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Addressing Modes

The document discusses different types of addressing modes used in computer architectures. It describes immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement (indexed), and stack addressing modes. Each mode trades off between addressing flexibility, memory references, and complexity. Different architectures use different subsets of these addressing modes depending on their design. The document also specifically outlines the various addressing modes supported by Intel x86 processors.

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Anurag Anand
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71 views25 pages

Addressing Modes

The document discusses different types of addressing modes used in computer architectures. It describes immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement (indexed), and stack addressing modes. Each mode trades off between addressing flexibility, memory references, and complexity. Different architectures use different subsets of these addressing modes depending on their design. The document also specifically outlines the various addressing modes supported by Intel x86 processors.

Uploaded by

Anurag Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Addressing Modes

Reference:
Computer Organization and
Architecture by William Stallings
8th Edition
Addressing Modes
• How the operands are specified in an
instruction
• The trade-off deals with
—Address range and/or addressing flexibility
—number of memory references
—complexity in address calculation

Different architectures use different addressing modes


Addressing Modes

• Immediate
• Direct
• Indirect
• Register
• Register Indirect
• Displacement (Indexed)
• Stack
Immediate Addressing

• Operand is part of instruction


• Operand = address field
• e.g. ADD 5
—Add 5 to contents of accumulator
—5 is an operand
• No memory reference to fetch data
Immediate Addressing

• Operand is part of instruction


• Operand = address field
• e.g. ADD 5
—Add 5 to contents of accumulator
—5 is an operand
• No memory reference to fetch data
• Fast
• Limited range of values
Direct Addressing

• Address field contains address of operand


• Effective address (EA) = operand value
• e.g. ADD Addr
—Add contents of cell Addr to accumulator
—Look in memory at address Addr for operand
Direct Addressing

• Address field contains address of operand


• Effective address (EA) = operand value
• e.g. ADD Addr
—Add contents of cell Addr to accumulator
—Look in memory at address Addr for operand
• Single memory reference to access data
• No additional calculations to work out
effective address
• Limited address space
Direct Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory

Operand
Indirect Addressing
• Memory cell pointed to by the address
field of instruction contains the address of
the operand
• EA = (A)
—Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
• e.g. ADD (A)
—Add contents of cell pointed by the contents of
A to accumulator
Indirect Addressing contd.

• Large address space


• May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
—e.g. EA = (((A)))
• Multiple memory accesses to find operand
• Slower
Indirect Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory

Pointer to operand

Operand
Register Addressing

• Operand is held in register named in


address filed
• EA = R
Register Addressing contd.

• Similar to Direct addressing


• No memory access
• Very fast execution
• Very limited address space (register
options)
Register Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Registers

Operand
Register Indirect Addressing

• Similar to indirect addressing


• EA = (R)
• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
Register Indirect Addressing

• Similar to indirect addressing


• EA = (R)
• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
• Large address space
• One fewer memory access than indirect
addressing
Register Indirect Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Memory

Registers

Pointer to Operand Operand


Displacement Addressing

• EA = A + (R)
• Address field holds two values
—A = base value
—R = register that holds displacement
—or vice versa

• Base-Register addressing is a kind of


displacement addressing
Displacement Addressing Diagram

Instruction
Opcode Register R Address A
Memory

Registers

Pointer to Operand + Operand


Relative Addressing

• A version of displacement addressing


• R = Program counter, PC
• EA = A + (PC)
• i.e. get operand from A cells from current
location pointed to by PC
Indexed Addressing
• A = base
• R = displacement
• EA = A + R
• Then, increments (or decrements) R
• Good for accessing arrays
—EA = A + R
—R++
Stack Addressing

• Operand is (implicitly) on top of stack


• e.g.
—ADD Pop top two items from stack
and add
Intel x86 Addressing Modes
• Virtual or effective address is offset into segment
— Starting address plus offset gives linear address
— This goes through page translation if paging is enabled
• Addressing modes available
— Immediate
— Register operand
— Displacement
— Base
— Base with displacement
— Scaled index with displacement
— Base with index and displacement
— Base scaled index with displacement
— Relative
Intel x86 Addressing Modes
Intel x86 Addressing Modes

Mode Algorithm
Immediate Operand = A
Register Operand LA = R
Displacement LA = (SR) + A
Base LA = (SR) + (B)
Base with Displacement LA = (SR) + (B) + A
Scaled Index with Displacement LA = (SR) + (I) ´ S + A
Base with Index and Displacement LA = (SR) + (B) + (I) + A
Base with Scaled Index and Displacement LA = (SR) + (I) ´ S + (B) + A
Relative LA = (PC) + A

LA = linear address
(X) = contents of X
SR = segment register
PC = program counter
A = contents of an address field in the instruction
R = register
B = base register
I = index register
S = scaling factor

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