Structural Design

Structural Design Guide Lines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................................1
2. BASIS OF DESIGN ..............................................................................................6
2.1 Fundamental Requirements.........................................................................6
3. LIMIT STATES ......................................................................................................6
3.1 General ........................................................................................................6
3.2 Ultimate Limit States ....................................................................................6
3.3 Serviceability Limit States ............................................................................7
3.4 Limit State Design ........................................................................................7
4. PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS .............................................................................8
4.1 General ........................................................................................................8
4.2 Design Values ..............................................................................................8
4.2.1 Design Values of Actions ...............................................................8
4.2.2 Design Values of Material Properties .............................................9
4.2.3 Load Combinations ........................................................................9
5. DESIGN LOAD, SELF-WEIGHTS AND IMPOSED LOADS ..............................10
6. WIND LOADS .....................................................................................................20
6.1 Characteristic Wind Loads .........................................................................20
6.2 Roofs..........................................................................................................23
7. EARTHQUAKE LOADS .....................................................................................24
7.1 Minimum Earthquake Forces for Structures ..............................................24
7.2 Distribution of the Horizontal Seismic Forces ............................................30
8. OTHER DESIGN LOADS ...................................................................................30
9. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ..............................................................................30
10. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ISOLATED FOOTING OR BASES .......................31
11. DESIGN OF STRIP FOUNDATIONS .................................................................32
12. DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS ..................................................................35
13. DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS ....................................................................36
Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications

14. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ..............................................................................37
15. CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ............................................39
16. DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE .............................................40
17. STRUCTURAL FLOORS ....................................................................................41
18. SOLID CONCRETE SLABS ...............................................................................41
19. CONCRETE BEAMS ..........................................................................................45
20. CONCRETE COLUMNS .....................................................................................47
21. CONCRETE WALLS ..........................................................................................48
22. STRUCTURAL STEEL .......................................................................................52
23. STEEL BEAMS ...................................................................................................53
24. STEEL COLUMNS .............................................................................................54
25. BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS ........................................................55
25.1 General ......................................................................................................55

25.2 Bolted and Riveted Connections 56
25.3 Pin Connections .........................................................................................58
25.4 Splices .......................................................................................................59
25.5 Welded Connections ..................................................................................60
26. STRUCTURAL STEEL PURLINS ......................................................................70
27. ROOFS ...............................................................................................................70
28. COMPOSITE BEAMS .........................................................................................71
29. TIMBER STRUCTURES .....................................................................................73
30. TIMBER TRUSSES ............................................................................................74
31. MASONRY STRUCTURES ................................................................................74
32. CLAY BRICKS ....................................................................................................76
33. CONCRETE BLOCKS ........................................................................................76

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Wind Intensity Map of Uganda ...................................................................21
Figure 2 : Seismic Map of Uganda ............................................................................26
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Residential Occupancy ...............................................................................11
Table 2 : Institutional/Educational Occupancy (Prisons, Hosipital, Schools, Colleges) .12
Table 3(a) : Public Assembly Occuapncy (Halls, Auditoria, Resutaurants, Musems,

Libraries, Non Residential Clubs, Theatres, Broadcasting Studios,
Grandstands) ...........................................................................................13
Table 3(b) : Public Assembly Occuapncy (Halls, Auditoria, Resutaurants, Musems,

Libraries, Non Residential Clubs, Theatres, Broadcasting Studios,
Grandstands) ...........................................................................................14
Table 4 : Office Occupancy (Offices, Banks) .............................................................15
Table 5 : Retail Occupancy (Shops, Department Stores, Supermarkets) ..................16
Table 6 : Industrial Occupancy(Workshops, Factories) .............................................17
Table 7 : Storage Occupancy (Warehouses) .............................................................18
Table 8 : Vehicular Occupancy (Garages, Car Parks, Vehicle Acess Ramps) ..........18
Table 9 : Horizontal Loads on Parapet and Balustrades............................................20
Table 10 : Variations of Constant K with Altitude .......................................................21
Table 11 : Terrain Coefficients for Various Terrain Categories ..................................22
Table 12 : External Pressure Coefficient Cpe for Pitched Roofs of Rectangular Clad
Buildings ....................................................................................................23
Table 13 : Average Internal Pressure Coefficients Cpi for Rectangular Buildings of

Open Interior Plan ......................................................................................24
Table 14 : Incidence Factors ......................................................................................25
Table 15 : Bedrock Acceleration Ratio, αo .................................................................25
Table 16 : Structure Importance Factor, I ..................................................................25
Table 17 : Site Condition Factor, S ............................................................................27

Table 18 : Structural Systems Types Factor, γ...........................................................29
Table 19 : Presumed Design Bearing Resistances Under Vertical Static Loading ....34
Table 20 : Reinforcement Percentages, Depth Projection Ratio and Ground Pressure

(Characteristic Strength, fy = 460N/mm2) ..................................................35
Table 21 : Standard Mixes For Ordinary Structural Concrete Per 50kg bag of Cement
...................................................................................................................38
Table 22 : Partial Safety Factors ................................................................................39
Table 23 : Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (N/mm2) ...39
Table 24 : Values of ba ..............................................................................................40
Table 25 : Span/Effective Depth Ratios for Solid Slabs .............................................41
Table 26 : Bending Moments and Shear Forces for One-Way Slabs ........................41
Table 27 : Bending Moment Coeffficients for Two-Way Spanning Rectangular Slabs

...................................................................................................................42
Table 28 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Coefficients for Flat Slabs of Three or
More than Equal Spans .............................................................................43
Table 29 : Moments Sharing in Strips of Flats Slabs .................................................43
Table 30 : Fire Resistnace Requirements for Floor Slabs .........................................44
Table 31 : Basic Span or Effective Depth Ratios for Reinforced Concrete Beams ....45
Table 32 : Design Ultimate Bending Moments and Shear Forces .............................46
Table 33 : Fire Resistane and Cover Requirements for Beams .................................46
Table 34 : Values of Coefficient B ..............................................................................48
Table 35 : Fire Resistance Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Columns ...........48
Table 36 : Height to Thickness Ratios for Walls ........................................................49
Table 37 : Capacity Reduction Factors of Walls ........................................................49
Table 38 : Maximum Slenderness Ratios for Reinforced Concrete Walls .................50
Table 39 : Fire Resistance Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Walls .................51
Table 40 : Durability Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Walls above Ground ...52
Table 41 : Design Strength for Structural ...................................................................53
Table 42 : Empirical Values for Purlins ......................................................................70

Table 43 : Minimum Roof Slopes ...............................................................................71
Table 44 : Moisture Content of Timber for Various Position in Building .....................73
Table 45 : Basic Stresses for Structural Timber .........................................................74
Table 46 : Requirements for Mortars in Masonry Construction ..................................75
Table 47 : Physical Properties of Bricks.....................................................................76
Table 48 : Characteristic Compressive Strength of Brickwork Masonry ....................76
Table 49 : Characteristic Compressive Stregth of Concrete Blockwork Masonry

N/mm2) .......................................................................................................77
Table 50 : Characteristic Flexural Strength of Masonry (N/mm2) ...............................77
APPENDICES
Appendix A : Tables for Design of Concrete Structures .............................................78
Table A.1 : Cross Sectional Area of Bars (mm2) ...................................78
Table A.2 : Slab Reinforcement Per Meter (mm2) .................................78
Table A.3 : Large Radius Bends: Internal Radius of bend (mm) for
fcu = 25 (mm2)......................................................................79
Table A.4 : Large - Radius Bends : Internal Radius of Bend (mm)

fcu = 30 N/mm2 .....................................................................80
Table A.5 : Large - Radius Bends: Internal Radius of Bend (mm)

fcu = 40 N/mm2 ..................................................................81
Table A.6 : Column Ties Data .............................................................81
Table A.7 : Areas of Reinforcement for Various Tie combinations ........82
Table A.8 : Minimum Areas of Reinforcement, mm2 ...........................83
Table A.9 : Minimum Areas of Reinforcement, mm2 ...........................84
Appendix B : Tables for Design of Steel Structures ...................................................85
Table B.1 : Bending Strength, Pb, (in N/mm2) for Rolled Sections ........85
Table B.2 : Bending Strength, Pb, (in N/mm2) for Welded Sections ......86
Table B.3 : Bending Strength, Pb, (in N/mm2) for Rolled Sections with
Equal Flanges ...................................................................87

Table B.4 : Critical Shear Strength, qcr, (in N/mm2) ...............................91
Table B.5 : Basic Shear Strength, qb, (in N/mm2) ..................................95
Table B.6 : Basic Shear Strength, qb, (in N/mm2) ..................................96
Table B.7 : Flange Dependent Shear Strength Factor, qb, (in N/mm2) 100
Table B8(a) : Compressive Strength, PC. (in N/mm2) for Struts...........104
Table B8(b) : Compressive Strength, PC,, (in N/mm2) for Struts ..........106
Table B8(c) : Compressive Strength, PC, (in N/mm2) for Struts ..........108
Table B8(d) : Compressive Strength, PC,, (in N/mm2) for Struts ..........110
Table B9 : Allowable Stress in Axial Tension ......................................112

ESTABLISHMENT OF STRUCTRUAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
The Strructral design Guidelines required to be provided under Section 47 of the

Building Control Act, 2002 shall be specified in the Schedule to these
Regulations.
1. INTERPRETATION
In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires:-
'basic stress' means the stress which can be permanently sustained by a

member loaded in a direction parallel to one of its
orthogonal axes;
'beam' means a structural member which supports loads primarily by

its internal resistance to bending;
'block' means a walling unit which exceeds the size of a brick in

overall dimensions;
'blockwork' means an assemblage of blocks or bricks interlocking or

bonded together with mortar or grout to form a wall, pier or
column;
'braced wall' means a wall where the reactions to lateral forces are provided
by lateral supports;
‘brick’ means common or standard basic building unit that supports

vertical loads made from wet clay hardened by heat.
'building' means any structure, whether of a temporary -- or' permanent

nature, and, irrespective of the materials used in its erection,
erected or used for or in connection with-
(i) the accommodation or convenience of human beings or

animals;
(ii) the manufacture, process, storage or sale of any goods;
(iii) the rendering of any service;
(iv) the destruction or treatment of refuse or other waste
material;
(v) the cultivation or growing of any plant or crop;
`bow' means the curvature of a piece of sawn timber in the direction

of its length, whereby the plane of its face deviates from a
straight line;
`cantilever' means a member which is fixed at one end and is free to

deflect at the other;
`capacity' means the limit of force or moment which may be applied

without causing failure due to yielding or rupture;
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`characteristic load' means a load, the value of which has probability of being
exceeded by 5%.
`characteristic wind speed' means the speed of the extreme gust of wind
duration two to three seconds occurring at a particular
design height and having a return period of 50 years;
`characteristic strength' means the value of the strength of a material below

which the probability of test results fall is not more
than 5%;
`column' means an isolated vertical member of a structure

carrying axial loads or three components, and whose
width is not more than four times its thickness;
`compressive strength' means the strength of a sample tested according to the

standard testing procedures;
`concrete' means a material formed essentially from a mixture of

cement, aggregates and water;
`connector' means a device for connecting one or more members to

one another and capable of transmitting specified loads;
`cup' means the curvature of a piece of sawn timber across

its width;
`dead load' means the load due to the weight of, all walls,
permanent partition, floors, roofs and finishes, including
services and all other permanent construction;
`design load' means the characteristic load multiplied by a partial

safety factor for loads;
`design service load' means the design load for the service ability state;
`design ultimate load’ means the design load for the ultimate limit state;
`design strength' means the characteristic strength of the material

multiplied by the appropriate partial safety factor;
`dynamic load' means part of an imposed load resulting from motion;
èffective depth' means the distance from the extreme compressive fibre
to the center of gravity of the tensile reinforcements in
concrete in a section;
èffective height' means the height of wall, or column assumed for

calculating the slenderness ratio;
èffective length' means the length between points of effective restraint of

a member multiplied by a factor to take account of the
end conditions and loading;
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èffective thickness' means the thickness of wall or column assumed for

calculating the slenderness ratio;
èlastic design' means a design which assumes no redistribution of

moments due to plastic rotation of a section throughout
the structure;
èmpirical method' means a simplified method of design justified by

experience or testing.
`factored load' means a specified load multiplied by the relevant partial

factor;
`flat slab' means a slab with or without drops and supported,

without beams, by columns with or without column
heads;
`footing' means that part of the building the function of which is

to distribute - loading directly to the ground;
`foundation' means that the part of ground immediately under the

footing;
`freestanding' means a wall without top or side support which depends

for stability on its base fixity or mass;
`H-section' means a section with one central web and two equal
flanges, which has an overall depth not greater than
1.2 x width of the flange;
‘imposed load’ means the load assumed to be produced by the

intended occupancy or use, including the weight of
movable partitions, distributed, concentrated, impact
and inertial loads but excluding wind loads;
Ì-section' means a section with central web and two equal flanges
which has an overall depth greater than 1.2 x the width
of flange;
`knots' means a portion of a tree branch which has become

embedded in the wood by the natural growth of the tree;
`lateral support' means an element able to transmit lateral forces from a

braced wall to the principal structural bracing or to the
foundations;
`load bearing wall' means a wall primarily designed to carry a vertical load
in addition to its own weight;
`member' means a structural component such as a beam, joist, or

column;
`modification factor' means a factor applied to the grade stresses, basic joint
forces or calculated deformations, to allow for specific
conditions or conditions under which a member
3
structure will operate and which will influence its

structural behaviour;
`moisture contents' means the mass of water in a sample of material

expressed as a percentage of oven-dry mass of that
material sample as specified in the standard test;
`masonry' means an assemblage of structural units, either laid in-

situ or constructed in prefabricated panels, in which the
structural units are bonded and solidly put together with
mortar or grout;
òccupancy' means the use or purpose to which ' a building or site is

normally put or intended to be put;
`panel' means an area of brickwork or floor slab with defined

boundaries;
`permissible stress' means the maximum stress which can be permanently

sustained by a member loaded in a direction parallel to
one of its orthogonal axes;
`plain wall’ means a wall containing either no reinforcement or

required minimum reinforcement;
`plastic design’ means a design method assuming redistribution of

stress within a cross-section;
`reinforced concrete wall’ means a wall containing either no reinforcement or

required minimum reinforcement;
`serviceability limit states’ means limit states such as deflection, cracking, etc
which when exceeded can lead to the structure
being unfit for its intended use;
`shake’ means a split, crack or deep check in timber;
`slenderness ratio’ means the effective height or length divided by the

effective thickness or the radius of gyration;
`split’ means a longitudinal separation of the fibres which

extends to the opposite face or adjoining edge of a
piece of sawn timber;
`spring’ means the curvature of a piece of timber in the plane of

its edge, also known also as edge bend;
`stability' means the resistance of the structure or part of the

structure to overturning, sliding or overall failure;
`strength’ means the resistance to failure by yielding or buckling;
‘strut' means a member of structure carrying predominantly

compressive axial load;
4
`slope of grain' means the deviation of the grain (fibres) from the
longitudinal axis of the timber, when the deviation is in
the same direction throughout the depth of the piece;
`softwood structural timber' means timber derived from coniferous trees;
`stress grade' means the numerical value of the " working stress in
bending that can safely be sustained by timber under
long-term loading conditions;
`structural unit' means bricks or blocks or square dressed natural stone;
`transverse' means the direction perpendicular to the stronger of the

rectangular axes of the member;
`twist' means the spiral distortion of a piece of sawn timber;
ùnbraced wall' means a wall providing its own lateral stability;
ùltimate limit state' means that state, which if exceeded, can cause the
collapse- of part or whole of the structure;
`wane' means the original rounded surface of a tree remaining

on a piece of converted timber;
'wall' means a vertical member whose length exceeds four

times its thickness;
`warehouse' means a building designed for use as go down, factory

or for wholesale business;
'wind load' means the load due to the effect of wind pressure or
suction;
'yield stress' means the yield stress of a material in tension.
5
2. BASIS OF DESIGN
Fundamental Requirements
1. Every building shall be designed in a manner that ensures that it-
(a) achieves an acceptable level of probability that it shall perform

satisfactorily during its intended life;
(b) sustains all loads and deformations of normal construction and
use; and
(c) has adequate durability and resistance to that effects and
misuse of fire.
2. Due regard shall be given to economy in design, giving regard to

structural safety and serviceability, including durability.
3. building shall also be designed and executed in such a way that will not
be damaged by events like fire, explosion, impact or consequences of
human error, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
4. For every building, suitable materials, quality control and good

supervision shall complement design calculations to produce safe,
serviceable and durable structures.
5. Approved standards for materials, production, workmanship,

maintenance and use of buildings shall be complied with to ensure that
the design objectives are realized.
3. LIMIT STATES
General
1. Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies
the design performance requirements.
2. In general, a distinction is made between ultimate limit states and

serviceability limit states. Verification o one of the two limits may be
omitted if sufficient information is available to prove that the
requirements of one limit state are met by the other.
Ultimate Limit States
1. Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse or with other
similar forms of structural failure.
2. States prior to structural collapse, which, for simplicity, are considered

in place of the collapse itself are also treated as ultimate limit states.
3. Ultimate limit states concern:
(a) the safety of the structure and in contents;

(b) the safety of people.
4. Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include:
6
(a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as

a rigid body;
(b) Failure by excessive deformation, transformation of the structure
or any part of it, including supports and foundations;
(c) Failure caused by fatigue or other time-dependent effects.
Serviceability Limit States
(1) Serviceability limit states correspond to conditions beyond which

specified service requirements for a structure or structural elements
are no longer met.
(2) The serviceability requirements concern:
(a) the functioning of the construction works or parts of them;

(b) the comfort of people;
(c) the appearance.
(3) A distinction shall be made, if relevant, between reversible and

irreversible serviceability limit states.
(4) Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include:
(a) deformation and displacements which affect the appearance or

effective use of the structure or cause damage to finishes or non
structural elements;
(b) vibrations which cause discomfort to people, damage to the
structure or to the materials it supports, or which limit its functional
effectiveness;
(c) damage (including cracking) which is likely to affect appearance,
durability or the function of the structure adversely;
(d) observable damage caused by fatigue and other time-dependent
effects.
Limit State Design
(1) Limit state design shall be carried out by:

(a) setting up structural and load models for relevant ultimate and
serviceability limit states to be considered in the various design
situations and load cases;
(b) verifying that the limit states are not exceeded when design
values for actions, material properties and geometrical data are
used in the models.
(2) Design values are generally obtained by using the characteristic or

representative values in combination with partial and other factors.
(3) In exceptional cases, it may be appropriate to determine design values

directly. The values should be chosen cautiously and should
correspond to at least the same degree of reliability for the various
limit states.
7
4. PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS
General
4.1.1. The reliability according to the limit state concept is achieved by

application of the partial factor of safety method. In the partial
safety factor method, it is verified that, in all relevant design
situations, the limit states are not exceeded when design values fro
actions, material properties and geometrical data are used in the
design models.
4.1.2. In particular, it shall be verified that:
(a) the effects of design actions do not exceed the design

resistance of the structure at the ultimate limit state: and
(b) the effects of design actions do not exceed the performance
criteria for the serviceability limit state.
4.1.3. The selected design situations shall be considered and critical load
cases identified. For each critical load case, the design values of
the effects of action in combination shall be determined.
4.1.4. A load case identifies compatible load arrangements, sets of

deformations and imperfections which should be considered
simultaneously for a particular verification.
4.1.5. A load arrangement identifies the position, magnitude and direction

of a free action.
4.1.6. Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of

actions should be considered.
4.1.7. The design values used for different limit states may be different .
Design Values
Design Values of Actions
(1) The design value Fd of an action is expressed in general terms

as:
Fd = γf Frep
where γf is the partial safety factor for the action considered

taking account of:
(a) the possibility of unfavourable deviation of the actions;

(b) the possibility of inaccurate modeling of eh actions
(c) uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions.
Frep is the representative value of the action.
8
(2) Depending on the type of verification and combination

procedures, design values for particular actions are expressed
as follows:
Gd = γG Gk or Gk
Qd = γq Qk or Qk
(3) Where distinction has to be made between favourable and

unfavourable effects of permanent actions, two different partial
safety factors shall be used.
Design Values of Material Properties
(1) The design value Xd of a material or product property is

generally defined as:
Xd = ηXd /γM or Xd /γM
where γM is the partial safety factor for material or product

property which covers:
(a) unfavourable deviation from the characteristic;

(b) inaccuracies in the convention factors; and
(c) uncertainties in the geometric properties and the
resistance model.
η is the conversion factor taking into account the effect of the

duration of the load, volume and scale effects of moisture and
temperature and so on.
Load Combinations
(1) the following load combinations shall be investigated for the

ultimate limit state:
(a) Dead and live load
1.3 Gk + 1.6Qk
(b) Dead, live and wind load
0.8(1.3 Gk + 1.6Qk + 1.6Wk )

(c) Dead, live and earthquake load
Gk + Qk + Ek
or
0.75(1.3 Gk + 1.6Qk ) + Ek
(d) Dead and wind load
0.9Gk + 1.3Wk
9
(e) Dead, live and earthquake load
Gk + 1.3Qk + 1.25Ek
0.9Gk + 1.25 Ek
where,
Gk = the characteristic dead load

Qk = the characteristic live load
Wk = the characteristic wind load
Ek = the characteristic earthquake load
(2) the following load combinations shall be investigated for the

serviceability limit state:
(a) Dead and live load
Gk + Qk
(b) Dead, live and wind load
Gk + 0.8(Qk + Wk )
(c) Dead, live and earthquake load
Gk + Qk + Ek
0.7Gk + Ek )
5. DESIGN LOAD, SELF-WEIGHTS AND IMPOSED LOADS
(1) Loads shall fall into two main classifications: self-weights (dead) and
imposed loading, for use in the design of buildings. These shall apply to
new structures, alterations, additions and existing construction on
change of use.
(2) Self-weight loads shall be those arising from the weight of all walls,
permanent partitions, floors, roofs, finishes, services and other
permanent construction. For self-weight reference shall be made to BS
648 and V in addition, the designer shall calculate, from the information
available, the self-weight information that might not be available.
(3) Imposed loads shall be those arising from the particular occupancy or
use of the building and shall include the weight of movable partitions,
impact but excluding wind and seismic.
(4) The general occupancy classes causing imposed loads shall be

residential, institutional, educational, public assembly, offices, retail,
industrial, storage and vehicular. Tables 1 to 7 inclusive show the
minimum imposed loads for different occupancies.
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Table 1 : Residential Occupancy
Intensity of
Floor area usage distributed load Concentrated load (kN)
(kN/m2)
Type 1: Self contained dwelling
units, all 1.5 1.4
Type 2: Apartments, houses,
hoarding houses, lodging
houses, guest house, hostels, 2.0 1.8
residential clubs and communal
areas in blocks and flats
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan
rooms and the like including the 7.5 4.5
weight of machinery.
Communal kitchens, laundries 3.0 4.5
Dinning rooms, lounges, billiard 2.0 2.7
rooms
Toilet rooms 2.0 -
Bedrooms, dormitories 1.5 1.8
Corridors, hallways, stairs, 3.0 4.5
landing, footbridges
Balconies Same as rooms to 1.5 per meter run
which they give concentrated a the outer
access but with a edge
minimum if 3.0
Catawalks 1.0 at 1m centers
Type 3: Hotels and motels
boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan 7.5 4.5
rooms and the like, including
the weight of machinery
Assembly areas without fixed 5.0 3.6
seating, dance halls
Bars 5.0 -
Assembly areas with fixed -
seating 4.0
Corridors, hallways, stairs,
landings, footbridges 4.0 4.5
Kitchens, laundries 3.0 4.5
Dining rooms, lounges, billiard 2.0 2.7
rooms
Bedrooms 2.0 1.8
Toilet rooms 2.0 -
Balconies Same as rooms to 1.5 per meters run
which they give concentrated a the outer
access but with a edge
minimum of 4.0
Catwalks - 1.0 at 1m centers
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Table 2 : Institutional/Educational Occupancy (Prisons, hospitals, schools,

colleges)
Intensity of Concentrated
Floor area usage
distributed load load (kN)
Dense mobile stacking (books) 4.8 for each metre of stack height
7.0
on trolleys but with a minimum of 9.6
2.4 for each metre of stack height
Stack rooms (books) 7.0
but with a minimum of 6.5
4.0 for each metre of storage
Stationery stores 9.0
height
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan
rooms and the like, including 7.5 4.5
The weight of machinery.
Corridors, hallways, etc. subject to loads
greater than from crowds, as wheeled 5.0 4.5
vehicles, trolleys and the like.
Drill rooms and drill halls 5.0 9.0
Assembly area without fixed seating*,
5.0 3.6
stages, gymnasia
Bars 5.0 --
Projection rooms 5.0 --
Corridors, hall ways, aisles, stairs,
4.0 4.5
landings, footbridge
Reading rooms with book storage e.g.
4.0 4.5
libraries
Assembly areas with fixed seating* 4.0 --
Laboratories (including equipment),
3.0 4.5
kitchen
Classrooms, Chapels 3.0 2.7
Reading rooms without book storage 2.5 4.5
Areas of equipment 2.0 1.8
X-ray rooms, operating rooms, utility
2.0 4.5
rooms
Reading rooms, lounges, billard rooms 2.0 2.7
Dining rooms, hospital bedrooms and
2.0 1.8
wards
Toilet rooms 2.0 --
Bedrooms, dormitories 1.5 1.8
Same as rooms to which they 1.5 per meter run
Balconies
give access but with minimu of concentrated at
4.0 the outer edge
4.5 kN per meter run distributed
Fly galleries -
uniformly over the width
Catwalk -- 1.0 a 1 m centers
* Fixed seating is seating where its removal and the use of the space for other
purposes is improbable.
12
Table 3(a): Public Assembly Occupancy (Halls, Auditoria, Restaurants,

Museums, Libraries, Non Residential Clubs, Theatres,
Broadcasting Studios, Grandstands)
Floor area usage Intensity of distributed Concentrated

load kN/m2 load (kN)
4.8 for each meter of stack
Dense mobile stacking (books) on
stack height but with a 4.0
mobile trucks
minimum of 9.6
2.4 for each metre of stack
Stack rooms (books) height but with minimum of 7.0
6.5
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan rooms
and the like including the weight of 7.5 4.5
machinery.
Stages 7.5 4.5
Corridors, hallways, etc. subject to loads
greater than from crowds, such as
wheeled
5.0 4.5
Vehicles, trolleys and the like.
Corridors, stairs and passageways in
grandstands
Drill rooms and drill halls 5.0 9.0
Assembly areas without fixed seating*;
5.0 3.6
dance halls, gymnasia grandstands
Projection rooms, bars 5.0 -
Museum floors and art galleries for

4.0 4.5
exhibition purposes.
13
Table 3(b): Public Assembly Occupancy (Halls, Auditoria, Restaurants,

Museums, Libraries, Non-Residential Clubs, Theatres,
Broadcasting Studios, Grandstands)
Intensity of distributed load Concentrated

Floor area usage
(kN/ m2) load (kN)
Corridors, hallways, stairs, landing,
4.0 4.5
footbridges
Reading rooms with book storage, e.g.
4.0 4.5
libraries
Assembly areas with fixed seating* 4.0 4.5
Chapels, churches 3.0 4.5
Reading rooms without book storage 2.5 4.5
Grids 2.5
Areas for equipment 2.0 1.8
Dining rooms, lounges, billiard rooms 2.0 2.7
Dressing rooms 2.0 1.8
Toilet rooms 2.0 2.7
Same as rooms to which they
Balconies give Access but with a minimum 1.5 per metre
of 4.0 run
oncentrated at
4.5 kN per metre run distributed
Fly galleries the outer edge
uniformly over the width
1.0 at l meter
Catwalks
centers
* Fixed seating is seating where its removal and the use of the space for other
purpose is improbable.
14
Table 4: Office Occupancy (Offices, Banks)
Intensity of
Concentrated
Floor area usage distributed load
load (kN)
(kN/m2)
4.0 for each meter

of storage height
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan rooms and

7.5 4:5
the like including the weight of machinery
Corridors, hallways, etc subject to loads

greater than from crowds, such as wheeled 5.0 4.5
vehicles, trolleys and the like
File rooms, filing and storage space 5.0 4.5
Corridors, hallways, stairs, landings,

4.0 4.5
footbridges.
Offices with fixed computers or similar

3.5 4.5
equipment
Laboratories (including equipment),

3.0 4.5
kitchens, laundries
Banking halls 3.0 -

Offices for general use 2.5 2.7
Toilet rooms 2.0 -
Same as rooms to
1.5 per metre run
Balconies which they give
Concentrated
access but with a
at the outer edge
minimum of 4.0
Catwalks - 1.0 at l m centers
15
Table 5: Retail Occupancy (Shops, Departmental Stores, Supermarkets)
Intensity of
Concentrated
Floor area usage distributed
load (kN)
load kN/m2
5.0 for each meter of storage

Cold storage height with a minimum of 15.0 9.0
minimum of
4.0 for each meter

of storage height
Storage, other than types 2.4 for each meter

7.0
listed separately of storage height
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan rooms

and the like, including the weight of 7.5 4.5
machinery
Corridors, hallways, etc subject to
loads greater than from crowds, such
5.0 4.5
as wheeled vehicles, trolleys and the
like
Corridors, hallways, stairs, landings,
4.0 4.5
footbridges.
Shop floors for the display and sale of

4.0 3.6
merchandise.

