users and trusted business partners.
Architecture In a simple extranet, the extranet server is placed in a DMZ (demilitarized zone), an area of the network that is separate from the organization's LAN.
Business case Extranets allow companies to reduce internetworking costs, they give companies a competitive advantage, which can lead to increased profits.
Extranets
A successful extranet requires a comprehensive security system and management control, however.
Security
The security system should include access control, user-based authentication, encryption, and auditing and reporting capabilities.
An extranet offers an organization the same benefits as an intranet but provides other advantages, such as the following:
Coordination Improves coordination between business partners, such as suppliers, distributors, and customers.
Provides instant feedback from customers and other business partners to an organization and gives consumers an opportunity to express
Feedback
opinions on new products or services before they are introduced to the market.
Advantages
Links customers to an organization so they can get more information on products and services.
Customer satisfaction
Customers can also order products online, expediting B2B (business-to-business). E-commerce is a major beneficiary of an extranet.
Cost reduction Reduces inventory costs by providing information to participants in a supply network program.
Expedited communication Improves communication by linking intranets for access to critical information.
Feature Internet Intranet Extranet
Comparison of the Access Public Private Private
Internet, intranets and
extranets Information General Typically confidential Typically confidential
Users Everybody Members of an organization Groups of closely related companies, users, or organizations
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Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
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Intranets
Extranets
Web trends
The Internet of Everything and beyond
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
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Intranets
Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web generations There have been three generations of Web applications so far: Web 1.0 (static content), Web 2.0 (dynamic content), and Web 3.0 (Semantic Web).
The Semantic Web provides personalization that allows users to access the Web more intelligently.
Semantic Web
Computers, not their users, will perform the tedious work involved in finding, combining, and acting upon information on the Web.
Some key features of Web Web 3.0 focuses on "intelligent" Web applications using various artificial intelligence technologies.
3.0 driving current trends Artificial intelligence These include natural language processing, artificial neural networks, and intelligent agents.
The goal is to tailor online searching and requests to users' specific search patterns, preferences, and needs.
3D graphics Connectivity Ubiquity
Web trends
The future is here Microsoft's Bing and Google Search already offer many Web 3.0 features.
Feature Web 2.0 Web 3.0
*RDF: Resource Description
Interaction with the user Mostly read-write Portable and personal Framework, current W3C standard
to represent data on the Web. [The
Focus Community Individual Word Wide Web Corporation was
founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-
Sharing information Blogs and Wikis Live streams
Lee and provide global standard for
Content Sharing Consolidation the www.]
Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 .
compared Applications Web applications Smart applications **OWL: Web Ontology Language, a
Information transfer Tagging User behaviour
Web language that is designed to
process and integrate Information
Advertising method Cost per click User engagement over the Web.
Advertising model Interactive Behavioral
Content editing Wikipedia The Semantic Web
Data representation and programing language XML/RSS RDF*/ OWL**
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Intranets
Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
Blogs
A blog (short for Weblog) is a journal or newsletter that is updated frequently and intended for the general public.
What they are Blogs reflect their authors' personalities and often include philosophical reflections and opinions on social or political issues.
Sometimes, they are simply used as a way for families or groups of friends to keep in touch with one another.
Automated tools have made creating and maintaining blogs easy, so even people with very little technical background can have blogs.
Many Web sites, such as Blogger.com, offer free space for blogs and even allow bloggers to post photos.
Web trends
Automated tools
Blogging One popular blogging tool is Tumblr (www.tumblr.com), which allows users to post anything-text, photos, quotes, links,
Web sites music, and videos-from their browsers, phones, desktops, e-mail programs, and so forth.
Another popular site is Pinterest (http://pinterest.com).
There are also blogs on Web sites that are dedicated to particular topics or organizations.
Topical and organizational
These are periodically updated with the latest news and views.
blogs
For example, on the CNN Web site, you can find blogs written by Anderson Cooper and Wolf Blitzer, among others.
Blogs are becoming a popular source of online publications, too, especially for political information, opinions, and alternative news coverage.
Online publications
Some examples can be found at www.huffingtonpost.com and techcrunch.com.
Microblogs, a newer version of traditional Blogs, enable users to create smaller versions of blog posts (known as microposts).
