On produce hormones to control reproductive cycles and to control urine production. (a) After fertilisation an embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus. (i) Describe how the sex of the embryo is determined at fertilisation. (2) (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ({X) in the box next to your answer. 0) Progesterone levels remain high after fertilisation. Progesterone is produced by the OA corpus luteum B-lymphocytes © pituitary gland 1 D hypothalamus (b) A female who is a carrier for haemophilia and a non-haemophiliac male are having a child. Use the Punnett square to calculate the probability that the child will be a male with haemophilia Use X" for the normal allele and X° for the haemophilia allele. (3) male female probability of a male haemophiliac(©) The levels of the hormone ADH vary in the human body. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (DX) in the box next to your answer. (1) ADH affects the collecting duct by [1 A. increasing its permeability to water, decreasing urine production 1 B decreasing its permeability to water, decreasing urine production [I C increasing its permeability to water, increasing urine production 8 D decreasing its permeability to water, increasing urine production (ii) The graph shows the level of ADH in the blood of one person during one day. level of ADH in the blood 08:00 1200 16:00 20:00 00:00 04:00 —08:00 time of day State a reason for the level of ADH production at 15:00 hours. (1) (d) Urine contains the waste product urea. State how and where urea is produced. (2)2 Glucose and urea are transported in the blood to nephrons. The diagram shows a nephron with the glucose and urea concentrations at locations labelled P, Q and R. Pp glucose 170mg/100cm? urea 27mg/100cm* R Q glucose 0mg/100cm? glucose 80mg/100cm* urea 1900mg/100cm* urea 27mg/100cm? (@) () Calculate the percentage decrease in glucose concentration between location P and location Q. (2)(ii) Describe how glucose is removed from the nephron. (2) (iii) Explain the change in the concentration of urea between location Q and location R. (2)(b) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (JX) in the box next to your answer. Urea enters the nephron through the a ‘A Bowman's capsule B bladder c D collecting duct Boaa loop of Henlé (i) Which hormone controls the permeability of the collecting duct? (1) (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (BX) in the box next to your answer. Urine is transported from the bladder through the a) renal artery renal vein Baaa A B C ureter D urethra (Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)(@) Aperson had symptoms including difficulty passing urine, aching in the lower abdomen, constant thirst and fainting. Asample of their urine was tested. The results are shown in Figure 8. test result acceptable range Glucose 200mg perdi | 0 to 130mg perdi Albumin (protein) 16mgperdi | Oto 3mgperdl | pH 3 5to7 | Leukocytes (white blood cells) 40 2t05 | Figure 8 () Adoctor analysed the results and asked the person to have further tests for type 2 diabetes. Give a reason why the doctor came to this conclusion. ) (ii) Explain why the doctor also concluded that the person had a kidney infection. (2) (b) Describe how a student could test a sample of urine for the presence of protein. (2)(0) Describe the route taken by urine from the kidney until it leaves the body. (3) (d) Urine contains urea. ‘State how urea is formed in the human body.@). () Women with the condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) do not ovulate regularly. Women with PCOS can be treated using clomifene therapy. Clomifene therapy stimulates the production of FSH. Name the endocrine gland that produces FSH. a (ii) During this therapy, a woman takes a clomifene tablet each day for the first five days of her menstrual cycle. Describe the changes that would happen inside the ovaries during the first five days of this treatment. (2) (iii) Which hormone causes ovulation? (1) O AL FSH testosterone a a a oa®@ progesterone (iv) During clomifene therapy, the woman has a blood test on day 20 of the menstrual cycle. The blood test shows a high level of progesterone. Explain the cause of this high level of progesterone on day 20 of the menstrual cycle. (2)(b) Hormones are also used as a method of contraception. Explain why taking high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the combined contraceptive pill reduces the chance of pregnancy. (2) (Q) The female population of Britain is 32.6 million. The percentage of this population taking the combined contraceptive pill is 13.2%. The combined pill is 98.8% effective. Calculate the maximum number of females taking the combined contraceptive pill who could become pregnant. (3)he diagram below shows some of the glands in the body which produce hormones. pituitary A B adrenal | eo oe} my \ N\ | (a) (i) Label glands A and B. 21 (ii) Describe how hormones reach the organs of the body where they act. i (ili) If internal conditions in the body change, hormones enable the balance to be. restored. State the scientific term for this process. (i)Increasing concentration (0) The hormone insulin helps control the concentration of glucose in the blood. The sketch graphs below show the results of an investigation into the control of blood glucose concentration in two people. They both drank 100cms of glucose solution and the concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood were monitored. The concentration of glycogen in the liver was also recorded. Rhodri Steffan Key: Concentration of + glycogen in liver insulin in blood glucose in blood Increasing concentration Time Time Steffan has a medical condition. State the name of this medical condition, give two pi of evidence from the graphs which support your answer and suggest how this con could be treated.(©) The development of an egg cell in the human ovary is shown in the diagram below. Egg cell Egg cell released in follicle © ~~ from follicle — (ovulation) ready for @/ eee Egg cell and follicle grow Hormones control this process and can be used in contraceptives. ‘The graph shows the resuit of an investigation of a hormonal contraceptive which prevents ovulation, so that fertilisation cannot occur. It was administered in three ways as follows; Group 1 as a pill taken daily, Group 2 as an injection given once which lasts a few weeks, Group 3 as an impiant into the body which lasts three years. 3 8 3 & 200 i £ 8 3. § 100 3 Concentration S needed 3 — to prevent 8 ovulation 8 = DaysFrom this graph. (i) State the minimum concentration of contraceptive in the blood needed to prevent ovulation. i] au. (i) Calculate: |. the difference between the highest and lowest mean concentration of contraceptive in the blood for the group taking daily pills. a difference = au I the percentage increase from day 2 to day 5 in mean concentration for the group having an injection. 2] Percentage Increas: % (ii) Suggest how many days after receiving the injection it would need to be repeated. Give a reason for your answer. it] Answer days Reason (iv) Describe two advantages and one disadvantage of an implant over the other! hormonal methods of contraception. 8]