Toilet rooms 2.0 -
Same as rooms to which 1.5 per metre run
Balconies they give access but concentrated at
with a minimum of 4.0 the outer edge
Catwalks - 1.0 at l m centres
16
Table 6: Industrial Occupancy (Workshops, Factories)
Floor area usage Intensity of distributed Concentrated load

load (kN/m2) (kN)
Foundries 20.0
Cold storage 5.0 for each metre of storage 9.0
height with a minimum of
15.0
Paper storage for printing plants 4.0 for each metre of storage 9.0
height
Storage, other than types listed 2.4 for each metre of storage 7.0
separately height
Type storage and other area in 12.5 9.0
printing plants
Boiler rooms, motor rooms, fan 7.5 4.5
rooms and the like, including the
weight of machinery
Factories, workshops and similar 5.0 4.5
buildings
Corridors, hallways, etc subject to 5.0 4.5
loads greater than from crowds,
such as wheeled vehicles, trolleys
and the like
Corridors, hallways, stairs, 4.0 4.5
landings, footbridges
Machinery halls, circulation spaces 4.0 4.5
there in
Laboratories (including equipment), 30. 4.5
laundries, kitchens
Toilet rooms 2.0 -
Catwalks - 1.0 at 1 m centres
17
Table 7: Storage Occupancy (warehouses)
Intensity of distributed Concentrated

Floor area usage
load kN/m2 load (kN)
5.0 for each metre of storage height
Cold Storage 9.0
with minimum of 15.0
Dense mobile stacking (books) 4.8 for each metre of storage height
7.0
on mobile trucks but with a minimum of 15.0
Paper storage for printing plants 4.0 for each metre of storage height 9.0
Stationery stores 4.0 for each metre of storage height 9.0

Storage, other than types
2.4 for each meter of storage height 7.0
Listed separately, warehouses.
Motor rooms, fan rooms and the like
7.5 4.5
including the weight of machinery.
Corridors, hallways, etc. subject to
loads greater than from crowds, such
5.0 4.5
as wheeled vehicles, trolleys and the
like
Catwalks - 1.0 at l m centers
Table 8: Vehicular Occupancy (Garages, car parks, vehicle access ramps)
Intensity of
Concentrated
Floor area usage distributed
load (kN)
load kN/m2
Motor rooms, fans rooms, and the like, including

7.5 4.5
the weight of machinery.
Driveways and vehicle ramps, other than in
garages for the parking only of passenger vehicles 5.0 9.0
and light vans not exceeding 2500 kg gross mass.
Repairs workshops for all types of vehicles, parking
for vehicles exceeding 2500 kg gross mass 5.0 9.0
including driveways and ramps.
Footpaths, terraces and plazas leading from
ground level with no obstruction to vehicular traffic, 5.0 9.0
pavement lights
Corridors, hallways, stairs landings foot bridges 4.0 4.5
Footpaths, terraces and plazas leading from
4.0 4.5
ground level but restricted to pedestrian only.
Car parking only, for passenger vehicles and light
vans not exceeding 2500 kg gross mass including 2.5 9.0
garages driveways and ramps
Catwalks - 1.0 at 1m. centres
18
Where mechanical stacking or plant and machinery are installed, the loads shall
be determined from knowledge of the equipment and processes likely to be
employed.
The imposed loads on flat roofs and sloping roofs less or equal to 10o with access
to the roof shall be taken as 1.5 kN/m2 measured on plan or 1.8 kN concentrated
load whichever produces the greater stress. For roofs without access, the design-
imposed loads shall be taken as 0.5 kN/m2 measured on plan or 0.9 kN
concentrated load.
The imposed loads on roofs with slopes greater than 10o where access has not
been provided shall be governed by the following:
For slopes less or equal to 30o; 0.4 kN/m2 measured on plan or 0.9 kN
concentrated load
For slopes less or equal to 30o to 75o; loads shall be linearly interpolated
between 0.0 kN/m2and 0.5 kN/m2 and 0.5
kN/m2
For slopes greater or equal to 75o; 0.0 kN/m2
The imposed loads on curved roofs shall be calculated by dividing the roof into
segments and then considering each segment appropriately to its mean slope.
Loads due to overhead traveling cranes installed in buildings shall be classified into
the following:
Class 1 - light duty (hand operated)

Class 2 - medium duty (for general use in factories or workshops)
Class 3 - heavy duty (for use in ware houses or scrap yard or rolling mills)
Class 4 - extra heavy duty (such as grab, magnet cranes, soaking pit or ingot,
forging and claw cranes)
The static wheel loads shall be multiplied by the factors given below to allow for
impact and other dynamic effects in the vertical directions:
Class 1 : 1.10
Class 2 : 1.20
Class 3 : 1.30
Class 4 : 1.30
The horizontal forces imposed on the gantry shall be taken to act the top of the rails
in transverse direction to the direction of travel of the crane. To allow for
acceleration or deceleration of the crab, the combined weight of the crab and
payload shall be factored as shown.
Class 1 : 0.05
Class 2 : 0.10
Class 3 : 0.15
Class 4 : 0.20
The allowance for possible misalignment of crane wheels or gantry rails shall be
satisfied by the equation:
P1 = XM/N
19
Where P1 = Force at each wheel acting in either direction to give most severe
conditions.
X = Factor varying with class of crane
(Class 1 = 0.05, Class 2 = 0.12, Class 3 = 0.15, Class 4 = 0.20)
M = Combined weight of crane, bridge, crab and payload
= Total number of crane wheels
To allow for skewing of crane caused by wheels or rails misalignment or by braking

or acceleration of the crane with the crab at the extremity of its travel, the force P1
shall be multiplied by a factor of 1.5 in cases of the cranes not guided by rollers. For
cranes guided by horizontal rollers located at the end of the bridge the forces PZ =
1.5 P1 shall be multiplied by a factor such that forces Ps = KP2 shall produce a
couple equal to 1.3 x couple produced by P2 at one end of crane not guided by
rollers.
The horizontal forces imposed by cranes on each line of rails in the longitudinal
direction of travel and caused by acceleration or deceleration shall be taken as 0.10
times the sum of maximum static wheel loads on that line of rails.
The horizontal forces caused by cranes on each stop in the direction of travel shall
be equal to the combined weight of crane, bridge and crab or equal to a force
caused by the cranes striking the end stop at full speed of travel, whichever is the
lesser.
Table 9: Horizontal Loads on Parapet and Balustrades
Intensity of horizontal
Use load
N/m run
Light access stairs etc less than 600 mm
200
wide.
Light access stairs etc. more than 600 mm
360
wide to private and domestic remises
A11 other stairways etc parapets to roofs 740
Panic barriers 3000
6. WIND LOADS
Characteristic Wind Loads
Wind loads shall be those arising from the dynamic effects of wind on
buildings. The wind design forces shall be a co-efficient of characteristic
wind speeds determined for the locations of the buildings and factored to
take into account the mean return periods, terrain categories, heights
above ground and shapes of the structures.
Characteristic wind speed shall be converted to the free stream velocity

pressure using the formula:
qz = sKVz 2,
20
Where
s = Wind speed in meters per second (refer to Fig, 1 for wind speed)
qz = Free stream velocity pressure at a height z
Vz = Characteristic wind speed at a height z
K = Constant dependent on site altitude as shown in Table 10
Table 10: Variations of Constant K with Altitude
Height above sea level (m) K-Value

0 0.60
500 0.56
1,000 0.53
1,500 0.50
2,000 0.47
4°N 31° 33°E 35°

SUDAN
E
HIL
RT
1.5
BE
AL
2.0
2.0
3.0
2°
ZAIRE Lake
4.0
Kyaga
L. Blean
2.5
Lake 2.0 KENYA
0°
George
Lake
Edward LAKE
VICTORIA
2.
0
0 30 60 90
TANZANYA
Figure 1 Wind Intensity Map of Uganda
The free stream velocity pressure obtained shall be used to obtain the
characteristic wind on building surfaces by the equation:
Pz = Cp qz
Where,
Pz = Pressure on building surface at height z

Cp = Pressure coefficient
qz = Velocity pressure at height z
21
When Pz, Cp, act normal to and towards the surfaces of buildings, they
shall be regarded as positive and when they act normal to and away from
the surface of buildings they shall be regarded as negative, such as
suction.
The resultant characteristic wind forces on buildings as a whole shall be

determined from the formula:
F = Cf qz Ae Cf
Where
F = Resultant characteristic wind forces in the direction of wind

Cf = Force co-efficient
Ae = Effective frontal areas of buildings
The pressures on external surfaces of space enclosing elements such as

walls or roofs shall be determined by applying external pressure co-
efficient, Cpe while the pressures on internal surfaces shall be determined
by the application of internal pressure coefficient, Cpi. The resultant shall
be obtained from the formula.
FZ = (C pe -C pi)q zAz
Where,
Fz = Resultant force on element of area Az at height z
The terrain categories shall be classified as:
Category 1 - Exposed open terrains with few or no obstructions (open sea

coasts, flats, treeless plains)
Category 2 - Open terrains with scattered obstructions (airfields, open

parklands, sparsely built up suburbs)
Category 3 -Terrains with numerous closely-spaced obstructions having

the size of domestic houses (well-wooded suburbs, towns
and industrial areas fully or partially developed)
Category 4 -Terrains with numerous, large high, closely-spaced

obstructions (large city centers)
The variations of velocity pressures with the various categories can be seen
in Table 10.
Table 11: Terrain Coefficients for Various Terrain Categories
Velocity pressure kN/m2

Height to top of
building (m) Open terrain Built-up areas
Category 1,2 (Category 3,4)
5 0.81 0.37
10 0.92 0.47
15 1.00 0.57
22
Velocity pressure kN/m2

Height to top of
building (m) Open terrain Built-up areas
Category 1,2 (Category 3,4)
20 1.06 0.66
25 1.10 0.72
30 1.12 0.76
Roofs
In determining the design pressure on the surface of a roof, two different
cased shall be determined:
(1) For the design of roofs as a whole and for the design of roof
claddings and their fixings in areas other than those given in (2)
below, the design pressure on the external surface of the roof shall
be determined by use of the equation:
Pz = (Cpe - Cpi) qz
Where
Cpe = the external pressure coefficient given in Table 11
Cpi = the internal pressure coefficient given in Table 12
(2) For the design of roof claddings and their fixings in areas within a
distance from any edge of the roof of h or 0.15w (whichever is less)
the design pressure on the external surface of the roof shall be
determined by the equation:
pz = +1.5 qz
or
pz = -2.0 qz
Table 12: External Pressure Coefficient Cpe for Pitched Roofs of Rectangular
Clad Buildings
Average Cpe for surface
Roof angle
Wind normal to ridge Wind parallel
(degrees)
Windward Leeward to ridge
0 -0.8 -0.5 -1.0
5 -0.9 -0.5 -0.9
10 -1.2 -0.5 -0.8
15 -0.8 -0.5 -0.8
20 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8
30 0.0 -0.5 -0.8
40 +0.3 -0.5 -0.8
50 +0.5 -0.5 -0.8
60 +0.7 -0.5 -0.8
Note: (1) For mono-pitched roofs and the first span of pitched roofs and saw-
tooth roof of multi-span buildings, the coefficients in Table 12 shall
also apply.
(2) For the intermediate spans of pitched roofs and saw-tooth roofs of
multi-span buildings the pressure coefficient shall be:
(a) -0.5 for wind normal to ridge
(b) –0.85 for wind parallel to ridge
23
Table 13: Average internal pressure coefficients Cpi for rectangular

buildings of open interior plan
Internal pressure coefficient

Condition
Cpi
Two opposite walls equally permeable,
Other walls impermeable:
(a) Wind normal to permeable wall +0.2
(b) Wind normal to impermeable wall -0.3
Four walls equally permeable -0.3 or 0.0, whichever is the
more severe for combined
loadings
Dominant opening on one wall, other walls of equal
permeability:
(a) Dominant opening on windward wall, having a
ratio of permeability of windward wall total
permeability of other walls and roofs subject to
external suction, equal to
1 or less +0.1
1.5 +0.3
2 +0.6
3 +0.8
6 or more -0.3
(b) Dominant opening on leeward wall
(c) Dominant opening on a face parallel to the wind
(i) Any dominant opening not in an area of
high local Cpe -0.4
(ii) Any dominant opening in an are of high
local Cpi -0.8
(d) Dominant opening in a roof segment Value of Cpe in Table 11
A building effectively sealed and having non-opening -0.2 or 0.0, whichever is the
windows more sever fro combine loads
7. EARTHQUAKE LOADS
Minimum Earthquake Forces for Structures
(1) Earthquake loads shall be those arising from the horizontal

components of characteristic gravitational loads due to earthquake.
Earthquake loads shall be used in the design of buildings if their
application shall produce more unfavorable load combinations than
the wind loads.
(2) Structures located in areas of expected seismic activity or in mining

zones shall be designed for a minimum horizontal seismic loadings
assumed to act non concurrently in the direction of each of the main
axes of the structures in accordance with:
Ftot = Cs Geq
where Cs is the seismic base shear coefficient and is determined

from
24
Cs =αβγ
and Geq is the equivalent permanent load and is determined from
Geq = Cs + γ Qk
Where,
Gk = the characteristic dead load

Qk = the characteristic live load
γ = live load incidence factor as given in Table 14
Table 14 Incidence Factors
Types of structures Ψ
Residential/ public buildings 0.2

Warehouses 0.5
Liquid storage/silos 1.0
(a) The coefficient α is the design bedrock acceleration ratio given by
α = αoI
Where,
αo = the bed rock acceleration ratio fro the site and depends on the
seismic zone (see Fig.2) as given in Table 15.
I = the importance factor which depends on the classification of the
structure with respect to the economic value and post-disaster
used as given in Table 16
Table 15: Bedrock Acceleration Ratio, αo
Zone 1 2 3
αo 0.15 0.07 0.05
Table 16: Structure Importance Factor, I
Structure type I
Structures and buildings to be used during or immediately after 1.5
an earthquake, such as hospitals, fire stations, broadcasting
buildings, power stations,
Buildings and structures of occupancy 1.0
Single storey factory buildings nor containing highly valuable
equipment, small workshop building and the like 0.5
Building and structures, if they were to fail, would not involve
loss of life or destruction of valuable equipment. Farm
buildings and structures not occupied for any length of time. 0.0
Temporary buildings.
25
Figure 2 Seismic map of Uganda
(b) The coefficient b is the elastic design factor for the site and is given
by
β= βoS < 2.5
where bo is the elastic design response spectrum factor for bedrock

foundation and standard damping of 5% as determined
from
. S
12
β = ≤ 2.5
T 2/ 3
and S is the soil classification and site condition factor given in
Table 17.
T is the fundamental period of vibration of the structure fro

translational motion in the direction considered.
(c) For the purpose of determining the fundamental vibration period T of

both planar models, approximate expressions based on methods of
structural dynamics (e.g. Raleigh method) may be used.
26
Instead of (c ) above the approximate expression of T given below may

be used.
(i) For buildings with heights up to 80 meters the value of T may be

approximated from the following formula:
T = C1 H3/4
Where T is the fundamental period of buildigns, in seconds

H is the height of the building above the base in meter
C1 = 0.085 for steel moment resisting frames
0.075 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting
frames and eccentricity braced steel frames
0.050 for all other buildings
Alternatively, the value C1 for structures with concrete or masonry

shear walls may be taken as:
C1 = 0.075/A1/2
with
A = Σ[Ai(0.2 + lwi/H)2]
Where A is combined effective area of the shear walls in the first

story of the building in m2
Ai is the cross-sectional area of the shear wall i in the first

story of the buildidng in m2
lwi is the length of the shear wall i on the first storey in the
direction parallel to the applied forces, in meter with the
restriction that lwi/H shall not exceed 0.9
(ii) Alternatively, the estimation of T can be made by the following

expression:
T = 2d1/2
Where T is the fundamental period of buildings, in seconds
d is the lateral displacement of the top of the building, in

meters, due to the gravity loads applied horizontally.
Table 17: Site Condition Factor, S
Subsoil
A B C
class
C 1.0 1.25 1.5
The influence of local ground conditions on the seismic action shall

be accounted for by considering the three subsoil classed A, B and
C described by the following strarigraphic profiles:
27
Subsoil Class A:
• Rock or other geological formation characterized by a shear

wave velocity vs of at least 800m/s, including at most 5m of
weaker material at the surface.
• Stiff deposits of sand, gravel or over consolidated clay, at least
several tens of meters thick, characterized by a gradual increase
of the mechanical properties with depth and by vs–value of at
least 400m/s at a depth of 10m.
Subsoil Class B
Deep deposits of medium dense sand, gravel or medium stiff clays

with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meter,
characterized by vs-values of at least 200m/s at a depth of 10m;
increasing to at least 350m/s at a depth of 50m.
Subsoil Class C
• Loose cohesionelss soil with or without some soft cohesive

layers, characterized by vs-values below 200m/s in the
uppermost 20m.
• Deposits with predominant soft-to medium stiff cohesive soils,
characterized by vs-values below 200m/s in the uppermost 20m.
(d) The values γ are given as function of the type of structural system
defined in Table 17. The values of g for structural Types 1 and 2 in
Table 17 are set on the assumption of compliance with sophisticated
design, detailing and construction control requirements in
accordance with the state of the are in earthquake and are therefore
not recommended for general application.
28
Table 18: Structural Systems Types Factor, g
Type Type or arrangement of resisting elements Value of γ

Building with a ductile moment-resisting space frame
with the capacity to resist the total required force
.
Buildings with a dual structural system consisting of a
complete ductile moment-resisting space frame and
ductile flexural walls designed in accordance with the
following criteria:
The frame and ductile flexural walls shall resist the total
lateral force in accordance with their relative rigidities
considering the interaction of the flexural walls and
1 frames. In this analysis the minimum shear in the frame 0.3
must be at least 26% of the total base shear.
Buildings with a dual system consisting of a complete

ductile moment resisting space frame and shear walls
or steel bracing designed in accordance with the
following criteria:
The shear walls or steel bracing acting independently of

the ductile moment-resisting space frame shall resist
the total required lateral force.
The ductile moment-resisting space frame shall have

the capacity to resist not less than 25% of the required
lateral force, but in no case shall the ductile moment-
resisting space frame have a lower capacity than that
required in accordance with the relative rigidities.
Buildings with ductile flexural walls and buildings with
2 ductile framing systems not otherwise classified in this 0.4
Table
Buildings with a dual structural system consisting of a
complete ductile moment-resisting space frame with
masonry infilling designed in accordance with the
following criteria:
3 0.5
The wall system comprising the infilling and the
confining elements acting independently of the ductile
moment-resisting space frames shall resist the total
lateral force.
The ductile moment-resisting space frame shall have

the capacity to resist not less than 25% of the required
later force.
Buildings (other than Types 1, 2 and 3) or reinforced
4 concrete, steel or reinforced masonry shear walls. 0.5
Buildings of unreinforced masonry and all other
5 structural except Types 1 to 4 inclusive. 0.8
Elevated tanks plus contents on 4 or more cross-based
6 legs and not supported by a building 1.0
29
Distribution of the Horizontal Seismic Forces
(1) The total lateral seismic force, Ftot, shall be distributed (in the
absence of a more rigorous procedure) over the height of the
∑
n
structure in accordance with: Fb = Ft + F
j =1 i
(2) The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn shall

be determined from:
Fno = 0.07T1Fb
(3) Fno need not exceed 0.25Ftot and may be considered a s zero where
T is 0.7 second or less. The remaining portion of the base shear
Ftot shall be distributed over the height of the structure including
level n according to:
( Ftot − Fno )G x h x
Ft =
∑
n
Gi hi
i =1
Where,
Gx, Gi = the portion of Geq located at or assigned to level x or i

hx, hi = the height above the base to level x or i.
At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the

area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution on the
at level.
8. OTHER DESIGN LOADS
Other design loads not covered in the foregoing sections shall be allowed for,
appropriately, in the design of the building structures. These may include
impact or vibrations due to plant producing significant dynamic loads; lifting or
handling equipment such as forklifts, trolleys or cranes operating on the floors
of buildings; lateral and uplift forces due to retained soils or ground water
inertia sway forces in grandstands.
9. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
(1) Properties of materials (including soil and rock) or products are represented
by characteristic values which correspond to the value of the property having
a prescribed probability of not being attained in a hypothetical unlimited test
series. They generally correspond for a particular property to a specified
fractile of the assumed statistical distribution of the property of the material
in the structure.
(2) Unless otherwise stated, the characteristic values should be defined as the
5% fractile for strength parameters and as the mean value for stiffness
parameters.
(3) Material property values shall normally be determined from standardized

tests performed under specified conditions. A convention factor shall be
30
applied where it is necessary to convert the test results into values which
can be assumed to represent the behaviour of the material in the structure
or the ground.
(4) A material strength may have two characteristic values, an upper and a
lower value. In most cases only the lower value will need to be considered.
In some cases, different values may be adopted depending on the type of
problem considered. Where an upper estimate of strength is required (e.g.
for the tensile strength of concrete for the calculation of the effects of indirect
actions) a nominal upper value of the strength should normally be taken into
account.
(5) Where there is a lack of information on the statistical distribution of the

property a nominal value may be used; where the limit state equation is not
significantly sensitive to its variability a mean value may be considered as
the characteristic value.
(6) Natural stone, clay bricks, structural timber, structural steel, concrete blocks
and plain or reinforced concrete form the main construction materials for the
structures commonly referred to as permanent. The main structural
materials have varying characteristic strengths and the chosen allowable
design stresses, shall depend on the components to be designed as well as
the sizes and types of the building structures involved.
(7) Natural stone shall be used for load carrying structural member but, for
architectural and aesthetic reasons, it may also be used as facing, or in-fill
walling. It shall be classified as unreinforced masonry for the purpose of its
structural use as a material in the building construction.
10. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ISOLATED FOOTING OR BASES
(1) Foundation, footings or bases shall be designed and constructed to sustain

the combined dead and imposed loads and to transmit these loads to the
ground without causing failure, which may impair the stability of structures.
The foundation, footings or bases shall be at depths equal to or greater
than 1.0 metre to safeguard the building against damage due to swelling,
shrinking or erosion of the sub-soil.
(2) The knowledge of the soil conditions on the building sites through soils
investigations and the study of the available geological and soil
engineering maps shall be one of the prerequisites in the design for
stability and safety of buildings. A guide to the classification and bearing
capacities of sub soils is shown in Table 18.
(3) Foundation, footings or bases shall be strip footings, isolated pads, rafts,
piles or combined and modified forms of these. They shall be constructed in
concrete of crushing strength not less than 15 N/mm2 at 28 days if
unreinforced or concrete of crushing strength equal or greater than 25
N/mm2 at 28 days if reinforced. All foundations other than those in
aggressive soil conditions shall be considered to be in moderate
environment, in which case cover to all reinforcement shall not be less than
50 mm; cement content not less than 300 kg/m3; water cement ratio 0.60.
31
(4) The sizes of foundations shall be proportioned such that the pressure due to
all the forces transmitted to the soils do not exceed the bearing capacities of
the soils.
(5) The depths of axially loaded unreinforced pad footings shall be equal to or
greater than 300 mm and the projections from the columns or faces shall not
be less than the foundation thickness.
(6) For axially loaded reinforced pad footings, the depth of the pads shall be
determined in accordance with Table 19 from which also reinforcement
percentages shall be obtained. Design shears at faces of columns shall be
checked using the formula:
V = 1000N/2 (cx + cy)d