Microblogs
These can take the form of short sentences or individual images or links.
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Web applications
Intranets
Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
Wikis
A wiki is a type of Web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content.
What they are
One of the bestknown examples is the online encyclopedia Wikipedia.
Uniqueness What is unique about wikis is that an information user can also be an information provider.
Web trends
Problems The most serious problem with wikis is the quality of information because allowing anyone to modify content affects the content's accuracy.
Wikipedia is currently working on methods to verify the credentials of users contributing to the site because of past problems with contributors
falsifying credentials.
For Wikis have caught on at many companies, too. For example, an Intel employee developed Intelpedia as a way for employees around the
employees world to share
Some employees do not like their content being edited by others. For this reason, "corporate wikis" were developed; these include
tighter security and access controls.
Wikis and companies Corporate wikis are used for a variety of purposes, such as:
Corporate Posting news about product development.
wikis Give customers information.
For example:
Motorola and T-Mobile have set up wikis about their products that function as continually updated user guides.
eBay has formed eBay Wiki, where buyers and sellers can share information on a wide range of topics.
Software Many open-source software packages for creating wikis are available, such as MediaWiki and TWiki
Social networking
Social networking refers to a broad class of Web sites and services that allow users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online as well as meet people with
What it is
similar interests or hobbies.
Prevalence in modern According to a study conducted by Experian Marketing Services, 16 minutes of every hour that Americans spend online takes place on social networks.
world More than 100 of these social networks are available on the Internet.
As of 2017, more than 2.46 billion consumers were using social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Tumblr, and this number is increasing on a
daily basis, according to STATISTA (https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-socialnetwork-usersl). The number is expected to reach
3.02 billion by 2021.
Web trends
Facebook is the largest social networking site, with nearly 3 billion people using it monthly.
Facebook
This means roughly 37% of the world’s population are Facebook users.
On 24 July 2023 South African born Elon Musk started tweeting that he was rebranding Twitter
which then started to use a "temporary X logo".
The term Tweet is used for a response or comment no longer than 280 characters, the maximum
Popular social networks length allowed for a Twitter post.
Twitter Many companies use Twitter to keep track of customer opinions about their products (e.g. Walmart,
Comcast, Dell, General Motors, and H&R Block).
Twitter is a popular tool, especially among politicians and celebrities. Even the prescribed textbook
has a Twitter account.
Linkedln is a professional networking site where you can connect with professional contacts and
exchange ideas and job opportunities with a large network of professionals.
Linkedin Many people now use both Linkedln and Facebook to keep their professional and social contacts
separate.
Companies use social networking sites for advertising (and this is how the sites make their money).
Companies might
Business model include links to their company Web sites, or
use pay-per-click (PPC) features.
PPC is an Internet advertising method used on Web sites, in which advertisers pay their host only when their ad is clicked.
More on social networks in
See next slide.
business
Social networking
More on social networks in Social networks similar to the Internet put small businesses on the same footing as large organizations by providing an inexpensive platform for
business interacting with customers and selling products and services.
Facebook A business can create a Facebook business fan page.
Twitter A business can connect with its customers in real time.
Web trends
Pinterest A business can showcase its product offerings.
Linkedin A great venue for businesses to enter into a professional dialogue with people in similar industries.
Specific examples that
Groups provide a place to share content with people and businesses with similar interest.
show how a business can
use social networks in
order to promote its YouTube Using this platform, a business can create video content and "how-to" videos.
products and services
Social media platforms like Yelp, Foursquare, and Level Up are great for brick-and-mortar businesses.
A business should register on these sites to claim a location spot.
Others
Businesses should offer incentives, such as check-in rewards or special discounts.
Customer reviews on these sites are very helpful for attracting new customers.
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Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications
Intranets
Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
RSS feeds
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds are a fast, easy way to distribute Web content in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format.
RSS is a subscription service.
What they are New content from Web sites you have selected is delivered via a feed reader.
The content all goes to one convenient spot where you can read "headlines."
With this service, you do not have to keep checking a site for updates.
XML is a subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
XML is a flexible method for creating common formats for information.
XML Unlike HTML tags that specify layout and appearance, XML tags represent the kind of content being posted and transmitted.
