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    Iiser 11

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    Uniform Continuity A function is uniformly continuous on a closed interval if for any epsilon greater than 0, there exists a single delta positive value such that if the difference between any two x-values in the interval is less than delta, the difference between the corresponding y-values is less than epsilon, regardless of which x-values you choose. Differentiability A function is differentiable at a point if the limit of the difference quotient exists at that point. If a function is differentiable at a point, it is also continuous at that point. Mean Value Theorem If a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, then there exists at least one value in

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    Iiser 11

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    90 views6 pages
    Uniform Continuity A function is uniformly continuous on a closed interval if for any epsilon greater than 0, there exists a single delta positive value such that if the difference between any two x-values in the interval is less than delta, the difference between the corresponding y-values is less than epsilon, regardless of which x-values you choose. Differentiability A function is differentiable at a point if the limit of the difference quotient exists at that point. If a function is differentiable at a point, it is also continuous at that point. Mean Value Theorem If a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, then there exists at least one value in

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    Uniform Continuity A function is uniformly continuous on a closed interval if for any epsilon greater than 0, there exists a single delta positive value such that if the difference between any two x-values in the interval is less than delta, the difference between the corresponding y-values is less than epsilon, regardless of which x-values you choose. Differentiability A function is differentiable at a point if the limit of the difference quotient exists at that point. If a function is differentiable at a point, it is also continuous at that point. Mean Value Theorem If a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, then there exists at least one value in

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    90 views6 pages

    Iiser 11

    Uploaded by

    api-3695829
    Uniform Continuity A function is uniformly continuous on a closed interval if for any epsilon greater than 0, there exists a single delta positive value such that if the difference between any two x-values in the interval is less than delta, the difference between the corresponding y-values is less than epsilon, regardless of which x-values you choose. Differentiability A function is differentiable at a point if the limit of the difference quotient exists at that point. If a function is differentiable at a point, it is also continuous at that point. Mean Value Theorem If a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, then there exists at least one value in

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    of 6

    Uniform Continuity

    Let f : (0, 1) → < be defined by f (x) = 1/x. Then certanly it is


    continuous. So given  > 0, ∃δ > 0 : |f (x) − f (x0 )| <  ∀ |x − xo | < δ.

    Will the same δ work for all x0 ? Not for the above example at x = 0.

    Again, let f : < → < be f (x) = x2 . For θ > 0 andx > 0


    f (x + θ) − f (x) = 2θx + θ 2 ≥ 2θx. Thus for all x we cannot choose a single
    δ such that the difference is less than a .

    In case we can choose the same δ ∀ x, such that given


     > 0 ∃ δ > 0 : |f (x) − f (x0 )| <  ∀|x − x0 | < δ (independent of x) : the
    function is called Uniformly Continuous

    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.
    Uniform Continuity
    A function continuous in a closed interval is Uniformly Continuous

    Fix a  > 0, continuity implies that ∀ x ∈ [a, b], we can dind a δ(x) such
    that :
    |f (x) − f (y)| < /2 ∀|y − x| < δ(x), y ∈ [a, b]

    Let Ix = (x − δ(x)/2, x + δ(x)/2). Then clearly {Ix } covers [a, b]. By the
    Heine-Borel theorem, there exists a finite number of them {Ix1 , . . . Ixm }
    which cover [a, b].
    Let δ = min{δ(x1 )/2, . . . δ(xm )/2}. This δ > 0.
    Since x ∈ [a, b] then ∃k : x ∈ Ixk (k ≤ m) or |x − xk | < δ(xk )/2.
    Say we choose |x − y| < δ, then
    |y − xk | ≤ |x − y| + |x − xk | ≤ δ + δ(xk )/2 ≤ δ(xk ).

    Thus |f (y) − f (xk )| < /2 and |f (x) − f (xk )| < /2 ⇒ |f (x) − f (y)| < 

    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.
    Differentiability
    Let f : I → < be a function, then f is called differentiable at x0 ∈ I if

    f (x) − f (x0 )
    = m + O(x − x0 )
    x − x0

    The function is also called locally linear. We define the derivative as :

    f (x) − f (x0 )
    lim = f 0 (x0 )
    x→x0 x − x0

    A function differentiable at x = x0 is also continuous there


    Differentiability implies :

    f (x) − f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + O(x − x0 )

    So,
    lim x → x0 f (x) − f (x0 ) = 0
    That is f (x) is continuous at x = x0 .
    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.
    Rolle’s Theorem
    A function f is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). If f (a) = f (b)
    then ∃ c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

    Proof : Since f (x) is continuous in [a, b] it is bounded in the interval and at


    two points c and d attains these bounds. If f (x) is a constant then the
    theorem is trivial. If not, let f (c) be the maximum. Then in a ≤ x < c f (x)
    increases and in c < x ≤ b it decreases : i.e. f 0 (x) ≥ 0 for x < c and ≥ 0
    for x > c. Thus, limx→c− (f (c) − f (x))/(c − x) ≥ 0 for x < c and ≤ 0 if x > c.

    Since the two limits must be the same, f 0 (c) = 0.

    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.
    Mean Value Theorem
    A function f is continuous in [a, b] and its derivative exists everywhere in
    (a, b). Then ∃ c : a < c < b such that

    f (b) − f (a) = (b − a) f 0 (c)

    Proof : Let F (x) = f (x) + Bx and B = (f (b) − f (a))/(b − a) Thus F is


    continuous in [a, b] and F 0 (x) = f 0 (x) + B exists everywhere in (a, b). Also
    F (b) = F (a).

    By Rolle’s theorem, ∃ c ∈ (a, b) such that


    F 0 (c) = 0 ⇒ f 0 (c) = (f (b) − f (a))(b − a).

    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.
    Taylor’s Theorem
    A function f is continuous in [a, b] and all its first n derivatives exist in (a, b),
    then,

    0 (b − a)2 00 (b − a)n−1 (n−1) (b − a)n (n)


    f (b) = f (a)+(b−a)f (a)+ f (a)+. . . f (a)+ f (c)
    2! (n − 1)! n!

    Proof Choose :

    0 (b − x)2 00 (b − x)n−1 (n−1)


    F (x) = f (b) − f (x) + (b − x)f (x) − f (x) − . . . f (x)
    2! (n − 1)!

    and g(x) = F (x) − (b − x)n /(b − a)n F (a). This g(x) is continuous in [a, b]
    and differentiable in (a, b). Also g(a) = g(b) Thus by Rolle’s Theorem
    ∃ c ∈ a, b) such that g 0 (c) = 0

    This implies, F (a) = (b − a)n /n! f (n) (c). Putting it in the definition of F (x)
    we get the Taylor’s Theorem.

    SNBNCBS-IACS
    SNBNBCS-IACS Kolkata J  I
    – p.

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