Where
N = factored column loads

cx,cy = columns dimensions
d = effective depth of footings
v = design shear stress
The depth of footings shall be determined such that
v is less or equal to vc
Where
vc = design concrete shear stress

= 0.8(f cu ) 1/2
fcu = characteristic concrete cube strength
11. DESIGN OF STRIP FOUNDATIONS
(1) Strip foundations shall be designed as pad footings in the transverse

direction and in the longitudinal direction at free ends or return corners.
(3) For rigid foundation, the bearing pressure may be assumed to be

distributed linearly. More detailed analysis of soil-structure interaction may
be used to justify a more economic design.
(4) For a flexible foundation, the distribution of the contact pressure may be
derived by modeling the foundation as a beam or slab resting on a
deforming continuum or series of springs with appropriate stiffness and
strength.
(5) The serviceability of strip foundations shall be checked assuming

serviceability limit state loading and a distribution of bearing pressure
corresponding to the deformation of the foundation and the ground.
32
(6) For design situations with concentrated forces acting on a strip foundation,
forces and bending moments in the structure may be derived from a sub
grade reaction model of the ground, using linear elasticity. The moduli of
sub grade reaction should be assessed by settlement analysis with an
appropriate estimate of the bearing pressure distribution. The moduli
should be adjusted so that the computed bearing pressures don not
exceed values for which linear behaviour may be assumed.
33
Table 19. Presumed Design Bearing Resistances1 under Vertical Static Loading
Presumed
Compactness2
Supporting Design Bearing
or
Ground Type Description Resistance Remarks
Compactness3
(kPa)
Massively crystalline igneous and
metamorphic rock (granite, basalt,
gneiss) Hard and sound 5600
Foliated metamorphic rock (slate, Medium hard and 2800 These values are
schist) sound based on the
assumption that the
Rocks Sedimentary rock (hard shale, Medium hard and 2800 foundations are
siltstone, sandstone, limestone) sound carried down to
unweathered rock
Weathered or broken-rock (soft 1400
limestone) Soft
850
Soft shale
Soft
Decomposed rock to be assessed
as soil
Dense 560
Width of foundation
Gravel, sand and gravel Medium dense 420 (B) not less than 1.0
m
Non-cohesive Loose 280
soils Ground water level
Dense 420 assumed to be
Sand depth not less than
Medium dense 280 (B) below the base
of the foundation
Loose 140
Hard 280
Silt
Stiff 200
Cohesive soils Medium stiff 140

Turf
Soft 70
Red coffee
Compact 200
Clay
Firm 150
Hard 420
Stiff 280
Alluvium Medium stiff 140
Soft 70
Loose 50
Very soft Not applicable
Firm 50
34
1
The given design bearing values do not include the effect of the depth of
embedment of the foundation.
2
Compactness: Dense : N > 30
Medium dense: N is 10 to 30
Loose : N < 10, where N is standard penetration value
3
Consistency: Hard qu > 400 kPa
Stiff: qu = 100 to 200 kPa
Medium stiff: qu = 25 to 50 kPa, where qu is unconfined
compressive strength
Table 20: Reinforcement Percentages, Depth Projection Ratio and Ground

Pressure (Characteristic strength, fy = 460 N/mm2)
Ground Depth/projection ratio

Pressures
(kN/m2) 0.24 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.60 0.70 0.80
50 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
100 - 0.20 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
150 - - 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
200 - - - 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.13
250 - - - - 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.13
12. DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS
(1) Raft foundations may be used where the building is on soft natural
ground or fill or on subsurface strata containing compressible lenses
difficult to define.
(3) The level of the base of raft foundations will usually be near the surface
of the ground. The ground under a raft near the surface shall be
protected from deterioration due to weather conditions. This may be
satisfied by extending the raft or providing a protective apron beyond
the effective.
(4) The design of raft foundations shall be analogous to that of inverted flat
slabs, with the column loads known but the distribution of ground
pressure unknown.
(5) The serviceability of strip foundations shall be checked assuming

serviceability limit state loading and a distribution of bearing pressure
corresponding to the deformation of the foundation and the ground.
(6) For design situations with concentrated forces acting on a strip

foundation, forces and bending moments in the structure may be
35
derived from a sub grade reaction model of the ground, using linear
elasticity. The moduli of sub grade reaction should be assessed by
settlement analysis with an appropriate estimate of the bearing pressure
distribution. The moduli should be adjusted so that the computed
bearing pressures don not exceed values for which linear behaviour
may be assumed.
13. DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
(1) The design shall be based on of the following approaches:
(a) The results of static load tests which have been demonstrated, by
means of calculations or otherwise, to be consistent with other
relevant experience;
(b) Empirical or analytical calculation methods whose validity has been

demonstrated by static load tests in comparable situations;
(c) The results of dynamic load tests whose validity has been
demonstrated by stated load tests incomparable situations.
(2) Static load tests may be carried out on trial piles, which are installed for
test purposes only before the design is finalized, or on working piles,
which form part of the foundation.
(3) Pile foundations for small and relative simple structures may be designed
from comparable experience, without supporting load tests or
calculations, provided the pile type and ground conditions remain with the
area of experience and the ground conditions are checked and the
installation of the pile is supervised.
(4) In the design of pile foundation the behaviour of individual piles and pile
groups and the stiffness and strength of the structure connecting the piles
shall be considered. The design shall demonstrate that the following
classes of limit states are sufficiently improbable:
(a) ultimate limit states of overall stability failure;
(b) ultimate limit states of bearing resistance failure of the piled
foundation;
(c) ultimate limit states of collapse or severe damage to a supported
structure caused by displacement of the piled foundation;
(d) serviceability limit states in the supported structure caused by
displacement of the piles.
(5) In selecting calculation methods and parameter values and in using load
test results, the duration and variation in time of the loading shall be
considered.
(6) The spacing of piles shall be considered in relation to the nature of the
ground, their behaviour in-groups and overall cost of eh foundation which
includes pile cap or restraining beams.
(7) Working rules which are generally, though not always, suitable are as
follows:
36
(a) for friction piles the spacing center to center shall not be less than the
perimeter of the pile, or for circular piles, three times the diameter;
(b) for end bearing piles passing through relatively compressible strata
the spacing shall not be less than 2.5 timed the diameter of the pile
(c) for end bearing piles passing through relatively compressible strata
and resting on dense sand or stiff clay the spacing shall not be less
than 3 and 3.5 items the diameter of the pile, respectively;
(d) for driven cast in-situe piles the spacing shall not be less than 2.5
times the diameter of the pile
(e) for bored cast-in-situe piles the spacing shall be at least 3 times the
diameter of the pile, but not less than 1.10 meter;
(f) for under-reamed piles the spacing shall not be less than 2 times the
diameter of under reamed pile base.
14. CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(1) Concrete is the most widely used material in building and other forms of
construction. Its ingredients are cement, aggregates and water. When
reinforcing steel is introduced, the material becomes reinforced concrete
and hence, converts to a structural material capable of sustaining loads
causing bending, compressive, shear and bond stresses. It shall be
specified in various strength grades: 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50. The mix
proportions required to attain the specified strength grade shall be either
prescribed or designed. The basic strength values shall be modified
according to the types of stresses to be designed for. To achieve this, the
concrete shall be prepared by mechanical means using clean materials.
(2) Both fine and coarse aggregates shall be from natural sources and shall be
graded such as to produce a concrete of specified proportions which will
work readily into position without segregation and without excessive water
content.
(3) Concrete mixes shall be designed to satisfy the specified characteristic
strengths. The mean strength of the designed mix shall exceed the
specified values by twice the expected standard deviation so as to take into
account the inevitable variation.
(4) The mix proportions which are appropriate for grades C5 to C30 may be
taken from Table 20. These standard mixes which are rich in cement, and
are intended for use where the cost of trial mixes or of acceptable cure
testing is not justified, may be used without verification of compressive by
testing.
(5) Cement for concrete shall be Common cement as per Ugandan Standards
US 310-1:2001.
(6) The reinforcing steel shall either be hot-rolled mild steel or high yield steel
with characteristic strength of 250 N/mm2 and 460 N/mm2 respectively. In
case of high yield steel the manufacturers certificate will be demanded to
ascertain the characteristic strength. It is important to control the water -
cement ratio in order to ensure the designed concrete strength.
(7) The characteristic strength of reinforced concrete shall be related to the
value of the cube strength of concrete, the yield or proof strength of
reinforcement, or the ultimate strength of prestressing tendon while the
design strength shall be derived from the characteristic strength divided by
37
a partial factor of safety, thereby taking into account the difference between
actual and laboratory values, local weaknesses and inaccuracies in
assessment of the resistance of sections. The partial factors of safety for
the various reinforced concrete ingredients shall be as shown be as shown
in Table 21.
content.
Table 21: Standard Mixes for Ordinary Structural Concrete per 50 kg Bag of
Cement
Nominal
max. size
of Aggregate 40 20 14 10
Con- (mm)
crete Workability
Grade Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High
Limits of slump
that may be 30 to 60 60 to 120 20 to 50 50 to 100 10 to 30 30 to 60 10 to 25 25 to 50
expected (mm)
Total Aggregate
C5 (kg) 640 550 540 480 _ _ _ _
Fine ggregate (%)
30 – 45 30 – 45 35 – 50 35 – 50
Vol. of finished 0.312 0.275 0.277 0.252
concrete (m3)
Total Aggregate
C 15 (kg) 370 330 320 280 _ _ _ _
Fine Aggregate
30 – 45 30 – 45 35 – 50 35 – 50
(%)
Vol. of finished
0.183 0.178 0.160
concrete (m3) 0.200
Total Aggregate
C 20 (kg) 305 270 280 250 255 220 240 200
Fine Aggregate
30 – 35 30 – 40 30 – 40 35 – 45 35 – 45 40 – 50 40 – 50 45 – 55
(%)
Vol. of finished
0.155 0.156 0.143 0.146 0.130 0.137 0.121
concrete (m3) 0.165
Total Aggregate
C25 (kg) 265 240 240 215 220 195 210 175
Fine Aggregate
30 – 35 30 – 40 30 – 40 35 – 45 35 – 45 40 – 50 40 – 50 45 – 55
(%)
Vol. of finished 0.127 0.130 0.118 0.124 0.110
0.147 0.137 0.137
concrete (m3)
Total Aggregate
C 30 (kg) 235 215 210 190 195 170 180 150
Fine Aggregate
30 – 35 30 – 40 30 – 40 35 – 45 35 – 45 40 – 50 40 – 50 45 – 55
(%)
Vol. of finished 0.134 0.127 0.124 0.115 0.115 0.106 0.109 0.097
concrete (m3)
38
(9) Concrete mixes shall be designed to satisfy the specified characteristic

strengths. The mean strength of the designed mix shall exceed the
specified values by twice the expected standard deviation so as to take into
account the inevitable variation.
content.
Table 22: Partial Safety Factors
Material Partial safety factor

Reinforcement Steel 1.15
Concrete: 1.50
Concrete: shear strength 1.25
Concrete: bond strength 1.40
Concrete: other strengths e.g. bearing 1.50
15. CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(1) The characteristic compressive strength of concrete for the various grades
and the cube strength at progressive ages together with the moduli of
elasticity are given in Table 23. The characteristic strength of reinforced
concrete shall be related to the value of the cube strength of concrete, the
yield or proof strength of reinforcement, or the ultimate strength of
prestressing tendon while the design strength shall be derived from the
characteristic strength divided by a partial factor of safety, thereby taking
into account the different between actual and laboratory values, local
weakness and inaccuracies in assessment of the resistance of section.
Table 23: Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

(N/mm2)
Characteristic Cube strength Characteristic Modulus

Grade compressive (N/mm2) tensile of
strength at 28 strength at 28 elasticity
days days at 28
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) days
Cube Cylinder 7 days 1 year (N/mm2)
15 15 12 9.0 19.0 1.1 26 x 103
20 20 16 13.5 25.0 1.3 27 x 103
25 25 20 16.5 31.0 1.5 29 x 103
30 30 24 20.0 37.0 1.7 32 x 103
40 40 32 28.0 50.0 2.1 35x 103
50 50 40 36.0 60.0 2.5 37 x 103
39
16. DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(1) Prediction of deformation of structural concrete shall be derived from the

assessment of elastic, creep shrinkage and thermal strains, humidity and
temperature.
(2) The final deflection (including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage) of all horizontal members shall not, in general, exceed the
value:
Le
δ =
200
Where,
Le = the effective span
(3) For roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural

elements (e.g. partitions and finishes) likely to be damaged by a large
deflections, that part of the deflection which occurs after the attachment
of the non-structural elements shall not exceed the value:
Le
δ = ≤ 20 mm
350
(4) The minimum effective depth obtained from the equation below shall be
provided unless computation of deflection indicates that smaller thickness
may be used without exceeding the limits stipulated in (2) and (3) above:
f ykLe
d = (0.4 + 0.6 )
400 β a
Where,
fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement (MPa)

Le is the effective span; and, for two-way slabs, the shorter span
βa is the appropriate constant from Table 24, and for slabs carrying
partition walls likely to crack, shall be taken as βa < 150Lo
Lo is the distance in meter between points of zero moment; and for a
cantilever, twice the length to the face of the supports
Table 24: Values of βa
Simply End Interior Cantilevers

Member supported spans spans
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
(a) Span ratio = 2:1 25 30 35 12
(b) Span ratio = 1:1 35 40 45 10
Flat slabs (based on longer span) 24 -
Note: For slabs with intermediate span ratios interpolate linearly
40
17. STRUCTURAL FLOORS
Suspended structural floors in buildings shall generally be constructed in

reinforced concrete decking composed of solid, ribbed, waffle or hollow solid
block slabs supported on masonry, plain or reinforced concrete walls, structural
steel joists, or reinforced concrete beams. For the purposes of design,
staircases shall be considered as floor slabs subjected to imposed loads
applicable to the various occupancy classes as shown in Table 1 to 7.
18. SOLID CONCRETE SLABS
(1) Solid slabs supported by beams or walls shall be designed to sustain the
most unfavourable arrangements of design loads. The span or effective
depth ratios for slabs shall not exceed the limits shown on Table 24.
Table 25: Span/Effective Depth Ratios for Solid Slabs
Types of slabs Span/depth ratios

Cantilever 10
Simple supported 30
Continuous 35
(2) If slabs simply supported on two opposite edges carry one or more
concentrated loads in line in direction of spans, they shall be designed to
resist maximum bending moments caused by the loading systems using the
effective width of the slabs as equal to:
be = lw + 2.4(l - x/l )x
Where,
lw = Load width
x = Distance to the nearer support from center of load
1 = Span of slab
be = Effective width of slab
The moments and shear forces in continuous one-way spanning slabs shall
be calculated in accordance with Table 25.
Where,
F = total design ultimate load

l = span length
Table 26: Bending Moments and Shear Forces for One-Way Slabs
End End Penultimate Interior Interior

Conditions
Support Span Support K-Spans Supports
Bending 0 0.086F1 -0.086F1 -0.063 Fl -0.063Fl
Shear forces 0.4F - 0.6F - 0.5F
41
The bending moments in two-way slabs shall be calculated using the coefficients
given in Table 26. The moments shall be obtained in two directions for slabs with
longer spans or shorter spans ratios not exceeding 1.5 and with edge-conditions
as described in the table. The moments shall be worked out from the equation:
Msx = Bsx Wlx2

Msy =Bsx Wlx2
Where,
Bsx = Coefficients given in Table 26

lx = Lengths of shorter spans
ly = Lengths of longer spans
For the design of flat slabs with at least three spans in both directions and the
longest span or shortest span ratio not exceeding 1.2, Table 27 shall be
applied to obtain the bending moments and shear forces in the slabs and
columns. For flat slabs, which do not meet these conditions, the bending
moments shall be calculated by frame analyses.
Table 27: Bending Moment Coefficients for Two-Way Spanning Rectangular

Slabs
Short-span co-efficient Bsx

Types of panel and values of I y /lx Long-span
moments considered co-efficient
Bsy for all values
1.0 1.25 1.5
1. Interior panels
Negative moments at continuous 0.031 0.044 0.053 0.032

edge
Positive moment at midspan 0.024 0.034 0.040 0.024
2. One short edge discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous 0.039 0.050 0.058 0.037

edge
3. One long edge discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.039 0.059 0.073 0.037
4. Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.047 0.066 0.078 0.045
Positive moment at midspan 0.036 0.049 0:959 0.034
42
Table 28: Bending Moment and Shear Force Coefficients for Flat Slabs of
Three or more than Equal Spans
Outer supports
Middle First Middle
Interior
Continuous of end interior interior
Columns Walls supports
spans supports supports
Bending
-0.040FI -0.20FI 0.080FI -0.063FI 0.071FI -0.05FI
Moments
Shear
0.45F 0.40F - 0.60F - 0.59F
Forces
Total
columns 0.040FI - - 0.022FI - 0.02F
moments
The moments obtained from the frame analyses or Table 28, shall be shared
between the column and middle strips in the proportions given in Table 29.
Table 29: Moments Sharing in Strips of Flats Slabs
Conditions Column strips Middle strips
Negative moments 75% 25%
Positive moments 55% 45%
The design shear stresses shall be given by the relationship:
v = V/bvd
Where;
V = Design shear forces due to design ultimate load

bv = Breath of slab
d = Effective depths of slabs
Minimum reinforcement shall be not less than 0.0015d per metre width, where
d = depth of slabs.
(3) Ribbed slabs with or hollow blocks or voids shall be constructed as in situ
slabs constructed as series of concrete ribs cast between blocks which shall
remain part of the completed structure with topping of the same concrete
strength as in the ribs with topping cast on forms which shall be removed
after concrete has set or with continuous top and bottom faces but
containing voids or rectangular, oval or other shapes.
Ribs shall be spaced distance not more than 1.5 metre and their depth less
than 4 x width of ribs or 50 mm, whichever is greater.
Moments and forces due to the ultimate loads shall be calculated in similar
manner as for solid slabs.
43
The design shear stresses shall be given by the formula:
v = V/bvd
Where,
V = Design shear force due ultimate load

bv = Average width of rib
d = Effective depth
The span or effective depth ratios shall be checked as for flanged

beams as provided in Table 30.
(4) All floor slabs shall have adequate depth and reinforcement cover to provide
fire resistance according to Table 30.
Table 30: Fire Resistance Requirements for Floor Slabs
Plain soffit solid slab Ribbed soffit (including T,

(including hollow pots, channel sections);
joists + blocks) t = total depth;
Fire
Minimum overall depths b = widths of ribs.
ratings
(mm) Minimum thickness/width mm
(hours)
Simply -
Simply Continuous
Continuous supported
Supported (t/b)
(t/b)
1.0 92 95 90/90 90/90
1.5 110 110 105/110 105/90
2.0 125 125 115/125 115/110
3.0 150 150 135/150 135/125
4.0 170 170 150/175 150/150
Covers to main reinforcement (mm)

1.0 20 20 20 20
1.5 25 20 35 25
2.0 35 25 45 35
3.0 45 35 55 45
4.0 55 45 65 55
44
19. CONCRETE BEAMS
(1) Reinforced concrete beams shall have effective spans taken from the lesser
of the distances between centers of supports and the clear distances
between supports plus the effective depths, and for cantilevers the effective
spans shall be the length of members to the faces of supports plus half the
effective depths.
Flanged beams shall have effective width of flanges given by
web width + Iz/ 5

or actual flange width if less; for T beams
web width + l z /10
or actual flange width if less; for L-beams
Where,
lz = distance between zero moments (0.7 x effective span for continuous

beams)
For slenderness limits, the clear distance between restraints shall not
exceed:
60bc, or 250bc2/d if less; for simply supported and continuous beams25bc, or

100 bc2/d if less; for cantilevers
Where,
bc = Breadth of compression flange of beams

d = Effective depth
The span or effective depth ratios for reinforced concrete beams shall be in
accordance with Table 31. The limiting total deflections shall be span/360 or
20 mm whichever is lesser for spans up to 10 metres.
Table 31: Basic Span or Effective Depth Ratios for Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Support Conditions Beams
Cantilevers 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
Continuous beams, uniformly loaded with approximately equal spans shall

have design ultimate moments and shears represented by Table 32
provided that the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the
characteristic dead loads; the loads are substantially uniformly distributed
over the spans; and that the variations in span do not exceed 15% of the
longest spans, where F = total design ultimate loads.
45
Table 32: Design Ultimate Bending Moments and Shear Forces
Middle First Middle

Outer Interior
Continuous of end interior interior
supports Support
spans supports supports
Moments 0 0.09FI -0.11FI 0.07 FI 0.08FI

Shear 0.45F - 0.60F - 0.55F
The design shear stress in beams at any cross section shall be calculated
from the equation:
v = V/bd
Where,
V = Design shear stress

= 0.8 (fcu)1/2 or 5 N/mm2 if less
The minimum tension reinforcement shall be provided as follows:
(i) 0.0024bh; for fy = 250 N/mm2: rectangular beams

(ii) 0.0020bh; for fy = 460 N/mm2: rectangular beams
(iii) 0.0035bwh; for fy = 460 N/mm2; bw/b less than 0.4: flanged
beams 0.0020bwh; for fy = 460 N/mm2; bw/b greater than 0.4:
flanged beams and the minimum compression reinforcement
shall be:
(iv) 0.002bh; for rectangular beam
(v) 0.002bwh; for flanged beam
(2) All reinforced concrete beams shall be sized to meet the fire resistance
requirements given in Table 33.
Table 33: Fire Resistance and Cover Requirements for Beams
Minimum width Cover to main steel

Fire mm mm
Ratings
(hours) Simply Simply
Continuous Continuous
Supported supported
1.0 120 120 30 20
1.5 150 120 40 35
2.0 200 150 50 50
3.0 240 200 70 60
4.0 280 240 80 70
Also all reinforced concrete beams shall in addition fulfill the durability
requirements given in Table 40.
46
20. CONCRETE COLUMNS
(1) Reinforced concrete columns shall be considered short when both the ratios
lex/b, ley/h are less than 15 (braced) and less than 10 (unbraced); otherwise
they shall be taken as slender columns.
Where,
lex = Effective heights about major axes

ley = Effective heights about minor axes
b = Widths of columns
h = Depth of columns
The clear distance between the end restraints of the column shall not
exceed 60 x least dimension of the column sections.
(2) The axial forces in reinforced concrete columns shall be calculated on the
assumption that beams and slabs transmitting forces are simply supported.
(3) Where moments are induced into the columns, the design moments shall
not be less than those produced by considering the design ultimate axial
loads as acting at minimum eccentricities equal to 0.05 x overall dimensions
of columns in the planes of bending but considered less or equal to 20 mm.
(4) Slender reinforced concrete columns shall be designed as short columns but
account shall be taken of additional moments induced in the columns by
deflection. Such deflection for rectangular or circular columns under ultimate
conditions shall be represented by the equation:
au = Ba Kh
Where,
au = Deflection at ultimate limit state

Ba = (1/2000) (1e/b)2
b = Small dimensions of columns
K = Reduction factors correcting deflections 1.0 (approximately)
h = Depth of column
And shall induce additional moment given by:
Madd = N au
Where,
N = Design ultimate axial load
The additional moments shall be added to the initial moments to give the
maximum moments for the ultimate limit state of the columns.
Symmetrically reinforced rectangular sections subjected to biaxial bending

shall be designed to withstand increased moments about the axes given by
the following equations:
M'x = Mx + (Bh'/ b')My for MX/ My greater than h'/ b'

M'y = My + (Bh'/ b') for Mx/ My less than h'/ b'
47
Where,
h' = Effective depth of columns about major axes

b' = Effective depth of columns about minor axes
B = Coefficient shown in Table 34
Table 34: Values of Coefficient B
N/bhfcu 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

B 1.00 0.88 0.77 0.65 0.53 0.42 0.30
Reinforcement shall be equal or greater than 0.4% but not more than 6% of
gross concrete area. At laps total percentage shall not exceed 10%.
For durability reinforced concrete columns shall be subjected to similar

requirements as for reinforced concrete walls, as provided in Table 40.
All reinforced concrete columns shall meet the requirements given in Table
35 in respect of fire resistance.
Additional design aids for concrete structures can be found in Appendix A.
Table 35: Fire Resistance Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Columns
Fire Minimum dimensions Cover to main

rating mm reinforcement
Fully 50% One side
(hours) (mm)
exposed exposed expose
1.0 200 200 200 25
1.5 250 200 200 30
2.0 300 200 200 35
3.0 400 300 200 35
4.0 450 350 240 35
21. CONCRETE WALLS
(1) Walls fulfill many functions, any one of which may be the critical factor in the
design. To function efficiently walls shall normally be designed to give
economical combinations of the types of materials of which they are
composed, the thickness and forms of the units, the thickness and types of
the walls themselves and the detailing of connections to other parts of the
structure.
(2) Masonry walls shall be designed so that they have inherent stability against
overturning, such as ensuring that thickness are sufficient in relation to
zigzag serpentine walls, dividing walls into series of buttressed panels or
connecting the edges of wall panels to supports capable of transmitting
lateral forces to suitable parts of the building structures. Table 35 shows the
relationships between heights to thickness of walls exposed to different wind
pressures.
48
Table 36: Height to Thickness Ratios for Walls
Wind pressures Height/ thickness

(kN/2) Ratio
0.285 10 or more
0.575 7
0.860 5
1.150 4
The design strength of walls per unit length shall be obtained from the
formula:
Fw = Bt fk/Om
Where,
Fw = Design vertical load resistance of walls

B = Capacity reduction factor allowing for effects slenderness and
eccentricity (see Table 36)
f = Characteristic strength of masonry (see Table 45 and 46)
Om = Partial safety factor for materials ( =3.5)
T = Thickness of wall
Table 37: Capacity Reduction Factors of Walls
Slenderness
Eccentricity at to of walls, ex
Ratio
(hef/tef)* 0.50t 0. 1t 0.2t 0.3t
0 1.00 0.88 0.66 0.44
6 1.00 0.88 0.66 0.44
8 1.97 0.88 0.66 0.44
12 0.93 0.87 0.66 0.44
12 0.89 0.83 0.66 0.44
14 0.83 0.77 0.64 0.44
18 0.77 0.70 0.57 0.44
20 0.70 0.64 0.51 0.37
22 0.62 0.56 0.43 0.30
24 0.53 0.47 0.34 -
26 0.45 0.38 - -
27 0.40 0.33 - -
*he = Effective height of walls