Web trends
Although HTML contains some layout and appearance features, these "presentational attributes" are deprecated by the W3C, which suggests that
HTML only be used for creating structured documents through markup. Layout and appearance should be handled by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets).
Data can be meaningless without a context for understanding it. XML prevents this kind of confusion by defining data with a context.
How XML works
Each piece of data is defined with its context by using tags, which makes the data much easier to interpret.
<book>
<title>Information Systems<title>
<authorlastname>Smith <authorlastname>
<authorfirstname>John<authorfirstnarne>
<pages>357<pages>
An XML example
<yearofpub>2019</yearofpub>
<publisher>Cengage<publisher>
<pricein$>45.00</pricein$>
<isbn>02-139-4467-X<lisbn>
<book>
Although both HTML and XML are tagbased languages, they have different purposes.
XML and HTML compared XML was designed to improve interoperability and data sharing between different systems, which is why RSS feeds are in XML.
Any system can interpret the data in an RSS feed the correct way because it is based on the data's meaning, not its format and layout.
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Extranets Trend driver: Web 3.0
Web trends Five trends discussed Blogs
The Internet of Everything and beyond Wikis
Social networking
RSS feeds
Podcasting
Podcasting
A podcast is an electronic audio file that is posted on the Web for users to download to their mobile devices or even their computers.
What they are Users can also listen to it over the Web.
A podcast has a specific URL and is defined with an XML item tag.
Aggregator Podcasts are usually collected by an "aggregator," such as iTunes or iPodder.
What differentiates a podcast from a regular audio file is that users can subscribe to it.
Subscription Each time a new podcast is available, the aggregator collects it automatically, using the URL, and makes it available for subscribers.
Web trends
Subscribers can then "sync" the podcast with their mobile devices and listen to it whenever they want.
Examples NPR (National Public Radio), The Economist, and ESPN all offer podcast subscriptions.
Usefulness and popularity This subscription model makes podcasts more useful and popular and increases their accessibility.
Link with syndication feeds Syndication feeds are one way of announcing a podcast's availability.
Organizations use podcasts to update people on their products and services, new trends, changes in organizational structure, and
Business cases merger/acquisition news.
Financial institutions, for example, offer podcasts to inform customers about investment strategies, market performance, and trading.
Multimedia When multimedia information is involved, the terms video podcast, vodcast, or vidcast are sometimes used.
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Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
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Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Internet of everything (IoE)
The Internet of Everything (loE) refers to a Webbased development in which people, processes, data, and things are interconnected via the Internet
What it is using various means, such as RFID devices, barcodes, wireless systems (using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), and QR codes.
The Internet of everything and beyoned
It is a network of networks in which billions of connections create unparalleled opportunities and challenges.
Individuals, businesses, and governments around the globe will benefit from IoE technology.
Security, privacy, and reliability will play a major role in the success of this technology, as it does for any network.
Benefits and challenges
There needs to be close coordination and communication among these three key players to protect the privacy and integrity of the information that
is being shared on this global network.
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Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Internet of Things (IoT)
What it is The Internet of Things (loT) refers to the physical objects that are connected to the Internet and, therefore, to all the other physical objects.
The Internet of everything and beyoned
By 2020, over 50 billion objects will be connected to the Internet according to one estimate.
Growth
They will likely be smart devices that are uniquely identified though IP addresses, RFIDs, QR codes, or sensors.
The fast growth of IoT projects, may result in a new IT job called Chief IoT Officer.
Chief IoT Officer
Coordinate connectedproduct development.
Responsibilities
Liaison between IoT research and development and the IT department in developing and managing connected products.
The loT could help solve many twenty first-century social problems, such as hunger, water pollution, adverse climate change, and increasing energy
IoT and societal problems
costs.
The technology behind IoT will facilitate, among other things:
Automated inventory systems in the retail industry.
Automated and programmable appliances in domestic households.
Road and bridge systems that will be able to detect a problem as soon as it occurs and notify the authorities.
A snapshot of possible
applications
Consumers and businesses will save money by preserving energy when they control their room temperatures onsite or remotely through smart
devices.
Companies will save time and money on labour due to automation.