*tef = Effective thickness of walls
49
(3) Plain concrete walls shall have slenderness ratios not more than 30, whether
the walls be braced or unbraced.
(4) The effective heights of braced plain walls shall be 0.75 x the distance
between lateral supports in cases where lateral supports resist both rotations
and lateral movements, or equal to the distances between centers of
supports in case where lateral supports resist only lateral movements.
(5) For A unbraced walls under similar end-conditions, the corresponding
effective heights shall be obtained by multiplying the distances between
centers of supports with factors of 1.5 and 2.0 respectively.
(6) The design loads per unit lengths shall be assessed on the basis of linear
distribution of loads along the lengths of walls, with no allowances for tensile
strengths.
(7) Reinforced concrete walls constructed monolithically with adjacent structural
element shall have effective heights assessed as though the walls were
columns subjected to bending at right angles to the planes of the walls.
Where the members transmitting loads to reinforced concrete walls are taken
as simply supported, the effective heights of the walls shall be assessed as
for plain concrete walls. The slenderness ratios, however, shall not exceed
those given in Table 38.
Table 38: Maximum Slenderness Ratios for Reinforced Concrete Walls
Maximum
Conditions of
Reinforcement slenderness ratios
walls
(Ie/h)
Braced Less than 1% 40

Braced Greater than 1% 45
Unbraced Both limits 30
The design of walls supporting approximately symmetrical arrangements of

slabs shall be based on the equation:
nw = 0.35f c Ac + 0.67Ascfy
Where,
nw = Total design axial loads on walls due to ultimate loads

Ac = Gross areas of concrete sections
Asc = Areas of compression reinforcement per unit length of walls
The stresses on walls from loads and moments shall be obtained from the
formula:
ff = [N/Ln] ±[6M/hL2)
Where,
N = Ultimate axial load

M = Ultimate in-plane moment
L = Length of wall Extreme fibre stress
50
For tensile stresses, reinforcement shall be based on total tension given by
T = 0.5ft Lth
(8) Shear walls shall be designed as vertical cantilevers. They shall be

continuous through the height of building and their shear centers shall
coincide approximately with the line of the resultant of the applied horizontal
loads in two orthogonal directions. Where this condition is not fulfilled, the
shear walls shall be designed for resulting twisting moments.
(9) Generally all reinforced concrete walls shall satisfy fire resistance
requirements shown on Table 39.
Table 39: Fire Resistance Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Walls
Minimum cover
Minimum
Fire rating to vertical
thickness Reinforcement
(hours) Reinforcement
(mm)
(mm)
1.0
150 Less than 0.4% 25
1.5 150 0.4 -1.0% 25
1.5 175 Less than 0.4% 25

2.0 160 0.4-1.0% 25
3.0 150 Greater than 1.0% 25
3.0 200 0.4-1.0% 25
4.0 180 Greater than 1.0% 25
4.0 240 0.4-1.0% 25
All reinforced concrete walls shall also satisfy the durability requirements
in any given environments shown in Table 40.
51
Table 40: Durability Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Walls above

Ground
Cover to all reinforcement

Conditions of exposure
(mm)
Mild: Concrete protected against weather or
25 20 20
aggressive conditions.
Moderate: Concrete sheltered from severe rain
or freezing; concrete continuously under water;
- 35 30
concrete in contact with non aggressive soils;
concrete subject to condensation
Severe: Concrete exposed to severe rain,

alternative wetting and drying or occasional - - 40
freezing or severe condensation.
Very severe: Concrete exposed to seawater

spray de-icing salts, corrosive fumes, severe - - 50
freezing conditions.
Water/ cement ratio 0.65 0.60 0.55
Cement content (kg/m3) 275 300 325
Characteristic concrete strength 30 35 40
Vertical reinforcement in walls shall be as designed but not less than 0.4% or
more than 4% of the gross sections of concrete on any unit lengths and shall
be divided equally between the two faces, with spacing of not more than 250
mm for fy = 250 N/mm2 and less than 200 mm for fy = 460 N/mm2. For
horizontal bar spacing of 300 mm shall not be exceeded.
22. STRUCTURAL STEEL
(1) Structural steel components shall be designed to facilitate fabrication,

erection and future maintenance of the works. Steel work shall be in hot
rolled sections, flat, bars, angles, plates, hollow or other profiles readily
available in the market.
(2) The limits of stress and rules of design shall have the purpose of ensuring
normal safety and economy in the use of structural steel.
(3) General steel grades 43, 50 and 55 shall be used for structural steel work
and shall have minimum corresponding design strength shown in Table
41.
52
Table 41: Design Strength for Structural
Thickness Sections,
of material plates, hollow, Other properties
Grade (mm) sections
(mm)
43 16 275 Modulus of elasticity
40 265 = 205 x 103 N/mm2
63 255
100 245
50 16 355 Poisson’s ratio = 0.30
40 345
63 340
100 325 Coefficient of linear
55 16 450 expansion = 12 x 10-6
40 439 per oC
63 415
100 400
(4) The strength values shall be modified according to the different allowable
stress conditions the members may be subjected to: bearing, shear,
bending, compression or tension as given in Appendix A. Combinations
of bending and compression or bending and tension shall also be
analyzed as the case may be.
(5) Structural steel may be used in the design of stanchions, joists, trusses,
purlins, side rails, portal frames and floor grillage in buildings.
(6) The bending strength, pb, is related to the equivalent slenderness, eLT,
the design strength of the material, py, and the member type such as
rolled or fabricated by welding, pb can be obtained from Appendix B.
23. STEEL BEAMS
(1) Beams constructed in structural steel shall be proportioned such that the
deflections under serviceability loads shall not impair the strength or
efficiencies of the structures or cause damage to finishes. For cantilevers
the deflexions shall be limited to length/ 180; for other beams, the
deflexions shall be limited to span/360 varying up to span/200.
Shear forces shall be limited by the relationship:
Fv = Pv or less
Where,
Pv = Shear capacity
= 0.6PvAv
Av = Shear area
Fv = Shear force
53
The moment capacities shall be determined by the following equations:
Mc = Py S = 1.2PyZ or less; for low shear loads

(i.e. Fv = 0.6Pv) or less
Mc = Py (S - Svql) = 1.2PyZ or less; for high shear loads
(i.e. Fv = 0.6Pv) or more
Where,
Py = Design strength
S = Plastic modulus of section
Z = Elastic modulus of section
ql = (2.5Fv - 1.5)/Pv
24. STEEL COLUMNS
(1) Columns forming parts of building structures shall be constructed in

structural steel.
(2) Structural steel columns in simple construction shall be designed to sustain

moments due to eccentricities of beams end-reactions and other loads. The
eccentricities shall be arrived at as follows:
(a) For beams supported on cap plates, the loads shall be taken to act at
the faces of columns or edges of packings; and
(b) In all other cases the loads shall be taken to act at distances equal to
100 mm from the column faces, or at centers of lengths of stiff bearings,
whichever might produce greater eccentricities.
(3) Structural steel columns shall be made out of simple rolled sections, laced
struts, battened-struts, batten-starred angle struts or cased sections. In all
cases the columns shall be designed as single integral members provided
that the main components are effectively restrained against buckling.
(4) In multi-storey construction, columns shall be treated as continuous at their

splices. The net moments applied at any levels shall be shared between the
upper and the lower columns in proportions to their stiffnesses.
(5) Column bases shall be of sufficient sizes and strengths to transmit the axial
loads, bending moments and shear forces in the columns to the foundations
or other supports without exceeding the load carrying capacities of such
supports. For concrete foundations, the bearing strength shall be taken as
0.4fcu. The minimum thickness of the base plates loaded concentrically by
I,H, Channel, Box or RHS columns shall be given by the equation:
t = [2.5w(a2-0.3b2) / Pyp] ½
Where,
a = Greater projection of plate beyond column

b = Lesser projection of plate beyond column
w = Pressure on underside or plate
Pyp = Designed strength of plate (not exceeding 270 N/mm2)
54
The thickness so determined shall be taken to be not less than the flange
thickness of the columns supported. Where gussets have been used to
transmit the loads, a, b shall be measured from the extremities of the gussets.
For solid or hollow circular columns, thickness of the base plates shall be
given by the formula:
t = [wDp (Dp-0.9d)2.4Pyp]1/2
Where,
DP = length of sides or diameters of cap or base plates (not exceeding 1.5

(D +75)
D = Diameter of column
(6) For encased steel columns the encasing concrete shall extend the full length
of members and connections and be reinforced with steel fabric. The
compression resistance of enclosed column shall be given by:
P cs = (Ag + 045f cu Ac/Py)Py

Where,
Ac = Gross area of concrete

Ag = Gross area of steel strut
Pc = Compressive strength of steel section
Py = Design strength of steel (not exceeding 355N/mm2)
Fcu = Characteristic concrete strength (not exceeding 40N/mm2)
Encased columns subjected to both axial loads and moments shall have
capacities represented by the conditions:
Fc + Mx + My = 1 or less
Pcs Mcx Mcy
Where,
Fc = Compressive forces due to loads

Pc = Compressive resistance
Pcs = Short struts capacities
Mx = Applied moments about major axes
Mcx = Capacity of steel sections about major axes
Mcy = Capacity of steel section about minor axes
25. BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS
General
(1) All connections shall have a design resistance such that the structure
remains effective and is capable of satisfying all the design
requirements given in Section 2.
(2) Connection shall be designed on the basis of a realistic assumption

of the distribution of internal forces provided that:
55
(a) the assumed internal forces and moments are in equilibrium

with the applied forces and moments,
(b) each element in the connection is capable of resisting the
internal forces or stresses,
(c) the internal forces follow the direct load path i.e., the path with
the greatest rigidity through the elements of connections, and,
(d) the deformations implied by this load distribution are within the
deformation capacity of the fasteners or welds and of the
connected parts.
(3) The partial safety factor γM shall be taken as follows:
(a) Resistance of bolted connections γMb = 1.25

(b) Resistance of riveted connections γMr = 1.25
(c) Resistance of pin connections γMp = 1.25
(c) Resistance of welded connections γMw = 1.25
(a) Resistance of net sections at bolted holes γM2 = 1.25
(4) Ease of fabrication and erection should be considered in the design

of joint and splices. Attention should be paid to:
(a) the clearance necessary for tightening of fasteners,

(b) the need for access of welding
(c) subsequent inspection
(d) the effects of angular and length tolerances on fit-up, and
(e) surface treatment and maintenance.
Bolted and Riveted Connections
(1) The size of holes for all fasteners shall not exceed the dimensions
given below:
(a) for bolt shack diameter less than14 mm the clearance hole
diameter shall be (d + 1) mm
(b) for bolt shack diameter greater than 14 mm the clearance hole
diameter shall be (d + 2) mm
(2) Edge distances and spacing of holes for fasteners shall be as

follows:
(a) the minimum edge distance for a rolled, machine flame cut,
sawn or planned edge shall be 1.25d
(b) the minimum edge distance for a sheared or hand flame edge
and any end shall be 1.40d
(c) minimum hole distance shall be 2.5d
(d) the maximum edge distance shall be 12t or 150 mm
(e) the maximum hole distance shall be 12t or 200 mm
56
where t is the thickness of the thinner outside ply and d is the

diameter of hole.
(3) In the design of connections in compression members, no
deduction for fastener holes is normally required except for oversize
or slotted holes.
(4) In the design of connections in other types of members the

following provisions shall apply:
(a) The net area of a cross section or element section shall be

taken as its gross area less appropriate deductions for all holes
and other openings.
(b) When calculating net section properties, the deduction for a
single hole shall be the gross cross sectional area of the hole in
the plane of its axis. For countersunk holes, appropriate
allowance should be made for the countersunk portion.
(c) Provided that the fastener holes are not staggered, the total
area to be deducted for fastener holes shall be the maximum
sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross section
perpendicular to the member axis.
(d) When the fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be
deducted for fastener holes shall be the greater of:
(e) the deduction for non staggered holes
(f) the sum of the sectional area of all holes in any diagonal or zig-
zag line extending progressively across the member or part of
the member, less s2t/(4p) for each gauge space in the chain of
holes, see Fig. 6.3, (failure mode 2).
Where s is the pitch, the spacing of the centres of two

consecutive holes in the chain measured parallel to the
member axis.
p is the spacing between the centres of two holes
measured perpendicular to the member axis.
t is the thickness.
(5) The design value of the effective resistance Veff,Rd for rupture along
a block shear failure path shall be determined from:
0.60 f y A v,eff
V eff, Rd =
γ MO
Where γMO =1.10.
(6) The effective shear area Av,eff for block shear shall be defined as
follows:
Av,eff = t [Lv + L1 + L2 - ndo]
Where L1 = 2.5 do but < a1
L2 = 5.0 do but < a2
57
n is the number of fastener holes on the block shear failure path

t is the thickness of the web or bracket
(7) The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing on any ply shall be taken
as the lesser of the bearing capacity of the bolt and the bearing
capacity of the connected ply.
(8) The bearing capacity of the bolt Fbb,Rd shall be taken as:
Fbb,Rd = d t fbP,Rd but < 1/2e1 tfbp,d
Where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt;
t is the thickness of the connected ply, or, if the bolts are

countersunk, the thickness of the ply minus half of the
depth of countersinking;
fbb,d is the design bearing strength of the bolt
(9) The bearing capacity of the connected ply Fbp,Rd shall be taken as:
Fbp,Rd = d t fbp,d but <1/2e1 tfbp,d
Where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt
t is the thickness of the ply, as defined above

fbp,d is the design bearing strength of the connected parts
e1 is the edge distance
Pin Connections
(1) Where the connected elements are clamped together by external

nuts the limits on thickness do not apply to internal plies.
(2) The thickness of an unstiffened element containing a pinhole shall be

greater than or equal to 0.25 times the distance from the edge of the
element, measured at right angles to the axis of the member.
(3) The net area beyond a pinhole parallel to, or within 45o of the axis of
the member shall be greater than or equal to the net area required
for the member. The sum of the areas at the pin hole perpendicular
to the axis of the member shall be at least 1.33 A.
(4) Pin plates provided to increase the net area of a member or to

increase the bearing capacity of a pin should be arranged to avoid
eccentricity and should be of sufficient size to distribute the load from
the pin to the member.
(5) The capacity of a pin connection shall be determined from the shear
capacity of the pin at the shear plane and the bearing capacity on
each connected ply with regard to the distribution of load between
the plies. The bending moment on the pin shall also be checked.
(6) The shear capacity Fv,Rd of a pin shall be taken as:
58
Fv,Rd = 0.6Afup/ γMp
Where fup is the specified minimum ultimate strength of the pin

A is the cross sectional area of the pin
(7) The bearing capacity Fb,Rd of a pin shall be taken as
Fb,Rd = 1.5dtfy / γMp
Where d is the diameter of the pin
t is the thickness of the connected part

fy is the lower of the nominal yield strength of the pin and the
connected part.
(8) The bending moments on a pin shall be calculated on the

assumption that the forces transmitted between the pin and the
connected parts are uniformly distributed along the length in contact
in each case.
(9) The moment capacity of the pin MRd shall be taken as:
MRd = 0.8Wfyp / γMp
Where W is the section modulus
fyp is the nominal yield strength of the pin
In case of combined shear and bending of the pin the resistance

shall be calculated as:
2 2
⎡ M Sd ⎤ ⎡ F v , Sd ⎤
⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ ≤ 1.0
⎣ M Rd ⎦ ⎣ F v , Rd ⎦
Where MSd is the design moment

Fv,Sd is the design shear force
MRd is the moment capacity
Fv,Rd is the shear capacity
Splices
(1) Splices shall be designed to hold the connected members in place and
wherever practicable the members shall be arranged so that the
centroidal axis of the splice coincides with the centroidal axis of the
members joined. If eccentricity is present then the resulting forces
shall be taken into account.
(2) Where the members are not prepared for full contact in bearing the
splice shall be designed to transmit all the moments and forces to
which the member at the joint is subjected.
59
(3) Where the members are prepared for full contact in bearing the splice
shall provide continuity of stiffness about both axes and resist in
tension where bending is present.
(4) The splice should be as near as possible to the ends of the member or
points of inflection. Where this is not achieved account should be
taken of the moment induced by strut action.
(5) The splice covers shall be designed to transmit all the moments and
forces to which the member at that point is subjected.
(6) Beam splices should be designed to transmit all the forces and
moments in the member at that point and have adequate stiffness.
Welded Connections
(1) The provisions of welded connections apply to:
(a) Weldable structural steels

(b) Welding by an arc welding process and specifically by:
(i) Shielded metal arc welding
(ii) Gas metal arc welding
(iii) Flux cored arc welding
(iv) Metal cored arc welding
(v) Submerged arc welding
(c) Materials thicknesses of 4 mm and over. For welds in thinner

material refer to internationally accepted standards or to
specialist literature.
(d) Joints in which the weld metal is compatible with the parent
metal in terms of mechanical properties.
(e) Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where the fusion
faces form an angle of between 60o and 120o.
(2) Smaller angles are also permitted. However, in such cases the weld
shall be considered to be a partial penetration butt weld.
(3) For angles over 120o, fillet welds shall not be relied upon to transmit
forces.
(4) Fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides of parts should be

returned continuously around the corners for a distance of not less
than twice the leg length s of the weld unless access or the
configuration renders this impracticable. This detail is particularly
important for fillet welds on the tension side of parts carrying a bending
load.
(5) In lap joints the minimum lap shall be not less than 4t where t is the
thickness of the thinner part joined. Single fillet welds should only be
used where the parts are restrained to prevent opening of the joint.
(6) Fillet welds may be continuous or intermittent.
60
(7) Intermittent fillet welds shall not be used in fatigue situations or where
capillary action could lead to the formation of rust pockets.
(8) In an intermittent fillet weld, the clear unconnected gaps between the
ends of each length of weld shall not exceed the smallest of:
(a) 200 mm;

(b) 12 times the thickness of the thinner part when the part
connected is in compression;
(c) 16 times the thickness of the thinner part when the part
connected is in tension;
(d) One-quarter of the distance between stiffeners, when used to
connect stiffeners to a plate or other part subjected to
compression or shear.
(9) In an intermittent fillet weld, the clear unconnected gap shall be

measured between the ends of welds on opposite sides or on the
same side, whichever is shorter.
(10) In any run of intermittent fillet welds there shall always be a length of
weld at each end of the part connected.
(11) In a fabricated member in which plates are connected by means of

intermittent fillet welds, a continuous fillet weld shall be provided on
each side of the plate for a length at each end equal to at least three-
quarters of the width of the narrower plate concerned (see Fig. 6.10).
(12) A single fillet weld shall not be subject to a bending moment about the
longitudinal axis of the weld.
(13) When a single fillet weld is used to transmit a force perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis, the eccentricity of the weld (relative to the line of
action of the force to be resisted) shall be taken into account.
Butt Welds
(1) Butt welds may be used as fully penetrated or partially penetrated.
(2) A single-sided partial penetration butt weld shall not be used to

transmit a bending moment about the longitudinal axis of the weld if it
produces tension at the root of the weld, nor to transmit a significant
tensile force perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the weld in
situations which would effectively produce such a bending moment.
(3) A single sided partial penetration butt weld may be used as a part of a
welding group around the perimeter of a hollow section.
(4) Intermittent butt welds shall not be used.
Plug and Slot Welds
(1) Plug and slot welds shall not be used to resist externally applied
tension but they may be used to:
61
(a) To transmit shear

(b) To prevent buckling or separation of lapped parts
(c) Inter-connect the components of built-up members
(2) The diameter of a circular hole, or width of an elongated hole, for a slot
weld shall be at least 8mm more than the thickness of the part
containing it, but not more than 2.25 times this thickness.
(3) The ends of a slot shall either be semi-circular or else shall have
corners which are rounded to a radius of not less than the thickness of
the part containing the slot, except for those ends which extend to the
edge of the part concerned.
(4) The thickness of a plug or slot weld in material up to 16mm shall be

equal to the thickness of the material. The thickness of a plug or slot
weld in material over 16mm thick shall be at least half the thickness of
the material and not less than 16mm.
(5) The centre to centre spacing of the plug or slot welds shall not exceed
the value necessary to prevent local buckling.
Flare Groove Welds
(1) In rectangular structural hollow sections the effective throat thickness

of flare-V and the flare-bevel-groove welds shall be determined by
means of trial welds for each set of procedural conditions.
(2) The trial welds shall be sectioned and measured to establish welding
techniques that will ensure that the design throat thickness is achieved
in production.
(3) For solid bars the same procedure shall be used to determine the
effective throat thickness of flare-groove welds, when fitted flush to the
surface of the solid section of the bars.
(4) Welded connections shall be designed to have adequate deformation

capacity.
(5) In joints where plastic hinges may form, the welds shall be designed
to provide at least the same design resistance as the weakest of the
connected parts.
(6) In other joints where deformation capacity for joint rotation is required
due to the possibility of excessive straining, the welds require sufficient
strength not to rupture before general yielding in the adjacent parent
material.
(7) In general this will be satisfied if the design resistance of the weld is
not less than 80% of the design resistance of the weakest of the
connected parts.
62
Design of a Fillet Weld
(1) The effective length of a fillet weld shall be taken as the overall length
less one leg width s for each end which does not continue at least
twice the leg width s round a corner. The effective length should not be
less than 40mm or 6 times the throat thickness.
(2) Provided that the weld is a full size throughout one, no reduction in
effective length need be made for either the start or the termination of
the weld.
Throat Thickness
(1) The effective throat size a of a fillet weld shall be taken as the
perpendicular distance from the root of the weld to a straight line
joining the fusion faces which lies within the cross section of the weld.
It should not, however, be taken greater than 0.707 times the effective
leg width s.
(2) The throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3mm.
Long Joints
(1) In lap joints the design resistance of a fillet weld shall be reduced by
multiplying it by a reduction factor ßLw to allow for the effects of non-
uniform distribution of stress along its length.
(2) This provision does not apply when the stress distribution along the
weld corresponds to the stress distribution in the adjacent base metal,
as, for example, in the case of a weld connecting the flange and the
web of a plate girder.
(3) Generally in lap joints longer than 150a the reduction factor βLw should
be taken as βLw,1 given by:
βLw,1 = 1.2 - 0.2Lj /(150a) but βLw,1 < 1.0
Where Lj is the overall length of the lap in the direction of the force
transfer.
a is the effective throat thickness of a fillet weld.
(4) For fillet welds longer than 1.7 metres connecting transverse stiffeners
in plated members, the reduction factor bLw may be taken as βLw,2
given by:
βLw,2 = 1.1 - Lw /17 but 0.6 < βLw,2 < 1.0
Where Lw is the length of the weld in meter.
Design Strength
(1) The design strength Fw,Rd of a fillet weld per unit length shall be
obtained from:
63
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a
Where fvw,d is the design shear strength of the weld
0.63 f 0.65 f u
≤
ye
f vw,d = but
γ Mw γ Mw
(2) The design shear strength fvw,d of the weld shall be determined 0.65 fu
from:
Where fye is the minimum tensile strength of the electrodes

fu is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of the
weaker part joined
Design of a Butt Weld
(1) The design strength of a full penetration butt weld shall be taken as
equal to that of the weaker of the parts joined, provided that the weld
is made with a suitable electrode (or other welding consumable) which
will produce all-weld tensile specimens having both a minimum yield
strength and a minimum tensile strength not less than those specified
for the parent metal.
(2) The design strength of a partial penetration butt weld shall be

determined as for deep penetration fillet weld..
(3) The throat thickness of a partial penetration butt weld shall be taken as
the depth of penetration that can consistently be achieved.
(4) The throat thickness that can consistently be achieved may be

determined by preliminary trials.
(5) Where the weld preparation is of U, V, J or bevel type the throat

thickness should be taken as the nominal depth of preparation minus
2mm, unless a larger value is shown to be justified by preliminary
trials.
Tee-Butt Joints
(1) The resistance of a tee-butt joint, consisting of a pair of partial

penetration butt welds reinforced by superimposed fillet welds, may be
determined as for a full penetration butt weld if the total nominal throat
thickness, exclusive of the unwelded gap, is not less than the
thickness t of the part forming the stem of the tee joint provided that
the unwelded gap is not more than t/5 or 3mm, whichever is less.
(2) The resistance of a tee-butt joint which does not meet the
requirements given in (1) above shall be determined as for a deep
penetration fillet weld. The throat thickness shall be determined in
conformity with the provisions for both fillet welds and partial
penetration butt welds.
64
(3) The throat thickness should be taken as the nominal throat thickness
minus 2mm unless a larger value is shown to be justified by
preliminary trials.
Design of Plug and Slot Welds
(1) The design resistance Fw,Rd of a plug or slot weld shall be taken as
Fw,Rd = fvw,d Aw
Where fvw,d is the design shear strength of a weld.
(2) The effective area Aw of a plug or slot weld shall be taken as the area
of the hole or slot.
(3) Fillet welds in holes or slots shall not be considered as plug or slot
welds.
Joints to Unstiffened Flanges
(1) In a tee-joint of a plate to an unstiffened flange of an I, H or a box

section, a reduced effective breadth shall be taken into account both
for the parent metal and for the welds.
(2) For an I or H section the effective breadth beff shall be obtained from:
beff = tw + 2r + 7t but beff  < tw + 2r + 7(tf2 /tp) (fy/fyp)
Where fy is the nominal yield strength of the member

fyp is the nominal yield strength of the plate
(3) For a box section the effective breadth beff shall be obtained from:
beff = 2tw + 5tf but beff  < 2tw + 5(tf2 /tp) (fy/fyp)
(4) If beff is less than 0.7 times the full breadth, the joint should be
stiffened.
(5) The welds connecting the plate to the flange shall have a design
resistance per unit length not less than the design resistance per unit
width of the plate.
Angles Connected by One Leg
(1) In angles connected by one leg, the eccentricity of welded lap joint
connections may be allowed for by adopting an effective cross-
sectional area and then treating the member as concentrically loaded.
(2) For an equal-leg angle, or an unequal-leg angle connected by its

larger leg, the effective area may be taken as equal to the gross area.
(3) For an unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, the effective
area should be taken as equal to the cross-sectional area of an
equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size equal to that of the smaller leg,
when determining the design resistance of the cross section. However,
65
when determining the design buckling resistance of a compression

member, the actual cross-sectional area should be used.
(4) Similar considerations should also be given to other types of sections

connected through outstands such as T-sections and channels.
Beam-To-Column Connections
(1) Beam-to-column connections may be classified by:
(a) Rotational stiffness

(b) Moment resistance
(2) Beam-to-column connections shall be designed by known and

accepted application rules which lead to a sufficient safety level.
Rotational Stiffness
(1) The rotational stiffness of a beam-to-column connection may be

classified as:
(a) Nominally pinned

(b) Rigid
(c) Semi-rigid
(2) A beam-to-column connection may be classified as rigid or nominally

pinned on the basis of particular or general experimental evidence, or
significant experience of previous satisfactory performance in similar
cases or by calculations based on test evidence.
(3) A beam-to-column connection may be classified as nominally pinned if

its rotational stiffness Sj (based on a moment rotation characteristic
representative of its actual anticipated behaviour) satisfies the
condition:
Sj < 0.5 EIb/Lb
Where Sj is the secant rotational stiffness of the connection

Ib is the second moment of area of the connected beam
Lb is the length of the connected beam
(4) A beam-to-column connection in a braced frame, or in an unbraced

frame which satisfies the condition specified in (5) below, may be
considered to be rigid compared to the connected beam.
(5) The line given in Fig. 6.18(a) for an unbraced frame may be used only
for frames in which every storey satisfies:
Kb/Kc < 0.1
Where Kb is the mean value of Ib/Lb for all the beams at the top of that
storey
Kc is the mean value Ic/Lc for all the columns in that storey
66
Ib is the second moment of area of a beam

Ic is the second moment of area of a column
Lb is the span of a beam (centre-to-centre of columns)
Lc is the storey height for a column
(6) If the rising portion of its moment-rotation characteristic lies below the
appropriate line in a beam-to-column connection should be classified
as semi-rigid, unless it also satisfies the requirements for a nominally
pinned connection.
(7) Connections which are classified as rigid or nominally pinned, may

optionally be treated as semi-rigid.
Moment Resistance
(1) With respect to the design moment resistance, beam-to-column

connections may be classified as:
(a) Nominally pinned.

(b) Full-strength.
(c) Partial-strength.
(2) A beam-to-column connection may be classified as nominally pinned if

its design moment resistance MRd is not greater than 0.25 times the
design plastic moment resistance of the connected beam Mpl,Rd
provided that it also has sufficient rotation capacity.
(3) A beam-to-column connection may be classified as full-strength if its

design moment resistance MRd is at least equal to the design plastic
moment resistance of the connected beam Mpl,Rd provided that it also
has sufficient rotation capacity.
(4) If the design moment resistance MRd of a beam-to-column connection

is at least 1.2 times the design plastic moment resistance of the
member Mpl,Rd the rotation capacity of the connection need not be
checked.
(5) A beam-to-column connection should be classified as partial-strength if

its design moment resistance MRd is less than Mpl,Rd.
Column Bases
(1) Column bases shall be of sufficient size, stiffness and strength to

transmit the axial load, bending moments and shear forces in columns
to their foundations or other support without exceeding the load
carrying capacity of such supports.
(2) The nominal bearing pressure between the baseplate and the support
may be determined on the basis of a linear distribution of pressure. For
concrete foundations the bearing strength may be taken as 0.4fcu
where fcu is the characteristic concrete strength at 28 days.
67
Empirical Design of Base Plates
(1) When in oversized baseplates the size of a baseplate is more than the
minimum required, any portion of its area may be taken as ineffective,
provided that the bearing pressure calculated on the remaining
effective area does not exceed the bearing strength. t shall be:
(2) If a rectangular plate is loaded concentrically by I, H, channel or box,

its minimum thickness t shall be:
2.5
t= w ( a 2 - 0.3 b2 ) ≤ t f
f yp,d
Where a is the greater projection of the plate beyond the column

b is the lesser projection of the plate beyond the column
w is the pressure on the underside of the plate assuming an
uniform distribution
fp,d is the design strength of the plate (<270 MPa)
tf is the flange thickness of the column
(3) If gussets are used for transmitting forces to the baseplate, the
projecting distances, a and b, are measured from the extremities of the
gussets, provided that the gussets are designed for the resulting
forces (see (4) below).
(4) For solid round or hollow columns, where loading on the cap or under
the base is uniformly distributed over the whole area including the
column shaft, the minimum thickness t (in mm) of a square or circular
cap or base plate shall be:
w
t= D p ( D p - 0.9D)
2.4 f yp,d
Where Dp is the length of the side or diameter of the cup or

baseplate, but not less than 1.5(D + 75) mm
D is the diameter of the column
Eccentric Forces and Non-Rectangular Plates
(1) If the bearing pressure beneath a baseplate is not uniform, or if the

baseplate is not rectangular, calculations shall be carried out to
determine the bending moments in the baseplate. The maximum
moment Mbp shall not exceed
Mbp < 1.2fp,d Wp
Where fp,d is the design strength of the plate (< 270 MPa) see Table 6.4
Wp is the elastic section modulus of the baseplate.
68
Gussets
(1) In a stiffened base, the moment in a gusset Mbg due to the bearing
pressure on the effective area used in the design of the baseplate
shall not exceed
Mbg < fg,d Wg
Where fg,d is the design strength of the gusset (< 270 MPa)
Wg is the elastic section modulus of the gusset
(2) When the effective area is less than its gross area, the connection of
the gussets shall be checked for the effects of a nominal distribution of
bearing pressure on the gross area as well as for the effects of the
distribution used in the design of the baseplate.
Connection of Base Plates
(1) Provided that the contact areas on the baseplate and the end of the
column (including, in stiffened bases, the contact surfaces on the
stiffeners) are in tight bearing contact, compression may be trans-
mitted to the baseplate in direct bearing. Welds or fasteners shall be
provided to transmit any shear or tension developed at the connection
due to all realistic combinations of design loads.
(2) Where the contact surfaces are not suitable to transmit compression in
direct bearing, welds or fasteners shall be provided to transmit all
forces and moments.
Anchor Bolts
(1) Anchor bolts shall be designed to resist the effect of the design loads.
They shall provide resistance to tension due to uplift forces and
bending moments and shear where appropriate.
(2) When calculating the tension forces due to bending moments, the
lever arm shall not be taken as more than the distance between the
centroid of the bearing area of the compression side and the bolt
group on the tension side, taking the tolerances on the positions of the
anchor bolts into account.
(3) Anchor bolts shall either be anchored into the foundation by a hook or
by a washer plate or by some other appropriate load distribution
member embedded in the concrete.
This plate or member shall be designed to span any grout tubes or

adjustment tubes provided for the anchor bolts.
(4) The embedment length of the anchor bolts and the arrangement of the
load distribution assembly shall be such that in transmitting the loads
from the anchorage to the foundation the load capacity of the
foundation is not exceeded.
(5) The tension capacity of the bolt shall be determined in accordance

with Section 6.2.4.6.
69
(6) If no special elements for resisting the shear force are provided, such
as block or bar shear connectors, it shall be demonstrated that
sufficient resistance to transfer the shear force between the column
and the foundation is provided by one of the following:
(a) The frictional resistance of the joint between the base plate and
the foundation.
(b) The shear resistance of the anchor bolts.
(c) The shear resistance of the surrounding part of the foundation.
26. STRUCTURAL STEEL PURLINS
(1) Structural steel purlins shall be designed for imposed loads not less than
0.50 kN/m2 and shall have spans L not exceeding 6.0 metres center to
center of the main supports. The dimension D, perpendicular to the planes
of the cladding, and the dimension B, parallel to planes of the cladding
shall be as given in Table 39 for different sections of purlins, where Z =
elastic modulus of purlins about axes parallel to the planes of the cladding,
Wp = unfactored loads on purlin in kilo Newtons.
Table 42: Empirical Values for Purlins
Minimum Z D B
Sections
(cm )3 (mm) (mm)
Angles WPL/ 1800 L/45 L/60
CHS Wp L/2000 L/65 -
RHS Wp L/ 1800 L/70 L/150
(2) Other component members of the trusses shall-be designed to sustain axial
compression or tension forces or combinations arising our of the dead and
imposed roof loads. They shall be disposed symmetrically about the
resultant line of the forces and the connections so arranged that the centroid
lies on the resultant line of the forces they resist. Structural steel trusses
shall be spaced at distances not exceeding 6.0m with double or mono
pitches in accordance with Table 43.
27. ROOFS
(1) Roofs shall be clad with such materials as to enable them provide shelter
from the weather elements and afford protection against the spread of fire
into the buildings or to adjoining properties. The roof covering materials
deemed to satisfy these requirements shall be cement or clay tiles,
galvanized corrugated steel sheets, pressed metal tiles and reinforced
concrete slabs. Roofs shall be flat or pitched.
(2) The roof structures shall be designed to sustain the dead and imposed
loads, including wind loads, and shall be in the form of trusses, girders,
rafters or slabs constructed in reinforced concrete, structural steel or
structural timber.
70
(3) Roof slopes shall vary according to the cladding materials to be used and
in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers of the
coverings provided that care shall be taken to make roofs weatherproof
and leak proof.
Table 43 gives recommended minimum roof slopes for the various

structures and cladding materials.
Table 43: Minimum Roof Slopes
Cladding materials Roof structures Roof slopes
Bitumen-based or other
Concrete slabs 1o
approved roofing product
Cement/clay/metal/ tiles Concrete slabs 10o
Cement/clay/metal/tiles Trusses 20o
Corrugated metal or other
Trusses 15o
approved sheets
Long-span metal sheets Trusses 5o
(4) Reinforced concrete slabs shall bed designed in similar manner as for floor
slabs.
28. COMPOSITE BEAMS
(1) Properties of concrete shall be similar to those described din Items 13 to

15.
(2) Properties of reinforcing steel and structural steel shal be to those

described in Items 21 to 23.
(3) For the design of buildings is is accurate enough to take account of creep
by replacing concrete areas Ac by effective equivalent steel areas equal to
Ac/n, where n is the nominal modular aatio, defined by
n = Es/ Ec
Where,
Es = is the elastic modulus of structural steel

Ec = is the “effective” elastic modulus of concrete
(4) The resitance of a shear connector is the maximum load in the direction
considered that can be carried by the connector before failure. The
resistance of a connector may be different fro reversal in the direction of
thrust. Due account shall be taken of this.
(5) The design resistance PRk shall be the characteristic resistance divided by
the appropriate partial safety factor.
71
(6) Composite beams shall be checked for resistance for critical cross-section,
lateral-torsional buckling, shear buckling and longitudinal shear. Allowance
shall be given for the flexibility of concrete fralne in-plane shaer (shear lag)
either by means of rigorous anslysis, or by using an effective width of
flange:
(a) A constant effective width may be assumed over the whole of each
span. This value may be taken as the value at midspan, for a span
supported at both ends, or the value at the support, for a cantilever.
(b) The total effective width beff of concrete flange associated with
each steel web should be taken as eh sum of effective widths be of
the portion of the; flange on each side of the contgerline of the steel
web. The effective width of each portion should be taken as one
tenth of the effective span but not greater than the actual width b.
(c) The actual width b of each portion should be taken as half the
distance from the web to the adjacent web, measured at mid-depth
of the concrete flange, exept that at a free edge the actual width is
the sidtance from the web to the free edge.
(7) The elastic section propertries of a composite cross-section should be

expressed as those of an equivalent steel cross-section by dividing the
contribution of the concrete component by a modular ratio n, as given in
Item 4 above.
(8) The uncracked and cracked flexural stiffnesses of a composite cross

section are defined as EaI1 and EaI2, respectively,
Where,
Ea is the modulus of elasticity fro structural steel,

I1 is the second moment of area of the effctive equivalent steel section
calculated assunming that concrete in tension is uncracked,
I2 is the second moment of area of the effctive equivalent steel section
calculated neglectin concrete in tension but including reinforcement.
(9) A composite column of any cross section, loaded by normal forces and
bending moments shall be checked for the resistance of the member, local
buckling and shear between the steel and the concrete.
(10) The design for structural stability shall take account of second order effects
including imperfections and shall ensure that, for the most unfavourable
combinations of actions at the ultimate limit state instability does not occur,
and that the resistance of individual cross sections subjected to bending
and longitudinal force is not exceeded.
(11) Plane sections shall be assumed to remain plane in the design of

composite columns. Full composite action up to failure shall be assumed
between the steel and concrete components of the member.
(12) The influence of local buckling of steel members on the resistance of the
column shall be considered in design. The effects of local buckling of steel
members in composite columns may be neglected for steel sections fully
encased and for other types fo composite columns.
72
(13) For fully-encased steel sections at least a minimum reinforced concrete

cover shall be provided to ensure:
(a) The safe transmission of bond forces

(b) The protection of the steel against corrosion
(c) That spalling will not occur
(d) An adequate fire resistance
(14) For composite columns subjected to both axial and bending moments, for
each of the axes of a separate check is necessary with the relevant
slenderness, bending moments and resistance in bending.
29. TIMBER STRUCTURES
(1) Timber for use in the construction of structures differs from other
materials in that it is organic. The basic stresses applicable for the
various grades shall be factored to take into account the application of
loads in relation to the grains, either parallel to the grains or
perpendicular.
(2) Structural timber shall be used in the roof construction as trusses, joists,
purlins and battens and it may also be used in the design of floors.
(3) All structural timber members, assemblies or framework in buildings

shall be capable of sustaining, with due stability and stiffness, and
without exceeding the limit of stresses specified, the whole dead,
imposed and any other loading.
(4) The permissible stresses in timber are governed by the general

characteristics or the particular species. The presence of-visible gross
features such as knots, shakes, splits, sloping grains, discolouring,
twists, bows, springs, cups and wanes, the type of loading and other
conditions to which timber is subjected in service.
(5) Timber shall be seasoned to moisture content appropriate to the

position in which it is to be used and also be chemically treated to
preserve it against borers, termites and other pests. Table 41 gives an
indication of moisture content as percentage of dry weight for the
various positions in buildings.
Table 44: Moisture Content of Timber for Various Positions in Building
Moisture content of Moisture content

timber in its of timber at time of
Position permanent position erection
% %
Rafters, battens, trusses 15 22

Floor joists 15 22
T and G flooring 12- 14 15-22
73
(6) Structural timber shall be graded to establish and maintain an

acceptable uniformity between products from different sources. The
structural softwood may be classified in two groups; Group 1 covering
species such as fir, pine, and Group 2 for species such as spruce,
larch, redwood, whitewood and hemlock. The allowable basic stresses
are given in Table 45 for different loading conditions.
Table 45: Basic Stresses for Structural Timber
Mean
Flexure and Compression Shear
modulus
compression perpendicular Tension parallel to
Group of
parallel to to grain (N/mm2) grain
elasticity
grain (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1 7.0 2.5 10.8 0.7 11,500
2 5.8 1.8 8.6 0.7 8,640
Where the direction of the load is inclined to the direction of the member
the basic stresses shall be modified using the formula:
Cbi = Cbt Cb/(Cb sin2è + Cbt cos2 è)
Where,
Cb = Basic compressive stress parallel to the grain

Cbi = Basic compressive stress for inclined load
Cbt = Basic compressive stress perpendicular to the grain
è = Angel between direction of load and direction of the grain
30. TIMBER TRUSSES
(1) Timber trusses shall have spans not greater than 10.0m with single or
double pitches in accordance with Table 40. The joints of the trusses shall
be firmly secured with nails, screws, bolts and or timber connectors. The
trusses shall be spaced, center to center, in the following manner:
(a) 1.40 metres: for roofs with metal sheet

(b) 0.75 metres: for roofs with concrete/clay/ tiles
(c) 1.00 meter: for roofs with metal tiles
(2) Purlins shall have nominal dimensions of 75 x 50 mm and shall be spaced

at distances not exceeding 1.20 metres center to center.
31. MASONRY STRUCTURES
(1) all masonry units, whether now or reused shall be selected for durability
and strength so as to be appropriate to the expected exposure and use.
(2) Mortar shall consist of a mixture of cementitious material and sand (fine
aggregate) that is free from material deleterious to the mortar and to
embedded items, and to which sufficient water and any specified
additives or chemical admixtures have been added. The ingredients
74
shall be proportioned to produce a mortar that will have the following

characteristics:
(a) Adequate workability to permit the masonry units to be properly

placed.
(b) Appropriate durability in the specific local environment conditions.
(c) The ability to impart to the masonry built with it the compressive
strength and flexural tensile strength that are required to the structure.
(3) Cement for mortal shall be Common cement as per Ugandan Standards
US 310-1:2001.
(4) Lime for mortar shall be hydrated lime .
(5) Quick lime shall be slaked and all impurities and solid material shall be
filtered out. After slaking, screening, and before using it shall be stored
and protected for not less than 10 day. When slaked at the construction
site, it shall be stored in boxes or lined pits, ensuring that no contact is
made with earth or other objectionable material. Sufficient water shall
be added t make the liquid volatile. Lime from different sources or
different stacking time shall not be used in any one mix.
(6) Aggregate for mortar shall be natural occurring river or pit sand or
crushed aggregate.
(7) Water used in the preparation of mortar shall be free from harmful
quantities and anything which is deleterious to the masonry, the
reinforcement or any embedded items.
(8) The mortar bonding the masonry units shall satisfy the requirements
shown in Table 43.
(9) Natural stone masonry may also be designed on the basis of solid
concrete blocks of equivalent compressive strength. The characteristic
strength of random rubble masonry may be taken as 75 % of the
corresponding strength for natural stone masonry built with similar
materials.
Table 46: Requirements for Mortars in Masonry Construction
Type of mortar in
Mean compressive strength at 28days
volumetric proportions
Mortar
Cement/sand Preliminary Site
Designation Cement/ Cement
with lab tests tests
lime/sand /sand
plasticizer (N/mm2) (N/m2)
1 1:1/4:3 - - 16.0 11.0
2 1:1/2:4 1:3 1:31/2 6.5 4.5
3 1:1:51/2 1:41/2 1:51/2 3.6 2.5
4 1:2:81/2 1:6 1:71/2 1.5 1.0
75
32. CLAY BRICKS
(1) Clay bricks for load-bearing construction shall be as manufactured by

Uganda Clays limited or any other approved source. The properties of
the bricks shall be as shown in Table 47.
(2) Bricks may also be used in non-load bearing construction as facing or

in-fill walling. The various classes of bricks are: -
(a) Non-facing plastered (NFP);

(b) Facing brick standard (FBS);
(c) Facing bricks aesthetic (FBA); and
(d) Engineering brick (EB)
Table 47: Physical Properties of Bricks
Crushing Average
Class of Water
strength Weight
brick Absorption
(N/mm2) (kg)
NFP 10 10 2.75
FBS 20 6.3 2.75
FBA 22 7.5 2.75
EB 25 7.9 3.00
(3) The characteristic compressive strength shall be determined by tests

on wall specimens. For normally bonded masonry defined in terms of
the shape and compressive strength of the structural unit and the
designation of mortar the values shown in Table 48 shall be taken to
be the characteristic compressive strength of walls constructed in
bricks.
Table 48: CharacteristicCompressive Strength of Brickwork Masonry
Mortar Compressive strength of snit (N/mm2)

designation
10 15 20 27.5 35 50 70 100
1 4.4 6.0 7.4 9.2 11.4 15.0 19.2 24.0
2 4.2 5.3 6.4 7.9 9.4 12.2 15.1 18.2
3 4.1 5.0 5.8 7.1 8.5 10.6 13.1 15.5
4 3.5 4.4 5.2 6.2 7.3 9.0 10.8 12.7
33. CONCRETE BLOCKS
(1) Concrete blocks shall be used in the construction of load-bearing

structural members and may also be used as infill walling in framed
structures.
(2) Concrete blocks for load-bearing structural members shall be solid or

hollow blocks with characteristic compressive strength shown in
Table 49.
76
Table 49: Characteristic Compressive Strength of Concrete Blockwork

Masonry N/mm2)
Mortar Compressive strength of unit (N/mm2)

designation 2.8 3.5 5.0 7.0 10.5 15 20 35
1 2.1 2.6 3.8 5.1 6.6 9.0 11.1 17.1
2 2.1 2.6 3.8 4.8 6.3 8.9 9.6 14.1
3 2.1 2.6 3.8 4.8 6.2 7.5 8.7 12.8
4 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.6 7.8 11.0
(3) Where masonry has been for the construction of units subjected to
flexural stresses, the characteristic flexural strengths given in the
Table 50 shall apply.
Table 50: Characteristic Flexural Strength of Masonry (N/mm2)
Parallel to bed
Plane of Failure Perpendicular to bed joints
joints
Mortar
1 2 and 3 4 1 2 and 3 4
Designation
Clay Bricks 0.4 – 0.7 0.3 – 0.5 0.25 – 0.4 1.1 – 2.0 0.9-1.5 0.8 – 1.2
Concrete Blocks 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.4 – 0.9 0.4 – 0.9 0.4 - 07
77
Appendix A: TABLES FOR DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Table A.1: Cross Sectional Area of Bars (mm2)
Diam Number of bars Diam Weight Perimeter

(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (mm) (kg/m) (mm)
6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283 6 0.222 18.8
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503 8 0.395 25.1
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785 10 0.617 31.4
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131 12 0.888 37.7
14 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539 14 1.208 44.0
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011 16 1.578 50.3
18 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545 18 1.998 56.5
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142 20 2.466 62.8
22 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801 22 2.984 69.1
24 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524 24 3.551 75.4
28 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158 28 4.834 88.0
30 707 1414 2121 2827 3534 4241 4948 5655 6362 7069 30 5.548 94.2
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042 32 6.313 100.5
40 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053 11310 12566 40 9,865 125.6
Table A.2: Slab Reinforcement Per meter (mm2)
Spacing Bars Diameter (mm) Spacing

(mm) Per meter 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 (mm)
50 20.00 565 1005 1571 2262 3079 4021 5089 6283 50
60 16.67 471 838 1309 1885 2566 3351 4241 5236 60
70 124.29 404 718 1122 1616 2199 2872 3635 4488 70
75 13.33 377 670 1047 1508 2053 2681 3393 4189 75
80 12.50 353 628 982 1414 1924 2513 3181 3927 80
85 11.76 333 591 924 1331 1811 2365 2994 3696 85
90 11.11 314 559 873 1257 1710 2234 2827 3491 90
95 10.53 298 529 827 1190 1620 2116 2679 3307 95
100 10.00 283 503 785 1131 1539 2011 2545 3142 100
105 9.52 269 479 748 1077 1466 1915 2424 2992 105
110 9.09 257 457 714 1028 1399 1828 2313 2856 110
115 8.70 246 437 683 983 1339 1748 2213 2732 115
120 8.33 236 419 654 942 1283 1676 2121 2618 120
125 8.00 226 402 628 905 1232 1608 2036 2513 125
130 7.69 217 387 604 870 1184 1547 1957 2417 130
135 7.41 209 372 581 837 1140 1489 1884 2326 135
140 7.14 202 359 561 808 1100 1436 1818 2244 140
145 6.90 195 347 542 780 1062 1387 1755 2167 145
150 6.67 188 335 524 754 1026 1340 1696 2094 150
155 6.45 182 324 507 730 993 1297 1642 2027 155
160 6.25 177 314 491 707 962 1257 1590 1963 160
165 6.06 171 305 476 685 933 1219 1542 1904 165
170 5.88 166 296 462 665 906 1183 1497 1848 170
175 5.71 162 287 449 646 880 1149 1454 1795 175
180 5.56 157 279 436 628 855 1117 1414 1745 180
185 5.41 153 272 425 611 832 1087 1376 1698 185
190 5.26 149 265 413 595 810 1058 1339 1653 190
195 5.13 145 258 403 580 789 1031 1305 1611 195
200 5.00 141 251 393 565 770 1005 1272 1571 200
250 4.00 113 201 314 452 616 804 1018 1257 250
300 3.33 94 168 262 377 513 670 848 1047 300
78
Table A3: Large Radius Bends: Internal Radius of Bend (mm) for fcu = 25 N/mm2
Design stress in bar at

ab bar size mm
ultimate load
mm N/mm2 10 12 16 20 24 32 40
100 30 35
150 45 55
200 55 75
25 250 70 90
300 85 110
350 100 130
400 115 150
100 20 30 40 55 80
150 35 40 60 85 120
200 45 55 80 115 155
250 55 70 105 140 195
50 300 65 85 125 170 235
350 75 100 145 200 275
400 90 110 165 225 315
100 20 25 35 50 65 95
150 30 35 55 70 100 140
200 40 50 70 95 130 185
75 250 50 60 90 120 165 235
300 60 75 110 145 195 280
350 70 85 125 170 230 325
400 80 100 145 195 260 375
100 20 25 35 45 60 80 115
150 30 35 50 65 90 125 170
200 40 45 65 85 120 165 225
100 250 45 60 85 110 145 205 285
300 55 70 100 130 175 245 340
350 65 80 115 155 205 290 395
400 75 95 135 175 235 330 450
100 20 25 30 40 50 70 95
150 25 35 45 60 80 110 145
150 200 35 45 60 80 105 145 195
and over 250 45 55 75 100 130 180 240
300 55 65 90 120 155 215 290
350 60 75 105 140 185 250 335
400 70 85 120 160 210 285 385
79
Table A4: Large - Radius Bends: Internal Radius of Bend (mm) fcu = 30 N/mm2
Design stress in bar at bar size mm

ab ultimate load
mm N/mm2 10 12 16 20 24 32 40
100 25 30
150 35 45
200 45 60
25 250 60 75
300 70 90
350 80 110
400 95 125
100 20 25 35 45 65
150 25 35 50 70 100
200 35 45 70 95 130
250 45 60 85 120 165
50 300 55 70 105 140 195
350 65 80 120 165 230
400 75 95 135 190 260
100 20 25 30 40 55 80
150 25 30 45 60 80 115
200 35 40 60 80 110 155
250 40 50 75 100 135 195
75 300 50 60 90 120 165 235
350 60 75 105 140 190 270
400 65 85 120 160 220 310
100 20 20 30 40 50 70 95
150 25 30 40 55 75 105 140
200 30 40 55 75 100 135 190
250 40 50 70 90 125 170 235
100 300 45 60 85 110 145 205 285
350 55 70 95 130 170 240 330
400 65 80 110 145 195 275 375
100 20 20 30 40 50 65 80
150 20 25 40 50 65 90 120
200 30 35 50 65 85 120 160
150 and 250 35 45 65 85 110 150 200
over 300 45 55 75 100 130 180 240
350 50 65 90 115 155 210 280
400 60 75 100 135 175 240 320
80
Table A5: Large - Radius Bends: Internal Radius of Bend (mm) fcu = 40 N/mm2
Design stress in bar at bar size mm

ab ultimate load
Mm N/mm2 10 12 16 20 24 32 40
100 20 25
150 30 40
200 40 55
25 250 50 65
300 60 80
350 70 90
400 80 105
100 20 25 35 45 65
150 25 30 50 70 100
200 30 40 70 95 130
250 40 50 85 120 165
50 300 45 60 105 140 195
350 55 70 120 165 230
400 65 80 135 190 260
100 20 25 30 40 55 80
150 20 25 45 60 80 115
200 30 35 60 80 110 155
250 35 45 75 100 135 195
75 300 45 55 90 120 165 235
350 50 60 105 140 190 270
400 55 70 120 160 220 310
100 20 25 30 40 50 70 95
150 20 25 40 55 75 105 140
200 25 35 55 75 100 135 190
250 35 40 70 90 125 170 235
100 300 40 50 85 110 145 205 285
350 45 60 95 130 170 240 330
400 55 65 110 145 195 275 375
100 20 25 30 40 50 65 80
150 20 25 35 50 65 90 120
200 25 30 45 65 85 120 160
150 and 250 30 40 70 85 110 150 200
over 300 40 45 90 100 130 180 240
350 45 55 100 115 155 210 280
400 50 60 120 135 175 240 320
Table A6: Column ties Data