More specific benefits could include people being able to take more effective preventative measures regarding their health by wearing sensor-
embedded clothing that measures vital signs; the resulting data can be securely and quickly transmitted to doctors.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Internet of Me (IoM)
The next technology after IoT is the Internet of Me (loM).
The Internet of everything and beyoned
What it is The Internet of Me refers to a subset and personalized Internet that gathers and processes personalized information for a given user from the entire
Internet, including IoT devices.
The goal of IoM is delivering a personalized Web experience.
The experience could be a search result, receiving the news that a user likes, or receiving personalized medical care.
The goal of the IoM
For example, in an IoM environment, if a computer game enthusiast and a police officer search for "grand theft auto," the search engine will
generate two different search results based on what it knows about these two individuals.
Health care and Health care and personalized medical care will be a major beneficiary of IoM.
personalized medical care In the IoM environment, "my diet," "my health," "my fitness," and "my electronic medical record" all come together.
To gain a full benefit of IoM, the following three challenges and recommendations should be considered:
Companies should constantly gather accurate data about their customers and leverage this data in order to offer products
and services that their customers want.
Data gathering
By not gathering data, the company loses the window of opportunity in order to grow their business.
In the era of IoM, companies should offer what their customers want on an anytime/anyplace basis.
Companies should create a platform that seamlessly syncs wired and wireless devices.
Challenges and
They should offer products and services that are customized for specific customers.
recommendation Synching
For example, a coupon stored on a customer's smartphone should automatically be applied at the cash register to the item
that the customer has purchased.
In the connected world of IoM, trust is extremely important.
Because customers share all sorts of private information with their business partners, businesses must make sure that these
Trust
data are kept with the highest degree of accuracy and confidentiality and make sure that the data will not get to the hands of
unauthorized users.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
A growing application of IoT is industrial IoT or IIoT.
What it is
lloT is used to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes such as predictive maintenance and data analytics on factory floors.
The Internet of everything and beyoned
Popular applications of IIoT include:
IoT-enabled machinery can transmit operational and real-time data to all members of the group for remote
Smart and connected factory
decision making, enabling process automation and optimization.
IoT sensors in manufacturing equipment enables condition-based maintenance alerts when the equipment
Facility management
deviates from its specified parameters.
IoT-enabled sensors highlight lags in production (if any), eliminating wastes and unnecessary work in progress
Production flow monitoring
inventory.
IoT sensors enable the monitoring of events across the entire supply chain and optimizes supply and reduces costs
Inventory management
in the value chain network.
Applications
IoT combined with big data analytics collects and analyzes all relevant data such as number of injuries and illness
Plant safety and security rates, near misses, and vehicle incidents and enables decision-makers to react in real time resulting in improved
plant safety and security.
IoT sensors collect and analyze relevant data in the entire supply-chain including customer sentiments on using
Quality control
the product, which help to improve quality.
By using IoT sensors in packaging, manufacturers can gain insights into the usage patterns and handling of
Packaging optimization products from multiple customers.
This helps decision-makers to re-engineer products and packaging for better performance.
Logistics and supply chain IoT sensors provide real-time supply chain information that help manufacturers predict issues, reduce inventory,
optimization and potentially reduce capital requirements.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Smart home
Another recent application of IoT, particularly among Millennials, is using it to create a smart home.
The Internet of everything and beyoned
What it is
A smart home automates many of the tasks that traditionally were handled manually by humans.
Advantages Saving energy, improved security and safety, automating household tasks, and making the home more entertaining are among the key advantages of a
smart home.
A typical srnart home may use the following IoT-enabled devices
Amazon Echo enabled by the company's Alexa digital assistant or Google Home enabled by Google Assistant allow
Amazon Echo or Google Home you to use voice commands to manage your home; for example, using voice command to play a song or order a
pizza.
Alphabet's Nest thermostat or a similar product enables you to remotely control the temperature of your home
Alphabet's Nest thermostat
and use energy more efficiently.
Phillips Hue connected lights or a competing product assists you in managing the lighting system in your home.
IoT smart home devices Phillips Hue connected lights
You can turn lights on and off using your smartphone.
Ring video doorbell or a similar product enables you to see who is at your door using your smartphone.