Nominal size of vertical bars Minimum size of ties Maximum pitch of ties
mm ( mm) (mm)
12 6 (8 preferred ) 125
16 6 (8 preferred) 175
20 6 (8 preferred) 225
25 8 300
32 8 375
40 10 475
50 16 600
81
Table A7: Areas of Reinforcement for Various Tie Combinations
Areas, mm2
Nominal No. of
Bar Ties Pitch of ties (maximum 0.75d), mm
size Legs
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400
2 754 566 452 378 324 284 255 226 189 142
4 1508 1132 904 756 648 568 510 452 378 284
6 6 2262 1698 1356 1134 972 852 765 678 567 426
8 3016 2264 1808 1512 1296 1136 1020 904 756 568
10 3770 2830 2260 1890 1620 1420 1275 1130 943 710
2 1342 1006 804 670 574 504 453 402 336 252
4 2684 2012 1608 1340 1148 1008 906 804 672 504
6 4026 3018 2412 2010 1722 1512 1359 1206 1008 756
8 8 5368 4024 3216 2680 2296 2016 1812 1608 1344 1008
10 6710 5030 4020 3350 2870 2520 2265 2010 1680 1260
2 2100 1570 1256 1046 898 786 707 628 524 393
4 4200 3140 2512 2092 1796 1572 1414 1256 1048 786
6 6300 4710 3768 3138 2694 2358 2121 1884 1572 1179
10 8 8400 6280 5024 4184 3592 3144 2828 2512 2906 1572
10 10500 7850 6280 5230 4490 3930 3535 3140 2620 1965
2 3020 2260 1810 1508 1292 1132 1018 904 754 566
4 6040 4520 3620 3016 2584 2264 2036 1808 1508 1132
12 6 9060 6780 5430 4524 3876 3396 3054 2712 2262 1698
8 12080 9040 7240 6032 5168 4528 4072 3616 3016 2264
10 15100 11300 9050 7540 6460 5660 5090 4520 3770 2830
2 5360 4020 3220 2680 2300 2020 1804 1608 1340 1010
4 - 8040 6440 5360 4600 4040 3608 3216 2680 2020
16 6 - 12060 9660 8040 6900 6060 5412 4824 4020 3030
8 - 16080 12880 10720 9200 8080 7216 6432 5360 4040
10 - 20100 16100 13400 11500 10100 9020 8040 6700 5050
Check that clear distance between groups of multiple ties is 60 mm minimum..

Maximum pitch of tie legs at 90o to span = 1.0 effective depth, d.
82
Table A.8: Minimum Areas of Reinforcement, mm2
Flanged beams: web in tension due to flexure
fy = 430 N/mm2 Breadth of web, mm
250 300 350 400 450 500 600
Web/flange <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4 <0.4 0.4
Minimum % 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.13
250 113 82 135 98 158 114 180 130 203 147 225 163 270 195
275 124 90 149 108 174 126 198 143 223 161 248 179 297 215
300 135 98 162 117 189 137 216 156 243 176 270 195 324 234
325 147 106 176 127 205 148 234 169 264 191 293 212 351 254
350 158 114 189 137 221 160 252 182 284 205 315 228 378 273
375 169 122 203 147 237 171 270 195 304 220 338 244 405 293
400 180 130 216 156 252 182 288 208 324 234 360 260 432 312
425 192 139 230 166 268 194 306 221 345 249 383 277 459 332
Breadth
of 450 203 147 243 176 284 205 324 234 365 264 405 293 486 351
beam
b
(mm) 475 214 155 257 186 300 217 342 247 385 278 428 309 513 371
500 225 163 270 195 315 228 360 260 405 293 450 325 540 390
525 237 171 284 205 331 239 378 273 426 308 473 342 567 410
550 248 179 297 215 347 251 396 286 446 322 495 358 594 429
575 259 187 311 225 363 262 414 299 466 337 518 374 621 449
600 270 195 324 234 378 273 432 312 486 351 540 390 648 468
750 338 244 405 293 473 342 540 390 608 439 675 488 810 585
83
Table A.9: Minimum Areas of Reinforcement, mm2
Flanged beams: flange in tension due to flexure over a continuous support
fy = 430 N/mm2 Breadth of web, mm
250 300 350 400 450 500 600

Flange type T L T L T L T L T L T L T L
Minimum % 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20
250 163 125 195 150 228 175 260 200 293 225 325 250 390 300
275 179 138 215 165 251 193 286 220 322 248 358 275 429 330
300 195 150 234 180 273 210 312 240 351 270 390 300 468 360
325 212 168 254 195 296 228 338 260 381 293 423 325 507 390
350 228 175 273 210 319 245 364 280 410 315 455 350 546 420
375 244 188 293 225 342 263 390 300 439 338 483 375 585 450
400 260 200 312 240 364 280 416 320 468 360 520 400 624 480
Breadth
of 425 277 213 332 255 387 298 442 340 498 383 553 425 663 510
beam
b 450 293 225 351 270 410 315 568 360 527 405 585 450 702 540
(mm)
475 309 238 371 285 433 494 380 556 428 613 475 741 570 371
500 325 250 390 300 455 350 520 400 585 450 650 500 780 600
525 342 263 410 315 478 368 546 420 615 473 683 525 819 630
550 358 275 429 330 501 385 572 440 644 495 717 550 858 660
575 374 288 449 345 524 403 598 460 673 518 748 575 897 690
600 390 300 468 360 546 420 624 480 702 540 780 600 963 720
750 488 375 585 450 683 525 780 600 878 675 975 750 1170 900
84
Appendix B: TABLES FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Table B1: Bending Strength, Pb, (in N/mm2) for Rolled Sections
py 245 265 275 325 340 355 415 430 450

LT
30 245 265 275 325 340 355 408 421 438
35 245 265 273 316 328 341 390 402 418
40 238 254 262 302 313 371 382 397
45 327 242 250 287 298 309 350 361 374
50 217 231 238 272 282 292 392 338 350
55 206 219 226 257 266 274 307 315 325

60 195 207 213 241 249 257 285 292 300
65 185 196 201 225 232 239 263 269 276
70 174 184 188 210 216 222 242 247 253
75 164 172 176 195 200 205 223 226 231
80 154 161 165 181 186 190 204 208 212
85 144 151 154 168 172 175 188 190 194
90 135 141 144 156 159 162 173 175 178
95 126 131 134 144 147 150 159 161 163
100 118 123 125 134 137 139 147 148 150
105 111 115 117 125 127 129 136 137 139
110 104 107 109 116 118 120 126 127 128
115 97 101 102 108 110 111 117 118 119
120 91 94 96 101 103 104 108 109 111
125 86 89 90 90 96 97 101 102 103
130 81 83 84 89 90 91 94 95 96
135 76 78 79 83 84 85 88 89 90
140 72 74 75 78 79 80 83 84 84
145 68 70 71 74 75 75 78 79 79
150 64 66 67 70 70 71 73 75 75
155 61 62 63 66 66 67 69 70 70
160 58 59 60 62 63 63 65 66 66
165 55 56 57 60 60 60 62 62 63
170 52 53 54 56 56 57 59 59 59
175 50 51 51 54 54 54 56 56 56
180 47 48 49 51 51 51 53 53 53
185 45 46 46 48 48 49 50 50 51
190 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 48 48
195 41 42 42 44 44 44 46 46 46
200 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 44 44
210 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 40
220 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37
230 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34
240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31
250 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29
85
Table B2: Bending Strength, pb, (in N/mm2) for Welded Sections
py 245 265 275 325 340 355 415 430 450
LT
30 245 265 275 325 340 355 401 412 427

35 245 265 272 307 317 328 368 378 391
40 231 244 250 282 292 301 337 346 358
45 212 224 230 259 268 276 308 316 327
50 196 207 212 238 246 253 282 288 297
55 180 190 195 219 225 232 257 263 275

60 167 176 180 201 207 212 245 253 264
65 154 162 166 188 196 204 235 242 251
70 142 150 155 182 189 196 224 230 238
75 135 145 151 175 182 188 212 218 225
80 131 141 146 168 174 179 201 205 211

85 127 136 140 160 165 171 188 190 194
90 123 131 135 152 157 162 173 175 178
95 118 125 129 144 147 150 159 161 163
100 113 120 123 134 137 139 147 148 150
105 109 115 117 125 127 129 136 137 139
110 104 107 109 116 118 120 126 127 128
115 97 101 102 108 110 111 117 118 119
120 91 94 96 101 103 104 108 109 111
125 86 89 90 90 96 97 101 102 103
130 81 83 84 89 90 91 94 95 96
135 76 78 79 83 84 85 88 89 90
140 72 74 75 78 80 80 83 84 84
145 68 70 71 74 75 75 78 79 79
150 64 66 67 70 71 71 73 74 75
155 61 62 63 66 66 67 69 70 70
160 58 59 60 62 63 63 65 66 66
165 55 56 57 60 60 60 62 62 63
170 52 53 54 56 56 57 59 59 59
175 50 51 51 54 54 54 56 56 56
180 47 48 49 51 51 51 53 53 53
185 45 46 46 48 48 49 50 50 51
190 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 48 48
195 41 42 42 44 44 44 46 46 46
200 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 44 44
210 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 40
220 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37
230 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34
240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31
250 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29
86
Table B3: Bending Strength, pb (in N/mm2) for Rolled Sections with Equal Flanges
(a) py = 265 N/mm2
x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
30 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265
35 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265
40 265 265 265 265 265 264 264 264 263 263
45 265 265 261 258 256 255 254 254 254 254
50 265 261 253 249 247 246 245 244 244 244
55 265 255 246 241 238 236 235 235 234 234
60 265 250 239 233 229 227 226 225 224 224
65 265 245 232 225 221 218 216 215 214 214
70 265 240 225 217 212 209 207 205 204 204
75 263 235 219 210 204 200 198 196 194 194
80 260 230 213 202 196 191 189 187 185 Z184
85 257 226 207 195 188 183 180 178 176 175
90 254 222 201 188 180 175 171 169 167 166
95 252 217 196 182 171 167 163 160 158 157
100 249 213 190 176 166 160 156 153 150 149
105 247 209 185 170 160 153 148 145 143 142
110 244 206 180 164 154 147 142 138 136 134
115 242 202 176 159 148 140 135 132 129 127
120 240 198 171 154 142 135 129 125 123 121
125 237 195 167 149 137 129 124 120 117 115
130 235 191 163 144 132 124 119 114 111 109
135 233 188 159 140 128 119 114 109 106 104
140 231 185 155 136 124 115 109 105 102 99
145 229 182 152 132 120 111 105 101 97 95
150 227 179 148 129 116 107 101 97 93 91
155 225 176 145 125 112 103 97 93 89 87
160 223 173 142 122 109 100 94 89 86 83
165 231 170 139 119 106 97 91 86 83 80
170 229 167 136 116 103 94 88 83 80 77
175 227 165 133 113 100 91 85 80 77 74
180 215 162 130 110 97 88 82 77 74 71
185 213 160 128 108 95 86 79 75 71 69
190 211 157 125 105 92 83 77 73 9 66
195 209 155 123 103 90 81 75 70 67 64
200 207 153 120 101 88 79 73 68 65 62
210 204 148 116 96 84 75 69 64 61 58
220 200 144 112 93 80 71 65 61 58 55
230 197 140 108 89 77 68 62 58 54 52
240 194 136 104 86 74 65 59 55 52 49
250 190 132 101 83 71 63 57 52 49 47
87
Table B3
(continued)
(b) py = 275 N/mm2
x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
30 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275
35 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275
40 275 275 275 275 274 273 272 272 272 272
45 275 275 269 266 264 263 263 262 262 262
50 274 269 261 257 255 253 253 252 252 251
55 275 263 254 248 246 244 243 242 241 241
60 275 258 246 240 236 234 233 232 231 230
65 275 252 239 232 227 224 223 221 221 220
70 274 247 232 223 218 215 213 211 210 209
75 271 242 225 ' 209 206 203 201 200 199
215
80 268 237 219 208 201 196 193 191 190 189
85 265 233 185 200 193 188 184 182 180 179
90 262 228 180 193 185 179 175 173 171 169
95 260 224 175 186 177 171 167 164 162 160
100 257 219 171 180 170 164 159 156 153 152
105 254 215 190 174 163 156 151 148 146 144
115 252 211 185 168 157 150 144 141 138 136
115 250 207 180 162 151 143 138 134 131 129
120 247 204 175 157 145 137 132 128 125 123
125 245 200 171 152 140 132 126 122 119 116
130 242 196 167 147 135 126 120 116 113 11
135 240 193 162 143 130 121 115 111 108 106
140 238 190 159 139 126 117 111 106 103 101
145 236 186 155 135 122 113 106 102 99 96
150 233 183 151 131 118 109 102 98 95 92
155 231 180 148 127 114 105 99 94 91 88
160 229 177 144 124 111 101 95 90 87 84
165 227 174 141 121 107 98 92 87 84 81
170 225 171 138 118 104 95 89 84 81 78
175 223 169 135 115 101 92 86 81 78 75
180 221 166 133 112 99 89 83 78 75 72
185 219 163 130 109 96 87 80 76 72 70
190 217 161 127 107 93 84 78 73 70 67
195 215 158 125 104 91 82 76 71 68 65
200 213 156 122 102 89 80 74 69 65 63
210 209 151 118 98 85 76 70 65 62 59
220 206 147 114 94 81 72 66 62 58 55
230 202 143 110 90 78 69 63 58 55 52
240 199 139 106 87 74 66 60 56 52 50
250 195 135 103 84 72 63 57 53 50 47
88
Table B3
(continued)
2
(c) py = 340 N/mm
x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
30 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340
35 340 340 340 340 340 340 339 339 339 339
40 340 333 333 320 328 327 327 326 326 326
45 340 333 323 318 316 315 314 314 313 313
50 340. 322 312 307 302 302 301 301 300 300
55 340 315 303 296 292 290 288 287 286 286
60 337 308 293 285 280 277 275 274 273 272
65 333 301 283 273 268 264 262 260 159 258
70 329 294 274 263 256 251 248 246 245 244
75 325 287 265 252 244 239 235 233 231 230
80 321 281 257 242 232 227 223 220 218 216
85 318 275 248 232 222 215 211 207 205 203
90 214 269 240 223 211 204 199 196 193 191
95 311 263 232 213 201 194 188 185 182 180
100 307 257 225 205 192 184 178 174 171 169
105 304 252 218 197 184 175 169 165 161 159
115 301 246 211 189 176 166 160 156 152 150
115 297 241 205 182 168 159 152 147 144 142
120 194 236 199 176 161 151 145 140 136 134
125 291 231 193 170 155 145 138 133 129 127
130 288 227 188 164 148 138 131 126 123 120
135 285 222 183 1.58 143 133 125 120 117 114
140 282 218 178 153 138 127 120 115 111 108
145 279 213 173 148 133 122 116 110 106 103
150 276 209 168 144 128 118 110 105 101 99
155 273 205 164 139 124 113 106 101 97 94
160 270 207 160 135 120 109 102 97 93 90
165 267 197 156 132 116 106 98 93 89 86
170 265 194 153 128 112 102 95 90 86 83
175 262 190 149 125 109 99 92 86 82 79
180 259 187 146 121 106 96 88 83 79 76
185 257 184 142 118 103 93 86 80 77 74
190 254 180 139 115 100 90 83 78 74 71
195 251 177 136 113 98 87 80 75 71 68
200 249 174 134 110 95 85 78 73 69 66
210 244 168 128 105 90 81 74 69 65 62
220 239 163 123 101 86 77 70 65 61 58
230 234 158 119 96 82 73 66 61 58 55
240 230 153 115 93 79 70 63 58 55 52
250 225 149 111 89 76 67 60 56 52 49
89
Table B3
(continued)
(d) py= 355 N/mm2
x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
30 355 355 73- 355 355 355 355 355 355 355
35 355 355 355 354 353 353 352 352 352 352
40 355 352 346 342 341 340 339 339 339 339
45 355 344 335 320 328 327 326 325 325 325
50 355 335 324 318 315 313 312 311 311 311
55 354 327 314 306 302 300 298 297 297 296
60 350 319 303 294 289 286 284 283 282 281
65 346 312 293 283 276 273 270 268 267 266
70 341 305 283 271 264 259 256 254 252 251
75 337 298 274 260 251 246 242 240 238 236
80 333 291 265 249 239 233 229 226 224 222
85 329 284 256 238 228 221 216 213 210 209
90 326 278 247 228 217 209 204 200 198 196
95 322 271 239 219 206 198 193 189 186 184
100 318 265 231 210 197 188 182 178 175 173
105 315 260 224 202 188 178 172 168 165 162
115 311 254 217 194 179 170 164 159 155 153
115 308 248 210 186 171 162 155 150 147 144
120 305 243 204 . 180 164 154 147 142 139 136
125 301 238 198 173 157 147 140 135 131 129
130 298 233 192 167 151 141 133 128 125 122
135 295 228 187 161 145 135 122 122 118 116
140 292 223 181 156 140 129 117 117 113 110
145 288 219 176 151 135 124 111 111 108 105
150 285 214 172 146 130 119 112 107 103 100
155 282 210 167 142 126 115 107 102 98 95
160 279 206 163 138 121 111 103 98 94 91
165 276 202 159 134 118 107 100 94 90 87
170 273 198 155 130 114 103 96 91 87 84
175 270 195 152 126 111 100 93 87 83 80
180 268 191 148 123 107 97 89 84 80 77
185 265 188 145 120 104 94 87 81 77 74
190 262 184 142 117 101 91 84 79 75 72
195 259 181 139 114 99 88 81 76 72 69
200 257 178 136 111 96 86 79 74 70 67
210 251 172 130 106 91 81 74 69 65 62
220 246 166 125 102 87 77 70 65 62 59
230 241 161 121 98 83 74 67 62 58 55
240 236 156 116 94 80 70 64 59 55 52
250 231 151 112 90 77 67 61 56 52 50
90
Table B4: Critical Shear Strength, qcr, (in N/mm2)
(a) Grade 43 steel (py = 265 N/mm )
Stiffener spacing ratio a/d

d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 -
55 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
60 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
65 159 1 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 157
70 159 59
1159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 155 153 148
75 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 155 152 150 147 145 140
80 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 157 152 148 145 143 140 137 132
85 159 159 159 159 159 159 158 150 145 141 138 136 132 130 124
90 159 159 159 159 159 158 152 144 138 134 131 128 124 122 116
95 159 159 159 159 159 153 146 137 131 127 123 121 117 114 108
100 159 159 159 159 155 147 140 131 124 120 116 114 109 107 100
105 159 159 159 159 150 141 133 124 118 113 109 106 102 98 91
115 159 159 159 155 145 136 127 118 111 106 102 98 93 90 83
115 159 159 159 150 139 130 121 111 104 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 159 159 158 146 134 124 115 105 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 159 159 154 141 129 118 109 97 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
130 159 159 150 136 124 113 103 90 82 77 73 70 66 64 59
135 159 159 145 131 118 107 96 83 76 71 68 65 61 59 55
140 159 158 141 126 113 101 89 78 71 66 63 61 57 55 51
145 159 154 141 122 108 94 83 72 66 61 59 56 53 52 48
150 159 150 137 117 103 88 78 68 61 57 55 53 50 48 44
155 159 147 128 112 96 83 73 63 58 54 51 49 47 45 42
160 159 143 124 107 90 78 68 59 54 51 48 46 44 42 39
165 159 139 120 102 85 73 64 56 51 47 45 44 41 40 37
170 158 136 116 97 80 69 61 53 47 45 43 41 39 37 35
175 155 132 111 91 76 65 57 50 45 43 40 39 37 35 33
180 152 128 107 86 71 61 54 47 43 40 38 37 35 33 31
185 149 125 103 82 68 58 44 44 40 38 36 35 33 32 29
190 146 121 98 77 64 55 42 42 38 36 34 33 30 30 28
195 143 117 93 73 61 52 46 40 36 34 32 31 28 28 26
200 140 114 88 70 58 50 44 38 35 32 31 30 28 27 25
205 136 110 84 66 55 47 42 36 33 31 29 28 27 26 25
210 133 106 80 63 52 45 40 34 31 29 28 27 25 25 23
215 130 103 76 60 50 43 38 33 30 28 27 26 4 23 22
220 127 98 73 58 48 41 36 31 29 27 25 25 23 22 21
225 124 94 70 55 46 39 35 30 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
230 121 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 118 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 18
240 115 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 19 19 19 17
245 112 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 19 18 18 17
250 109 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 18 17 17 16
91
Table B4
(continued)
2
(b) Grade 43 steel (py = 275 N/mm )
d/t 0.4 0. 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 -
55 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
60 165 165 165 165 165 165 16516 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
65 165 165 165 165 165 165 5
165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 160
70 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 157 152
75 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 4-65 148 143
80 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 161 155 151 148 146 142 140 135
85 165 165 165 165 165 165 162 154 148 144 141 138 134 132 126
90 165 165 165 165 165 162 155 147 141 136 133 131 '26 124 118
95 165 165 165 165 165 156 149 140 134 129 125 123 118 116 110
100 165 165 165 165 159 150 142 133 126 121 118 115 110 108 100
105 165 165 165 164 154 144 136 126 119 114 110 107 102 98 91
115 165 165 165 159 148 138 130 119 112 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 165 165 165 154 142 132 123 112 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 165 165 162 149 137 126 117 106 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 165 165 158 144 131 120 110 120 88 83 79 76 72 69 64
130 165 165 153 139 126 114 104 90 82 77 73 70 66 64 59

135 165 165 149 134 120 108 96 83 76 71 68 65 61 59 55
140 165 162 144 129 114 101 89 78 71 66 63 61 57 55 51
145 165 158 140 123 109 94 83 72 66 61 59 56 53 52 48
150 165 154 135 118 103 88 78 68 61 57 55 53 50 48 44
155 165 150 131 113 96 83 73 63 58 54 51 49 47 45 59

160 165 146 126 108 90 78 68 59 54 51 48 46 44 42 55
165 165 142 122 103 85 73 64 56 51 47 45 44 41 40 51
170 162 138 117 97 80 69 61 53 48 45 43 41 39 37 48
175 158 134 113 91 76 65 57 50 45 42 40 39 35 35 44
180 155 131 108 86 71 61 54 47 43 40 38 37 35 33 31
185 152 127 103 82 68 58 51 44 40 38 36 35 33 32 29
190 149 123 98 77 64 55 48 42 38 36 43 33 31 30 28
195 146 119 93 73 61 52 46 40 36 34 32 31 29 28 26
200 142 115 88 70 58 50 44 38 35 32 31 30 27 27 25
205 139 111 84 66 55 47 42 36 33 31 29 28 27 26 24

210 136 107 80 63 52 45 40 34 31 29 28 27 25 25 23
220 133 103 76 60 50 43 38 33 30 28 27 26 24 23 22
240 130 98 73 58 48 41 36 31 29 27 25 25 23 22 21
250 126 94 70 55 46 39 30 30 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
230 123 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 120 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 28
240 117 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 18 17
245 114 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 21 19 18 17
250 110 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 20 18 17 16
92
Table B4
(continued)
(c) Grade 50 steel (py = 340N/mm2)
(c) Grade 50 steel (p = 340 N/mm")
d/t 0.4 0. 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 -
55 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
60 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 195
65 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 201 198 196 91 189 183
70 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 196 191 188 204 180 178 171
75 204 204 204 204 204 204 202 193 184 181 177 174 169 167 160
80 204 204 204 204 204 202 194 183 176 171 167 163 158 155 148
85 204 204 204 204 204 194 185 174 166 160 156 153 147 144 136
90 204 204 204 204 197 186 176 164 156 150 146 142 136 133 123
95 204 204 204 202 189 177 167 155 146 140 135 131 124 120 111
100 204 204 204 195 181 169 158 146 136 129 123 119 112 108 100
105 204 204 204 188 174 161 150 136 125 117 112 108 102 98 91
115 204 204 198 181 166 153 141 126 114 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 204 204 192 174 158 144 132 115 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 204 204 186 167 151 136 122 106 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 204 201 179 160 143 127 112 97 88 83 79 76 76 69 64
130 204 196 173 153 135 117 104 90 82 77 73 70 66 64 59
135 204 190 167 146 127 109 96 83 76 71 68 65 61 59 55
140 204 185 161 139 118 101 89 78 71 66 63 61 57 55 51
145 204 179 155 132 110 94 83 72 66 61 59 56 53 52 48
150 202 174 148 124 103 88 78 68 61 57 55 53 50 48 44
155 198 169 142 116 96 83 73 63 58 54 51 49 47 45 42
160 194 163 136 109 90 78 68 59 54 51 48 46 44 42 39
165 189 158 130 103 85 73 64 56 51 47 45 44 41 40 37
170 185 153 122 98 80 69 61 53 48 45 43 41 39 37 35
175 180 147 115 88 76 65 57 50 45 42 40 39 37 35 33
180 176 142 109 86 71 61 54 47 43 40 38 37 35 33 31
185 172 137 103 82 68 58 51 44 40 38 36 35 33 32 29
190 167 131 98 77 64 55 48 42 38 36 43 33 31 30 28
195 163 125 93 73 61 52 46 40 36 34 32 31 29 28 26
200 158 119 88 70 58 50 44 38 35 32 31 30 27 27 25
205 154 113 84 66 55 47 42 36 33 31 29 28 27 26 24
210 150 108 80 63 52 45 40 34 31 29 28 27 25 25 23
220 145 103 76 60 50 43 38 33 30 28 27 26 4 23 22
240 141 98 73 58 48 41 36 31 29 27 25 25 23 22 21
250 136 94 70 55 46 39 30 30 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
230 132 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 127 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 28
240 122 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 18 17
245 117 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 21 19 18 17
250 112 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 20 18 17 16
93
Table B4
(continued)
(d) Grade 50 steel (py = 355N/mm2)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 -
55 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
60 213 211 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 208 206 206 200
65 213 212 213 213 213 213 213 213 212 207 204 197 194 194 188
70 213 211 213 213 213 213 213 208 201 196 192 185 82 182 175
75 213 213 213 213 213 213 208 198 191 185 181 173 170 170 163
80 213 213 213 213 213 208 199 188 180 174 170 167 161 158 150
85 213 213 213 213 210 199 190 178 170 163 159 155 150 146 138
90 213 213 213 213 202 190 180 168 159 152 148 144 138 134 123
95 213 213 213 208 194 182 171 158 148 142 136 132 124 120 111
100 213 213 213 200 186 173 161 148 138 129 123 119 112 108 100
105 213 213 210 193 178 164 152 138 125 117 112 108 102 98 91
115 213 213 204 186 169 155 143 126 114 107 102 98 93 90 83
115 213 213 197 178 161 146 132 115 105 98 93 90 85 82 76
120 213 212 190 171 153 137 122 105 96 90 86 82 78 75 69
125 213 207 184 163 145 127 112 97 88 83 79 76 76 69 64
130 213 201 177 156 137 117 104 90 82 77 73 70 66 64 59

135 213 195 171 148 127 109 96 83 76 71 68 65 61 59 55
140 213 190 164 141 118 101 89 78 71 66 63 61 57 55 51
145 213 184 157 133 110 94 83 72 66 61 59 56 53 52 48
150 208 178 151 124 103 88 78 68 61 57 55 53 50 48 44
155 204 172 144 116 96 83 73 63 58 54 51 49 47 45 42

160 199 167 137 109 90 78 68 59 54 51 48 46 44 42 39
165 194 161 130 103 85 73 64 56 51 47 45 44 41 40 37
170 190 155 122 98 80 69 61 53 48 45 43 41 39 37 35
175 185 150 115 88 76 65 57 50 45 42 40 39 37 35 33
180 180 144 109 86 71 61 54 47 43 40 38 37 35 33 31

185 175 138 103 82 68 58 51 44 40 38 36 35 33 32 29
190 171 132 98 77 64 55 48 42 38 36 43 33 31 30 28
195 166 125 93 73 61 52 46 40 36 34 32 31 29 28 26
200 161 119 88 70 58 50 44 38 35 32 31 30 27 27 25
205 157 113 84 66 55 47 42 36 33 31 29 28 27 26 24
210 152 108 80 63 52 45 40 34 31 29 28 27 25 25 23
220 147 103 76 60 50 43 38 33 30 28 27 26 24 23 22
240 143 98 73 58 48 41 36 31 29 27 25 25 23 22 21
250 138 94 70 55 46 39 30 30 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
230 132 90 67 53 44 38 33 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
235 127 86 64 51 42 36 32 28 25 23 22 22 20 20 28
240 122 82 61 48 40 34 30 26 24 22 21 21 19 18 17
245 117 79 59 46 39 33 29 25 23 22 21 21 19 18 17
250 112 76 56 45 37 32 28 24 22 21 20 20 18 17 16
94
Table B5: Basic Shear Strength, qb (in N/mm2)

(a) Grade 43 steel (p y = 265 N/mm 2 )
D/t 0.4 0. 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
60 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 59 159
65 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
70 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 139 159
75 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 158
80 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 151 149 148 145 143
85 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 147 145 143 140 137
90 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 145 142 140 138 134 131
95 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 138 135 133 128 125
100 159 159 159 159 159 150 147 142 137 133 130 127 122 119
105 159 159 159 159 159 148 144 138 133 129 125 122 116 111
115 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 134 128 124 120 116 109 104
115 159 159 159 159 147 142 137 130 124 118 113 109 102 97
120 159 159 159 159 145 140 134 126 118 112 107 103 96 91
125 159 159 159 148 143 137 131 121 113 107 102 98 91 86
130 159 159 159 146 140 133 127 116 108 102 97 93 86 81
135 159 159 150 144 137 130 123 112 104 97 93 89 82 77
140 159 159 149 142 135 127 I 118 108 100 94 89 85 78 73
145 159 159 147 140 132 123 114 104 96 90 85 81 75 70
150 159 159 145 138 129 119 111 100 93 87 82 78 71 67
155 159 151 144 135 126 116 108 97 90 84 79 75 69 64

160 159 150 142 133 122 113 105 94 87 81 76 73 66 61
165 159 149 140 130 119 110 102 92 84 79 74 70 64 59
170 159 147 138 127 116 107 99 89 82 76 72 68 61 57
175 159 146 136 125 114 105 97 87 80 74 70 66 59 55
180 159 145 134 122 111 102 95 85 78 72 68 64 58 53

185 159 143 132 119 109 100 93 83 76 71 66 63 56 52
190 151 142 130 117 107 98 91 82 74 69 65 61 54 50
195 150 140 128 115 105 96 89 80 73 67 63 59 53 49
200 149 139 125 113 103 94 88 78 71 66 62 58 52 47
205 148 137 123 111 101 93 86 77 70 65 60 57 50 46
210 147 136 121 109 99 91 85 76 69 63 59 56 49 45
220 146 134 119 107 98 90 83 74 68 62 58 55 48 44
240 145 132 117 106 96 89 82 73 66 61 57 54 47 43
250 144 130 116 104 95 87 81 72 65 60 56 53 46 42
230 143 129 114 103 94 86 80 71 64 59 55 52 45 41

235 142 127 113 101 92 85 79 70 64 58 54 51 45 40
240 141 125 111 100 91 84 78 69 63 58 53 50 44 39
245 140 124 110 99 90 83 77 68 62 57 53 49 43 39
250 139 122 109 98 89 82 76 68 61 56 52 49 42 38
95
Table B6: Basic Shear Strength, qb (in N/mm2)

(a) Grade 43 steel (py = 265 N/mm2)

d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
60 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 59 159
65 159 J59 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159
70 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 139 159
75 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 158
80 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 151 149 148 145 143
85 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 147 145 143 140 137
90 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 149 145 142 140 138 134 131
95 159 159 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 138 135 133 128 125
100 159 159 159 159 159 150 147 142 137 133 130 127 122 119
105 159 159 159 159 159 148 144 138 133 129 125 122 116 111
115 159 159 159 159 150 145 141 134 128 124 120 116 109 104
115 159 159 159 159 147 142 137 130 124 118 113 109 102 97
120 159 159 159 159 145 140 134 126 118 112 107 103 96 91
125 159 159 159 148 143 137 131 121 113 107 102 98 91 86
130 159 159 159 146 140 133 127 116 108 102 97 93 86 81
135 159 159 150 144 137 130 123 112 104 97 93 89 82 77
140 159 159 149 142 135 127 I 118 108 100 94 89 85 78 73
145 159 159 147 140 132 123 114 104 96 90 85 81 75 70
150 159 159 145 138 129 119 111 100 93 87 82 78 71 67
155 159 151 144 135 126 116 108 97 90 84 79 75 69 64
160 159 150 142 133 122 113 105 94 87 81 76 73 66 61
165 159 149 140 130 119 110 102 92 84 79 74 70 64 59
170 159 147 138 127 116 107 99 89 82 76 72 68 61 57
175 159 146 136 125 114 105 97 87 80 74 70 66 59 55
180 159 145 134 122 111 102 95 85 78 72 68 64 58 53

185 159 143 132 119 109 100 93 83 76 71 66 63 56 52
190 151 142 130 117 107 98 91 82 74 69 65 61 54 50
195 150 140 128 115 105 96 89 80 73 67 63 59 53 49
200 149 139 125 113 103 94 88 78 71 66 62 58 52 47
205 148 137 123 111 101 93 86 77 70 65 60 57 50 46
210 147 136 121 109 99 91 85 76 69 63 59 56 49 45
220 146 134 119 107 98 90 83 74 68 62 58 55 48 44
240 145 132 117 106 96 89 82 73 66 61 57 54 47 43
250 144 130 116 104 95 87 81 72 65 60 56 53 46 42
230 143 129 114 103 94 86 80 71 64 59 55 52 45 41
235 142 127 113 101 92 85 79 70 64 58 54 51 45 40
240 141 125 111 100 91 84 78 69 63 58 53 50 44 39
245 140 124 110 99 90 83 77 68 62 57 53 49 43 39
250 139 122 109 98 89 82 76 68 61 56 52 49 42 38
96
Table B6
(continued)
(b) Grade 43 steel (py = 275 N/mm2)
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
60 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
65 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
70 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
75 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 154 152
80 65 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 155 153 152 149 147
85 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 156 153 151 149 147 143 140
90 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 153 149 146 144 141 137 134
95 165 165 165 165 165 165 154 149 145 142 138 136 131 127
100 165 165 165 165 165 155 151 146 141 137 133 130 124 120
105 165 165 165 165 157 152 148 142 136 131 127 124 117 112
115 165 165 165 165 154 150 145 137 131 126 121 117 110 105
115 165 165 165 165 152 147 141 133 126 120 114 110 103 98
120 165 165 165 155 149 143 137 1'29 120 114 109 104 97 92
125 165 165 165 153 147 140 134 123 115 108 103 99 92 87
130 165 165 165 151 144 137 130 118 110 103 98 94 87 82
135 165 165 155 148 141 134 125 114 105 99 94 90 83 78
140 165 165 153 146 138 130 121 110 101 95 90 86 79 74
145 165 165 152 144 135 125 117 106 98 92 87 83 76 71
150 165 165 150 141 132 122 113 102 94 88 83 79 72 68
155 165 156 148 139 128 118 110 99 91 85 80 77 70 65
160 165 155 146 136 125 115 107 96 89 83 78 74 67 62
165 165 153 144 133 122 112 104 94 86 80 75 72 65 60
170 165 152 142 130 119 109 102 91 84 78 73 69 62 58
175 165 150 140 127 116 107 99 89 82 76 71 67 60 56
180 165 149 138 125 114 105 97 87 80 74 69 65 59 54
185 165 148 136 122 111 102 95 85 78 72 67 64 57 52
190 156 146 133 120 109 100 93 83 76 70 66 62 55 51
195 155 144 131 118 107 99 91 82 74 69 64 61 54 49
200 154 143 128 116 105 97 90 80 73 67 63 59 53 48
205 153 141 126 114 103 95 88 79 72 66 62 58 51 47
210 152 140 124 112 102 94 87 77 70 65 60 57 50 46
220 151 138 122 110 100 92 85 76 69 64 59 56 49 45
240 150 136 120 108 99 91 84 75 68 63 58 55 48 44
250 149 134 119 107 97 90 83 74 67 62 57 54 47 43
230 148 132 117 105 96 88 82 73 66 61 56 53 46 42
235 147 130 116 104 95 87 81 72 65 60 56 52 45 41
240 145 129 114 103 94 86 80 71 64 59 55 51 45 40
245 144 127 113 102 93 85 79 70 64 58 54 50 44 40
250 143 125 112 101 92 84 78 69 63 57 53 50 43 39
97
Table B6
(continued)
(c) Grade 50 steel (py = 340 N/mm2)
Stiffener spacing ration a/d
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
60 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
65 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 194 192
70 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 194 192 190 187 184
75 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 191 188 186 184 179 176
80 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 190 186 182 179 176 171 167
85 204 204 204 204 204 204 191 185 180 176 172 169 162 158
90 204 204 204 204 204 192 187 180 174 169 164 161 154 149
95 204 204 204 204 193 188 183 174 167 162 157 153 144 138
100 204 204 204 204 190 184 178 169 161 1S4 148 143 134 128
105 204 204 204 193 187 180 173 163 1S3 14S 139 134 12S 119
11S 204 204 204 190 183 176 168 1S6 14S 137 131 126 117 111
11S 204 204 204 187 179 171 163 149 138 130 124 119 110 104
120 204 204 193 184 176 166 1S6 142 132 124 118 113 104 98
12S 204 204 190 181 172 161 1S0 136 126 119 112 107 99 93
130 204 204 188 178 168 1S6 14S 131 121 114 107 103 94 88
13S 204 204 18S 17S 163 1S0 140 127 117 109 103 98 89 84
140 204 193 183 171 1S8 146 13S 122 112 10S 99 94 86 80
14S 204 191 180 168 1S3 141 131 118 109 101 9S 91 82 76
1S0 204 189 177 164 149 137 128 115 105 98 92 87 79 73
155 204 187 175 159 145 134 124 112 102 95 89 85 76 70
160 204 185 172 156 142 130 130 109 99 92 87 82 73 68
165 204 183 169 152 138 127 127 106 97 90 84 79 71 65
170 193 181 165 149 135 125 125 103 94 87 82 77 69 63
175 192 179 162 146 133 122 122 101 92 85 80 75 67 61
180 190 177 159 143 130 120 111 99 90 83 78 73 65 59
185 189 174 156 140 128 117 109 97 88 82 76 72 63 58
190 188 172 153 138 125 115 107 95 87 80 74 70 62 56
195 186 169 150 135 123 113 105 94 85 78 73 68 60 55
200 185 167 148 133 121 112 103 92 84 77 71 59 59 54
205 183 164 146 131 113 110 102 91 82 76 70 66 58 52
210 182 162 143 129 118 109 100 89 81 74 69 65 57 51
220 180 159 141 127 116 107 99 88 80 73 68 63 55 50
240 179 157 140 126 115 106 98 87 79 72 67 62 54 49
250 177 155 138 124 113 104 97 86 78 71 66 6 53 48
230 175 153 136 123 112 103 96 85 77 70 65 61 53 47
235 173 151 135 121 111 102 95 84 76 69 64 60 52 46
240 171 150 133 120 110 101 94 83 75 68 63 59 51 46
245 169 148 132 119 109 100 93 82 74 68 62 58 50 45
250 167 146 130 118 108 99 92 81 73 67 62 57 50 44
98
Table B6
(continued)
(d) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm`)
Stiffener spacing ration a/d
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
60 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213
65 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 200 198
70 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 201 198 193 190
75 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 202 198 194 192 184 181
80 213 213 213 213 213 213 213 197 192 188 184 181 175 171
85 213 213 213 213 213 213 198 191 186 181 177 17316 166 162
90 213 213 213 213 213 199 193 186 179 173 169 6
164 157 151
95 213 213 213 213 201 195 189 180 172 166 160 155 145 139
100 213 213 213 213 197 190 183 173 165 157 150 145 135 129
105 213 213 213 200 193 186 178 167 156 148 141 136 126 120
115 213 213 213 197 189 181 173 159 148 140 133 128 118 112
115 213 213 202 194 185 176 166 152 141 133 126 121 112 105
120 213 213 200 191 181 171 160 145 135 126 120 115 106 99
125 213 213 197 188 177 165 154 139 129 121 114 109 100 94
130 213 213 195 184 173 159 148 134 124 116 110 104 95 89
135 213 202 192 180 167 154 143 129 119 111 105 100 91 85
140 213 200 189 177 162 149 139 125 115 107 101 96 87 81
145 213 198 18.6 173 157 145 135 121 111 104 97 93 84 77
150 213 196 183 168 153 141 131 118 108 100 94 89 80 74
155 213 194 180 164 149 137 127 114 105 97 91 86 77 72
160 213 192 177 160 146 134 124 111 102 94 89 84 75 69
165 202 189 173 156 142 131 121 109 99 92 86 81 72 67
170 201 187 170 153 139 128 119 106 97 90 84 79 70 64
175 199 185 166 150 136 125 116 104 95 87 82 77 68 62
180 198 183 163 147 134 123 114 102 93 85 80 75 66 61
185 196 180 160 144 131 121 112 100 92 84 78 73 65 59
190 195 177 157 142 129 119 110 98 89 82 76 72 63 57
195 193 174 155 139 127 117 108 96 87 80 75 70 62 56
200 191 172 152 137 125 115 107 95 86 79 73 69 60 55
205 190 169 150 135 123 113 105 93 85 78 72 68 59 53
210 188 167 148 133 133 112 104 92 83 76 71 66 58 52
220 186 167 146 131 131 110 102 91 82 75 70 65 57 51
240 185 162 144 130 130 109 101 90 81 74 69 64 56 50
250 183 160 142 128 128 108 100 89 80 73 68 63 55 49
230 181 158 140 127 116 106 99 88 79 72 67 62 54 48
235 179 156 139 125 114 105 98 87 78 71 66 62 53 48
240 177 154 137 124 113 104 97 86 77 77 65 61 52 47
245 175 153 136 123 112 103 96 85 76 70 64 60 52 46
250 173 151 135 122 111 102 95 84 76 69 64 59E 51 45
99
Table B7: Flange Dependent Shear Strength Factor, qb (in N/mm2)

(a) Grade 43 steel (py = 265 N/mm2 )

d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 52 67 68
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 79 92 96 96 89
85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 106 119 122 122 114 104
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 120 140 145 144 141 128 115
95 0 0 0 0 0 29 116 154 165 165 162 156 139 124
100 0 0 0 0 0 110 155 180 185 182 176 168 148 131
105 0 0 0 0 81 151 184 201 202 196 188 179 156 138
115 0 0 0 0 133 182 208 219 217 209 199 189 165 144
115 0 0 0 79 168 207 228 235 230 221 210 198 171 149
120 0 0 0 132 197 229 247 250 243 232 219 205 176 152
125 0 0 0 168 221 248 264 264 255 241 226 211 180 155
130 0 0 91 197 242 266 278 277 264 248 231 216 183 158
135 0 0 138 221 261 281 293 288 272 254 236 220 186 160
140 0 0 172 243 278 296 307 297 278 259 240 223 188 162
145 0 0 200 262 293 312 318 304 284 263 244 226 190 163
150 0 86 224 279 308 325 328 310 288 267 246 228 192 164
155 0 133 245 296 324 336 336 316 292 270 249 231 193 165
160 0 166 264 311 338 346 343 321 296 272 251 232 194 166
165 0 194 282 325 350 354 349 325 299 275 253 234 195 167
170 0 218 298 340 360 361 355 329 302 277 255 235 196 168
175 0 239 313 354 369 368 359 332 304 279 256 237 197 168
180 65 258 327 366 377 373 364 335 306 280 258 238 198 169
185 116 275 341 377 384 378 347 337 308 282 259 239 199 170
190 151 292 356 386 390 383 349 340 310 283 260 240 199 170
195 178 307 370 394 396 387 350 342 312 285 261 241 200 170
200 202 321 382 402 401 391 351 344 313 286 262 241 200 171
205 223 335 392 408 405 394 379 346 314 287 263 242 201 171
210 242 348 402 414 409 397 382 347 316 288 264 243 201 171
220 260 360 411 420 413 400 384 349 317 289 264 243 202 172
240 276 374 418 425 417 402 386 350 318 289 265 244- 202 172
250 291 387 425 429 420 405 388 351 319 290 265 244 202 172
230 305 399 432 433 423 407 389 352 319 291 266 245 203 172
235 319 409 438 437 425 409 391 354 320 291 266 245 203 173
240 332 419 443 441 428 411 392 355 321 292 267 245 203 173
245 344 427 448 444 430 412 394 355 322 292 267 246 203 173
250 356 435 452 447 432 414 395 356 322 293 268 246 204 173
100
Table B7
(continued)
(b) Grade 43 steel (py = 275 N/mm )
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 '0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 40
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 57 71 80 78
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 97 109 106 106 146

85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 122 133 133 123 123 152
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 138 154 158 152 137 137 156
95 0 0 0 0 0 73 136 170 179 178 166 148 148 160
100 0 0 0 0 0 132 173 195 199 195 179 157 157 163
105 0 0 0 0 108 170 210 216 216 209 200 190 166 146
110 0 0 0 0 154 200 225 235 231 222 211 200 174 152
115 0 0 0 109 188 225 245 251 244 235 222 209 180 156
120 0 0 0 155 216 247 264 258 258 245 230 216 184 160
125 0 0 52 189 240 266 280 281 269 254 237 222 188 163
130 0 0 121 217 261 284 296 293 278 260 243 226 191 165
135 0 0 162 241 280 300 312 303 286 266 247 230 194 167
140 0 0 194 262 297 316 325 312 292 271 251 233 196 169
145 0 54 221 282 313 331 336 319 297 275 254 236 198 170
150 0 119 245 300 329 344 345 325 302 278 257 238 200 171
155 0 159 266 316 345 355 253 331 306 282 260 240 201 172
160 0 190 285 331 358 364 360 335 309 284 262 242 202 173
165 0 217 303 347 370 272 366 340 312 287 264 244 203 174
170 0 240 319 363 380 279 371 343 315 289 265 245 204 175
175 32 261 335 376 388 386 376 346 317 290 267 246 205 175
180 106 280 349 388 396 391 380 349 319 292 268 247 206 176
185 146 298 364 398 403 296 384 352 321 294 270 248 207 176
190 177 314 380 407 409 400 387 354 323 295 371 249 207 177
195 203 330 393 415 414 404 390 356 324 296 272 250 208 177
200 226 344 404 422 419 408 393 358 326 297 272 251 208 178
205 247 358 415 429 224 411 396 360 327 298 273 252 209 178
210 266 371 424 434 428 414 398 362 328 299 274 252 209 178
220 283 385 433 440 432 417 400 363 329 300 275 253 210 178
240 299 399 440 445 435 420 402 364 330 301 275 253 210 179
250 314 412 447 449 438 422 422 366 301 302 275 434 210 179
230 329 423 453 453 441 424 405 367 332 302 276 254 211 179
235 343 433 459 457 444 426 407 368 333 303 277 255 211 179
240 356 443 464 460 446 428 408 369 334 303 277 255 211 180
245 368 451 469 463 448 430 410 370 334 304 278 255 211 180
250 380 459 474 466 450 431 411 371 335 304 278 256 212 180
101
Table B7
(continued)
(c) Grade 50 steel (py = 340 N/mm )
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 I0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 71 76
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 92 110 118 119 112
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 135 152 157 156 146 133
.
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 160 184 190 188 183 166 149
0
85 0 0 0 0 0 79 164 207 218 218 212 202 182 161
90 0 0 0 0 0 164 214 242 246 241 232 221 195 171
95 0 0 0 0 143 216 252 270 269 261 249 236 207 181
100 0 0 0 62 202 256 284 295 289 278 265 251 217 189
105 0 0 0 157 245 288 312 316 309 295 279 262 224 195
110 0 0 0 212 281 317 336 337 326 308 289 270 230 199
115 0 0 121 254 312 342 357 356 340 318 297 277 235 203
120 0 0 186 289 339 365 380 371 350 327 304 283 239 206
125 0 0 233 319 363 363 387 384 359 334 310 288 242 208
130 0 53 271 346 385 408 414 394 367 340 314 291 245 210
135 0 148 303 371 407 426 427 402 373 344 318 295 247 212
140 0 202 332 393 429 440 438 410 378 2149 321 297 249 213
145 0 244 358 414 447 453 447 416 383 352 324 300 251 214
150 0 279 382 436 464 462 455 421 387 355 327 302 252 215
155 0 309 404 456 475 473 462 426 391 358 329 304 253 216
160 103 337 424 473 486 481 468 430 394 360 331 305 254 217
165 167 362 444 488 496 488 473 434 396 363 333 307 255 218
170 212 385 466 501 504 494 478 437 399 364 334 308 256 218
175 249 406 484 512 512 500 482 440 401 366 336 309 257 219
180 280 426 500 522 519 505 486 443 403 368 337 310 258 219
185 309 445 515 531 525 509 489 445 405 369 338 311 268 220
190 334 463 527 539 530 513 493 447 406 370 339 312 259 220
195 357 483 538 546 535 517 495 449 408 371 340 313 259 221
200 379 501 548 552 540 520 498 451 409 372 341 313 260 221
205 399 518 557 558 544 523 500 453 410 373 342 260 260 221
210 419 532 565 563 548 526 503 454 411 374 342 261 261 222
220 437 545 573 568 551 529 505 456 412 375 343 261 261 222
240 454 557 580 573 554 531 506 457 413 376 343 261 261 222
250 470 567 586 577 557 533 508 458 414 376 343 262 262 222
230 486 577 591 581 560 535 510 459 415 377 345 317 262 223
235 504 586 597 584 562 537 511 460 416 378 345 317 262 223
240 521 594 602 587 565 539 512 461 417 378 345 317 262 223
245 536 601 606 590 567 540 514 462 417 379 346 318 263 223
250 550 608 610 593 569 542 515 463 418 379 346 318 263 223
102
Table B7
(continued)
(d) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm )
d/t 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 74 93 93
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 120 133 1 134 124
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 160 173 176 173 173 145
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 186 206 209 206 200 179 160
85 0 0 0 0 0 124 192 230 240 237 230 220 195 172
90 0 0 0 0 91 195 240 265 267 260 249 237 208 183
95 0 0 0 0 177 244 278 293 290 280 266 253 221 193
100 0 0 0 119 232 282 310 318 311 299 283 267 230 200
105 0 0 0 193 274 315 337 340 331 315 296 278 237 206
110 0 0 67 243 309 344 361 362 248 327 306 286 243 210
115 0 0 164 284 340 369 385 380 361 337 314 293 248 213
120 0 0 222 319 367 367 407 395 371 345 321 298 251 216
125 0 0 266 349 392 397 425 401 380 252 326 303 254 218
130 0 122 303 376 414 437 440 417 387 357 330 306 257 220
135 0 190 335 401 439 454 452 425 393 362 334 309 259 222
140 0 239 364 424 459 468 463 432 398 366 338 312 261 223
145 0 278 390 447 477 480 472 438 403 370 340 315 263 224
150 0 312 414 491 470 490 480 443 407 373 343 317 264 225
155 74 343 436 489 504 499 486 448 410 375 345 318 265 226
160 158 370 457 505 515 507 492 452 413 378 347 320 266 227
165 210 395 480 519 524 514 498 563 416 380 349 321 267 228
170 251 418 501 532 532 520 502 472 418 382 350 323 268 228
175 285 440 519 543 543 526 507 480 420 383 351 324 269 229
180 316 460 534 552 547 531 510 464 422 385 353 325 270 230
185 344 480 548 561 553 535 514 467 424 386 354 326 270 230
190 369 5U1 560 569 558 539 517 469 426 388 355 326 271 230
195 392 521 571 576 563 543 520 471 427 389 356 327 271 231
200 414 538 581 582 546 546 522 473 428 390 356 328 272 231
205 435 554 490 588 571 549 524 474 429 391 357 328 272 231
210 454 568 598 593 575 552 527 476 431 392 358 329 272 232
220 473 581 605 598 578 554 529 477 432 392 359 330 273 232
240 490 592 611 602 582 557 530 478 433 393 359 338 273 232
250 507 602 617 606 584 559 532 480 433 394 360 330 273 232
230 526 612 623 610 587 561 534 481 434 394 360 331 274 233
235 544 620 628 613 590 563 535 482 435 395 361 331 274 233
240 561 628 633 616 592 564 536 483 436 395 361 332 274 233
245 575 635 637 619 594 565 538 483 436 396 362 332 274 233
250 589 642 641 622 596 567 539 484 437 396 362 332 275 233
103
Table B8(a): Compressive Strength, pc,. (in N/mm2) for struts