Ring video doorbell
Nest smart camera or a similar product enables you to manage the security of your entire home. You will be able to
Nest smart camera
see and/or record any activity in your house with these cameras.
A Hub such as Wink Hub 2 allows you to connect all your smart devices to a central hub. This will help you to
Hub
manage all these devices centrally and should improve security of these devices.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Smart appliances
General There are many other IoT-enabled devices that can be connected to your smart home such as smart coffeemaker, smart toaster, smart TV, and so forth.
The Internet of everything and beyoned
A smart home could be connected to a smart refrigerator that usually has a touchscreen interface that allows you to look inside the fridge without
opening the door.
A smart refrigerator can perform a number of tasks, such as:
Create grocery lists Create grocery lists that sync to your smartphone in real time.
Smart fridge Expiration dates and notifications Set expiration dates and receive notifications to use food while it is fresh.
Temperature control Customize temperature by drawer or compartment.
Remote interior cameras Use interior cameras while at the store to doublecheck if you are low on any grocery items.
Water filter alert Alert you when the water filter needs to be changed.
Remote ice making Turn the ice maker on or off from your smartphone.
Future fridges Microsoft is part of a team to build an IoT-enabled refrigerator that monitors your food so it can automatically suggest updates for your shopping list.
LG Electronics sells a smart refrigerator embedded with Amazon's Alexa virtual assistant that, among other features, allows users to buy groceries
Already available
through Amazon Prime by speaking their orders to the appliance.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Security threats and risks
With the ever-increasing popularity of IoT devices, users and designers should be aware of the security threats and risks that these devices present and implement security measures
The Internet of everything and beyoned
that could eliminate or at least minimize these threats.
Spam email from hijacked devices An IoT device could be hijacked and then send spam e-mails.
DDoS attacks from hijacked An IoT device could be hijacked and then deployed into botnets and used for DDoS
devices attacks.
The threat posed by the Shodan search engine on IoT devices provides substantial
Exploitation of Shoban search
information about unsecured IoT devices that can be used by hackers for criminal
engine
Common security risks and activities.
threats associated with IoT
devices
Personal information breaches An IoT device could leak out private information such as residential locations.
A typical IoT device is unsecured when purchased from vendors; the user has to change
Unsecured devices
the default network name and secure it with a strong password.
Remote car hijacking Remote car hijacking could happen if the IoT device used in a car is not secured.
Chapter 7
A connected world
The makeup of the Internet and the Web
Navigational tools, search engines, and directories
Internet services
Web applications Internet of Everything (IoE)
Intranets Internet of Things (IoT)
Extranets Internet of Me (IoM)
Web trends Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Internet of Everything and beyond Smart home
Smart appliances
Security threats and risks
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
Improving security and privacy of IoT devices
General security policies could also be helpful here. In addition, below are some specific guidelines for improving the security and privacy of IoT devices
The Internet of everything and beyoned
Secure and centralized access Secure and centralize the access logs of IoT devices: the network administrators should know which device is connected to the
logs of IoT devices network and by which person.
Encrypted protocols for secure Use encrypted protocols to secure communications: in such a case even if the signal is intercepted, the hacker will not be able to
communication pose any threat.
Create sound password policies: users should use strong passwords and should always change the default passwords that come from
Sound password policies
the manufacturers.
Restrictive network Implement restrictive network communication policies and set up virtual LANs: a virtual LAN isolates IoT devices in a logical
communication polices and use subnetwork that will group together a collection of devices from different physical LANs. In this case, if an IoT device gets hacked,
VLANs the hacker will not have access to the entire network.
Install IoT devices that have secure firmware (software) update policies and make sure that you have the latest firmware.
Secure firmware policies
Also, educate the network users on how to secure home routers.
Turn off universal plug and play (UPnP), a set of networking protocols that allows networked devices to automatically discover each
Turn off UPnP other's presence on the network and establish functional network services for data sharing. Hackers can potentially discover them
and hack the network.
Keep personal devices out of the Keep personal devices out of the workplace. If such connection is essential, then use the established BYOD policies of the
workplace organization before connecting to the organization's network.
Reference:
Hossein Bidgoli MIS (10th ed)
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