py 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 331 340 355 395 410 411 430 450
e
15 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 394 409 414 429 448
20 225 244 254 264 273 303 317 322 332 337 351 390 405 410 424 444
25 222 241 251 261 270 299 314 318 328 333 347 386 400 405 419 438
30 220 239 248 258 267 296 310 315 324 329 343 381 395 399 414 432
35 217 236 245 254 264 292 306 310 320 324 338 375 389 393 407 425
40 214 233 242 251 260 287 301 305 215 319 333 368 382 386 399 417
42 213 251 240 249 258 285 299 303 312 317 330 365 378 383 396 413
44 212 230 239 248 257 283 297 301 310 314 327 362 375 379 392 409
46 210 228 237 246 255 281 294 299 307 312 325 359 317 375 388 404
48 209 227 236 244 253 279 292 296 305 309 322 355 367 371 383 399
50 208 225 234 242 251 277 289 293 302 306 318 351 363 367 379 394
52 206 223 232 241 249 274 286 291 299 303 315 346 358 362 373 388
54 205 222 230 238 247 271 283 287 295 299 311 342 353 356 367 381
56 203 220 228 236 244 268 280 284 292 296 307 336 347 350 361 374
58 201 218 226 234 242 265 277 281 288 292 303 331 341 344 354 366
60 200 216 224 232 239 262 273 277 284 288 298 325 335 337 347 358
62 198 214 221 229 236 259 269 273 280 283 293 318 328 330 339 349
64 196 211 219 226 234 255 265 268 275 278 288 311 320 322 331 340
66 192 209 216 223 230 251 261 264 270 273 282 304 312 314 322 330
68 192 206 213 220 227 247 256 259 265 268 276 296 304 306 313 320
70 189 204 210 217 224 242 251 254 259 262 270 288 295 297 303 310
72 187 201 207 214 220 237, 246 248 253 256 264 280 287 288 294 299
74 184 198 204 210 216 233 240 243 247 250 256 272 278 279 284 289
76 182 194 200 206 212 227 235 237 241 243 249 264 269 270 275 279
78 179 191 197 202 208 222 229 231 235 237 242 255 260 261 265 269
80 176 188 193 198 203 217 I 223 225 229 230 235 247 251 252 256 259
82 173 184 189 194 199 211 217 219 222 224 228 239 243 243 247 250
84 170 181 185 190 194 206 211 213 216 217 221 231 234 235 238 240
86 167 177 181 186 190 200 205 207 209 211 214 223 226 226 229 231
88 164 173 177 181 185 195 199 200 203 204 208 215 218 218 221 223
,
90 161 169 173 177 180 189 193 195 197 198 201 208 211 211 213 215
92 158 166 169 173 176 184 188 189 191 192 194 201 203 203 206 207
94 154 162 165 168 171 179 182 183 185 186 188 194 196 196 198 200
96 151 158 161 164 166 173 176 177 179 180 182 187 190 189 191 192
98 147 154 157 159 162 168 171 172 173 174 176 181 183 183 185 186
104
Table B8 (a) (concluded)

py 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
e
100 144 150 153 155 157 163 166 167 168 169 171 175 176 177 178 179
102 141 146 149 151 153 158 161 161 163 163 165 169 170 171 172 173
104 137 142 145 147 149 154 156 156 158 158 160 163 165 165 166 167
106 134 139 4141 143 145 149 151 152 153 153 155 158 159 159 160 161
108 131 135 137 139 141 145 146 147 148 149 150 153 154 154 155 156
110 127 132 133 135 137 140 142 143 144 144 145 148 149 149 150 151
112 124 128 ~. 130 131 133 136 138 138 139 140 141 143 144 144 145 146
114 121 125 126 128 129 132 134 134 131 131 132 135 135 135 136 137
116 118 121 123 124 125 129 130 130 131 131 132 135 135 135 136 137
118 115 118 120 121 122 125 126 127 127 128 139 130 131 131 132 133
120 112 115 116 118 119 121 122 123 123 124 125 127 127 127 128 129
122 109 112 113 114 115 118 119 119 120 120 121 123 123 123 124 125
124 107 109 110 111 112 115 116 116 116 117 117 119 120 120 120 121
126 104 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 113 113 114 116 116 116 117 117
128 101 104 105 105 106 108 109 109 110 110 111 112 113 113 113 114
130 99 101 102 103 103 105 106 106 107 107 108 109 110 110 110 111
135 93 95 96 96 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 102 102 102 103 103
140 87 89 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96 96
145 82 84 84 85 85 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 90 90
150 78 79 79 80 80- 81 82 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 84 89
155 73 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 79 79
160 69 70 71 71 71 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74
165 65 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70
170 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66
175 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 62 63
180 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 59
185 53 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56
190 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 53
195 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51
200 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
210 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 44
220 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
230 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37
240 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34
250 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
260 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
270 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
280 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
290 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 2,3 23 23 23 23
300 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
310 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
320 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
330 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
340 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
350 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
105
Table B8 (b) Compressive Strength, pc, (in N/mm2) for Struts

py 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
e
15 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 394 409 413 428 447
20 224 243 253 263 272 301 315 320 330 334 349 387 401 406 420 439
25 220 239 248 258 267 295 309 314 323 328 342 379 393 397 411 430
30 216 234 243 253 262 289 303 307 316 321 335 371 384 389 402 420
35 211 229 238 247 256 283 296 300 309 313 327 361 374 379 392 409
40 207 244 233 241 250 276 288 293 301 305 318 351 364 368 380 396
42 205 222 231 239 248 273 285 289 298 302 314 347 35Q 363 375 391
44 203 220 228 237 245 270 282 286 294 298 310 342 354 358 369 385
46 201 218 226 234 242 267 279 283 291 294 306 337 349 352 364 379
48 199 215 223 231 239 263 275 279 287 291 302 332 343 347 358 372
50 197 213 221 229 237 260 271 275 283 286 298 327 337 341 351 365
52 195 210 218 226 234 256 267 271 278 282 293 321 331 334 349 358
54 192 208 215 223 230 253 263 267 274 278 288 315 325 328 337 350
56 190 205 213 220 227 249 259 263 260 273 283 309 318 321 330 342
58 188 202 210 217 224 245 255 258 265 268 278 302 311 314 322 333
60 185 200 207 214 221 241 250 254 260 263 272 295 304 306 314 325
62 183 197 204 210 217 236 246 249 255 258 266 288 296 299 306 316
64 180 194 200 207 213 232 241 244 249 252 261 281 289 291 298 307
66 178 191 197 203 210 227 236 239 244 247 255 274 281 283 289 298
68 175 188 194 200 206 223 231 233 239 241 249 267 273 275 281 288
70 172 185 190 196 202 218 226 228 233 235 242 259 265 267 272 279
72 169 181 187 193 198 213 220 223 227 230 236 252 257 259 264 270
74 167 178 183 189 194 208 215 217 222 224 230 249 249 251 255 261
76 164 175 180 185 190 204 210 212 216 218 223 237 241 243 247 252
78 161 171 176 181 186 199 205 206 210 212 217 230 234 235 239 244
80 158 168 172 177 181 194 199 201 204 206 211 222 226 227 231 235
82 155 164 169 173 177 189 194 196 199 200 205 215 219 220 223 227
84 152 161 165 169 173 184 189 190 193 195 199 209 212 213 216 219
86 149 157 161 165 169 179 183 185 188 189 193 202 295 206 208 212
88 146 154.. 158 161 165 174 178 180 182 183 187 195 198 199 201 204
90 143 150 154 157 161 169 173 175 177 178 181 189 192 192 195 197
92 139 147 150 153 156 165 168 170 172 173 176 183 185 186 188 191
94 136 143 147 150 152 160 164 165 167 168 171 177 179 180 182 184
96 133 140 143 146 148 156 159 160 162 163 165 171 173 174 176 178
98 130 137 139 142 145 151 154 155 157 158 160 166 168 168 170 172
100 127 133 136 138 141 147 150 151 152 153 155 161 162 163 164 166
102 124 130 132 135 137 143 146 146 148 149 151 156 157 158 159 161
104 122 127 129 131 133 139 141 142 144 146 151 152 153 153 154 156
106 119 124 126 128 130 135 137 138 139 140 142 146 148 148 149 151
108 116 121 123 125 126 131 133 134 135 136 138 142 143 143 144 146
106
Table B8 (b) (concluded)

py 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
e
110 113 118 120 121 123 128 130 130 131 132 134 137 139 139 140 141
112 111 115 117 118 120 124 126 127 128 128 130 133 134 135 136 137
114 108 112 114 115 117 121 123 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133
116 105 109 111 112 114 117 119 120 121 121 122 125 1226 127 128 129
118 103 10611 108 109 111 114 116 116 117 118 119 122 123 123 124 125
08
..
120 100 104 105 107 108 111 113 113 114 114 116 118 449 119 120 121
122 98 401 103 104 105 108 110 110 111 111 112 115 116 116 117 118
124 96 99- 100 101 102 105 107 107 108 108 109 112 112 113 113 114
126 94 96 97 99 100 103 104 104 105 105 106 109 109 110 110 111
128 91 94 95 96 97 100 101 101 102 102 103 106 106 106 107 108
130 89 92 93 94 95 97 98 99 99 100 101 103 103 104 104 105
135 84 86 87 88 89 91 92 93 93 93 94 96 96 97 97 98
140 79 81 82 83 84 86 87 87 87 88 88 90 90 91 91 92
145 75 77 78 78 79 81 81 82 82 82 83 84 85 85 85 86
150 71 72 73 74 74 76 77 77 77 77 78 79 80 80 80 81
155 67 69 69 70 70 72 72 72 73 73 73 75 75 75 75 76
160 64 65 66 66 66 68 68 69 69 69 70 71 71 71 71 71
165 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 67 67 67
170 57 58 59 59 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 63 64
175 55 56 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 68 59 59 60 60 60 60
180 52 53 53 53 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 57 57 57 57
185 49 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54
190 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 50 51 51 51 52
195 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49
200 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47
210 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 43
220 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39
230 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36
240 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33
250 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
260 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
270 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
280 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
290 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23
300 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
310 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
320 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19
330 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
340 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
350 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
107
Table B8 (c) Comprehensive Strength, pc, (in N/mm2) for Struts

py 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
e
15 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 393 408 413 427 446
305
20 224 242 252 261 271 299 312 317 326 331 345 382 396 401 414 433
25 217 235 245 254 263 290 303 308 317 321 335 370 384 388 402 419
30 211 22 237 246 2SS 281 294 298 307 311 324 3S8 371 37S 388 40S
3S 204 2N 230 238 247 272 284 288 296 300 313 34S 357 7 361 374 389
40 198 1.14 222 230 238 262 274 278 28S 289 301 332 343 347 3S8 373
42 19S 211 219 227 23S 258 269 273 281 28S 296 326 337 340 3S1 366
44 193 208 216 224 231 2S4 26S 269 276 280 291 320 330 334 344 3S8
46 190 20S 213 220 228 2S0 261 264 271 27S 286 314 324 327 337 3S1
48 187 202 209 217 224 246 256 260 267 270 280 307 317 321 330 343
S0 184 199 206 213 220 241 2S2 255 262 26S 27S 301 310 314 323 33S
S2 181 196 203 210 217 237 247 2S0 2S7 260 270 294 303 306 31S 327
54 179 193 199 206 213 232 242 24S 2S2 2SS 264 288 296 299 308 319
S6 176 189 196 202 209 228 237 240 246 249 258 281 289 292 300 310
58 173 186 192 199 205 223 232 235 241 244 252 274 282 284 292 302
60 170 183 189 195 201 219 227 230 236 238 247 267 274 277 284 293
62 167 179 185 191 197 214 222 225 230 233 241 260 267 269 276 285
64 164 176 182 188 193 210 217 220 225 227 235 253 260 262 268 276
66 161 173 178 184 189 205 212 215 220 222 229 246 252 254 260 268
68 158 169 175 180 185 200 207 210 214 216 223 239 245 247 252 259
70 155 166 171 176 181 195 202 204 209 211 217 232 238 239 244 251
72 152 163 168 172 177 191 197 199 203 205 211 226 231 232 237 243
74 149 159 164 169 173 186 192 194 198 200 205 219 223 225 229 236
76 146 156 160 165 169 181 187 189 193 194 200 212 217 218 222 227
78 143 152 157 161 165 177 182 184 187 189 194 206 210 211 215 220
80 140 149 153 157 161 172 177 179 182 184 188 200 203 205 208 213
82 137 146 150 154 157 168 173 174 177 179 183 193 197 198 201 205
84 134 142 146 150 154 163 168 169 172 174 178 187 191 192 195 199
86 132 139.. 143 146 150 159 163 165 168 169 173 182 185 186 189 192
88 129 136 139 143 146 155 159 160 163 164 168 176 179 180 183 186
90 126 133 136 139 142 151 155 156 158 159 163 171 173 174 177 180
92 123 130 133 136 139 147 150 152 154 155 158 165 168 169 171 174
94 120 127 130 133 135 143 146 147 149 150 153 160 163 163 166 168
96 118 124 127 129 132 129 142 143 145 146 149 155 158 158 160 163
98 115 121 123 126 129 135 138 139 141 142 145 151 43 154 155 158
100 112 118 120 123 125 132 134 135 137 138 140 146 148 149 151 152
102 110 115 118 120 122 128 131 132 133 134 136 142 144 144 146 148
104 107 112 115 117 119 125 127 128 130 130 133 138 130 140 142 143
106 105 110 112 114 116 121 124 125 126 127 129 134 135 136 137 139
108 102 107 109 111 113 118 120 121 123 123 125 130 131 132 133 135
108
Table B8 ( c) (concluded)
py
e 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
110 100 104 106 108 110 115 117 118 119 120 122 126 127 128 129 131
114 96 99 101 103 105 109 111 112 113 113 115 119 120 121 122 123
116 93 97 99 101 102 106 108 109 110 110 112 116 117 117 118 120
118 91 95 96 98 100 104 105 106 107 107 109 112 114 114 115 116
120 89 96 94 96 97 101 103 10 104 105 106 109 110 111 112 113
122 87 91 92 93 95 98 100 100 101 102 103 106 107 108 109 110
124 85 88 90 91 92 96 97 98 99 99 100 103 104 105 106 107
126 83 86 88 89 90 94 95 95 96 97 98 101 102 102 103 104
128 82 84 86 87 88 91 93 93 94 94 95 98 99 99 100 101
130 80 82 84 85 86 89 90 91 91 92 93 95 96 97 97 98
135 75 78 79 80 81 84 85 85 86 86 87 89 90 90 91 92
140 71 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 81 81 82 84 85 85 85 86
145 68 70 70 71 72 75 75 76 76 76 77 79 80 80 80 81
150 64 66 67 68 68 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76
155 61 63 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 71 72
160 58 59 60 61 61 63 64 64 64 64 65 66 67 67 67 68
165 55 56 57 58 58 60 60 60 61 61 61 63 63 63 64 64
170 52 54 54 55 55 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 61
175 50 51 52 52 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 57 58
180 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 55
185 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52
190 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 49
195 42 42 43 43 43 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47
200 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45
210 36 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41
220 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38
230 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35
240 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32
250 27 27 > 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
260 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
270 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
280 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24
290 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
300 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21
310 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
320 17 7 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
330 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
340 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
350 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
109
Table B8(d) Compressive Strength, pc, (in N/mm2) for Struts
py
e 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 395 410 415 430 450
15 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 335 340 355 393 407 411 425 444
20 223 241 250 259 269 296 309 314 323 327 341 376 390 394 408 426
25 214 215 240 249 257 283 296 301 309 313 326 360 373 377 390 407
30 205 222 230 238 247 271 283 287 296 300 312 344 li6 360 372 388
35 196 212 220 228 236 259 271 274 282 286 297 327 339 342 353 368
40 188 203 210 218 225 247 258 261 268 272 283 310 321 324 334 348
42 184 199 206 214 221 242 252 256 263 266 277 304 314 317 327 340
44 181 195 202 209 216 237 247 251 257 261 271 297 306 309 319 331
46 178 192 199 89 90 94 95 95 96 97 98 101 102 102 103 104
48 174 188 195 201 208 227 237 240 246 249 259 283 291 294 303 314
50 171 184 191 197 204 222 232 235 241 244 253 276 284 287 295 306
52 168 181 187 193 199 217 226 229 235 238 246 269 277 279 287 298
54 165 177 183 189 195 213 221 224 229 232 240 262 269 272 279 289
56 161 173 179 185 191 208 216 219 224 227 234 255 262 264 271 281
58 158 170 175 181 187 203 211 213 218 221 229 248 255 257 264 272
60 155 166 172 177 183 198 206 208 213 215 223 241 247 250 256 264
62 152, 163 168 173 178 193 201 203 208 210 217 234 240 242 248 256
64 149 159 164 169 174 189 196 198 202 204 211 227 233 235 241 248
66 145 156 160 165 170 184 191 193 197 199 205 221 226 228 234 240
68 142 152 157 162 166 179 186 188 192 194 200 214 220 221 226 233
70 139 149 153 158 162 175 181 183 187 189 194 208 213 215 219 225
72 136 145 150 154 158 170 176 178 182 183 189 202 207 208 213 218
74 133 142 146 150 155 166 171 173 177 178 183 196 200 202 206 211
76 130 139 143 147 151 162 167 169 172 173 178 190 194 195 199 204
78 127 136 139 143 147 157 162 164 167 169 173 184 188 189 193 198
80 125 132 136 140 143 153 158 160 163 164 168 179 182 184 187 191
82 122 129 133 136 140 149 154 155 158 159 163 173 177 178 181 185
84 119 126- 130 133 136 145 150 151 154 155 159 168 171 172 176 179
86 117 123 127 130 133 142 146 147 149 151 154 163 166 167 170 174
88 114 120 123 127 130 138 142 143 145 146 150 158 161 162 165 168
90 111 118 121 123 126 ~ 134 138 139 141 142 146 154 156 157 160 163
92 109 115 118 120 123 131 134 135 137 138 142 149 152 152 155 158
94 106 112 115 117 120 127 131 132 134 135 138 145 147 148 150 153
96 104 109 112 115 117 124 127 128 130 131 134 140 +43 143 146 148
98 101 107 109 112 114 121 124 125 126 127 130 136 138 139 141 144
100 99 104 107 109 11 117 120 121 123 124 126 132 134 135 137 139
102 97 102 104 106 108 114 117 118 120 121 123 129 131 131 133 135
104 95 99 102 104 106 111 114 115 116 117 120 125 127 127 129 131
106 93 97 99 101 103 109 111 112 113 114 116 121 123 124 125 127
108 90 95 97 99 101 106 108 109 110 111 113 118 120 120 122 124
110
Table B8 (d) (concluded)

py
e 225 245 255 265 275 305 320 325 331 340 315 395 410 415 430 450
110 88 93 95 96 98 103 105 106 108 108 110 115 116 117 118 120
112 86 90 92 94 96 I 101 103 103 105 105 107 112 113 114 115 117
114 84 88 90 92 94 98 100 101 102 103 104 109 110 110 112 113
116 83 88 88 90 91 96 98 98 99 100 102 106 107 107 109 110
118 81 84 86 88 89 93 95 96 97 97 99 10 105 105 106 107
120 79 83 84 86 87 91 93 94 94 95 96 100 102 102 103 104
79
122 77 81 82 84 85 89 91 91 92 92 94 99 99 99 100 102
'24 76 79 81 82 83 87 88 89 90 90 92 96 96 96 97 99
126 74 77 79 80 84 84 86 87 88 88 89 94 94 94 95 96
128 72 75 77 78 79 83 84 85 85 86 87 92 92 92 93 94
130 71 74 75 76 77 81 82 83 83 84 85 88 89 89 90 91
135 67 70 71 72 73 76 77 79 79 79 80 83 84 84 85 86
140 64 66 67 68 69 72 73 74 74 74 75 78 79 79 80 81
145 60 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 70 70 71 73 74 74 75 76
150 58 59 61 61 62 62 65 66 66 66 67 69 70 70 71 71
155 55 57 58 58 59 61 62 62 63 63 64 65 66 66 67 67
160 52 54 54 55 56 58 59 59 59 60 60 62 63 64 63 64
165 50 51 51 53 53 55 56 46 56 57 57 59 59 59 60 60
170 47 49 49 50 51 52 53 53 53 54 54 46 56 56 57 57
175 45 47 47 48 48 50 50 51 51 52 52 54 54 54 54 54
180 43 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52
185 42 42 43 43 44 45 46 46 46 47 48 48 48 48 49 46
190 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 47 47
195 38 39 40 40 40 41 42 42 42 43 44 44 44 44 44 45
200 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43
210 34 34 35 35 35 36 37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 39 39
220 31 32 32 32 32 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35
230 29 29 30. 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 33 33 33 33 33 33
240 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30
250 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 28 38 38 38 38 38
260 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26
270 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24
280 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
290 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21
300 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 10 10 10 10 10 10
310 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19
320 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18
330 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17
340 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16
350 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15
111
Table B9: Allowable Stress in Axial Tension
Thickness or Tensile
Form Grade diameter stress
mm (N/mm2)
Rolled I-beams channels 43 All 155
Universal beams and columns Up to and including 40 155

43
. Over 40 140
Up to and including 40 155

Over 40 140
43
Plates;-bars and sections. Up to and including 65 215
50
other than above Over 65 YS/1.63*
55
Up to and including 40 265
Over 40 245
43 All 155
Hot rolled hollow sections 50 All 215
55 All 265
*YS = yield stress less or equal to 350 N/mm2
112

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Structural Design Guide Lines

2. BASIS OF DESIGN ..............................................................................................6

2.1 Fundamental Requirements.........................................................................6

3. LIMIT STATES ......................................................................................................6

3.1 General ........................................................................................................6

3.2 Ultimate Limit States ....................................................................................6

3.3 Serviceability Limit States ............................................................................7

3.4 Limit State Design ........................................................................................7

4. PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS .............................................................................8

4.1 General ........................................................................................................8

4.2 Design Values ..............................................................................................8

4.2.1 Design Values of Actions ...............................................................8

4.2.2 Design Values of Material Properties .............................................9

4.2.3 Load Combinations ........................................................................9

5. DESIGN LOAD, SELF-WEIGHTS AND IMPOSED LOADS ..............................10

6. WIND LOADS .....................................................................................................20

6.1 Characteristic Wind Loads .........................................................................20

7. EARTHQUAKE LOADS .....................................................................................24

7.1 Minimum Earthquake Forces for Structures ..............................................24

7.2 Distribution of the Horizontal Seismic Forces ............................................30

8. OTHER DESIGN LOADS ...................................................................................30

9. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ..............................................................................30

10. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ISOLATED FOOTING OR BASES .......................31

11. DESIGN OF STRIP FOUNDATIONS .................................................................32

12. DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS ..................................................................35

13. DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS ....................................................................36

Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications

14. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ..............................................................................37

15. CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ............................................39

16. DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE .............................................40

17. STRUCTURAL FLOORS ....................................................................................41

18. SOLID CONCRETE SLABS ...............................................................................41

19. CONCRETE BEAMS ..........................................................................................45

20. CONCRETE COLUMNS .....................................................................................47

21. CONCRETE WALLS ..........................................................................................48

22. STRUCTURAL STEEL .......................................................................................52

23. STEEL BEAMS ...................................................................................................53

24. STEEL COLUMNS .............................................................................................54

25. BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS ........................................................55

25.1 General ......................................................................................................55

25.4 Splices .......................................................................................................59

25.5 Welded Connections ..................................................................................60

26. STRUCTURAL STEEL PURLINS ......................................................................70

27. ROOFS ...............................................................................................................70

28. COMPOSITE BEAMS .........................................................................................71

29. TIMBER STRUCTURES .....................................................................................73

30. TIMBER TRUSSES ............................................................................................74

31. MASONRY STRUCTURES ................................................................................74

32. CLAY BRICKS ....................................................................................................76

33. CONCRETE BLOCKS ........................................................................................76

Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications

Figure 1 : Wind Intensity Map of Uganda ...................................................................21

Figure 2 : Seismic Map of Uganda ............................................................................26

Table 1 : Residential Occupancy ...............................................................................11

Table 2 : Institutional/Educational Occupancy (Prisons, Hosipital, Schools, Colleges) .12

Table 3(a) : Public Assembly Occuapncy (Halls, Auditoria, Resutaurants, Musems,

Table 3(b) : Public Assembly Occuapncy (Halls, Auditoria, Resutaurants, Musems,

Table 4 : Office Occupancy (Offices, Banks) .............................................................15

Table 5 : Retail Occupancy (Shops, Department Stores, Supermarkets) ..................16

Table 6 : Industrial Occupancy(Workshops, Factories) .............................................17