Welcome to Cloud Computing

Dr. Arindam Basak

School of Electronics Engineering
 Module Outline

• Fundamental concepts of Distributed Systems

• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Cloud Computing
• Mobile Computing
 What is computing?
• Computing is the process of using computer technology to
complete a given goal-oriented task.
• Computing may encompass the design and development
of software and hardware systems for a broad range of
purposes - often structuring, processing and managing any
kind of information
• to aid in the pursuit of scientific studies, making intelligent
systems, and creating and using different media for
entertainment and communication.
• the use of a computer to process data or perform
calculations.
• It has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological
and social aspects.
• The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast
 What is Distributed sysem?
• A distributed system, also known as distributed
computing, is a system with multiple components
located on different machines that communicate and
coordinate actions in order to appear as a single
coherent system to the end-user.
• Example -
• Telecommunication networks: Telephone networks and
Cellular networks.
• A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG, or more
commonly, MMO) is an online game with large
numbers of players, often hundreds or thousands
• World wide web
 Distributed Systems :
A brief introduction
• A collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent system.
• Features:
– No shared memory
– Message-based communication
– Each runs its own local OS
– Heterogeneity
• Ideal: to present a single-system image:
– The distributed system “looks like” a single computer
rather than a collection of separate computers.
 Distributed Systems :
A brief introduction
Distributed system: the hardware and software
of a collection of independent computers that
cooperate to realize some functionality
• –usually, individual parts cannot realize that
functionality just by themselves
• –may be serving a user (...ultimately)
 Centralized System Characteristics
On-Cs-Ra-S-P-P
• One component with Non-autonomous parts
• Components shared by users all the time
• All Resources accessible
• Software runs in a single process
• Single point of control
• Single point of failure
 Distributed System Characteristics
opposite of Centralised..
• Multiple autonomous components
• Components are not shared by all users
• Resources may not be accessible
• Software runs in concurrent processes on
different processors
• Multiple points of control
• Multiple points of failure
 Distributed System Characteristics
(SEAM)
• To present a Single-system image:
– Hide internal organization, communication details
– Provide uniform interface
• Easily Expandable
– Adding new computers is hidden from users
• Continuous Availability
– Failures in one component can be covered by
other components
• Supported by Middleware
Advantages of Distributed System over
Centralized System(SIRI)
• Speed - When used to implement parallel processing
where only goal is to achieve
maximum speed on a single problem, distributed systems
can achieve very high speed as
compared to the centralized ones.

• Inherent Distribution- Another reason for building a

distributed system is that some
applications are inherently distributed. Banking, Airline
reservation etc. are examples of the
applications that are inherently distributed . When all the
branches of a bank are connected,
we have a commercial distributed system.
 Contd ..
• Reliability- By distributing the workload over many machines, a
single chip failure will bring down at most one machine, leaving
the rest intact.
For critical applications, such as control of nuclear reactors or
aircraft, using a distributed system to achieve high reliability
may be a dominant consideration
• Incremental Growth- Often a company will buy a
mainframe with the intention of doing all its work on it.
If the company prospers and the workload grows, at a
certain point the mainframe will no longer be adequate.
 Contd ..
• The only solutions are to either replace the
mainframe with a larger one (if it exists), or
add a second mainframe. Both of these can
cause management difficulties with the
company's operations.
• In contrast, with a distributed system, it may
be possible to simply add more processors to
the system, thus allowing it to expand
gradually as the need arises.
 Disadvantages of Distributed System
• Software: difficult to develop software for
distributed systems
• Control :Distribution of control
• Network: saturation, lossy transmissions
• Security: easy access also applies to secret
data
• Hard to detect faults
• Administration issues
 What is Cluster Computing?
•A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together
closely so that in many respects they form a single computer.
•The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to
each other through fast local area networks.
•Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability
over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more
cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed.
…

Cluster Middle ware

High Speed Local Network

CPU CPU … CPU

Cluster
 What is Cluster Computing?
Cluster consists of :
 Nodes(master + computing)
 Network
 OS
 Cluster middleware: Middleware such as MPI (Message Passing
Interface) which permits compute clustering programs to be
portable to a wide variety of clusters

 A cluster has two types of computers - a master computer, and

node computers.
 When a large problem or set of data is given to a cluster, the
master computer first runs a program that breaks the problem into
small discrete pieces; it then sends a piece to each node to
compute. As nodes finish their tasks, the master computer
continually sends more pieces to them until the entire problem has
been computed.
 Types of cluster computing
• High Availability (HA) and failover clusters –
1. These models are built to provide an availability of services and
resources in an uninterrupted manner through the use of
implicit redundancy to the system.
2. If a cluster node fails (failover), applications or services may be
available in another node.
3. These types are used to cluster data base of critical missions,
mail, file and application servers.
• Load balancing (LB) –
1. This model distributes incoming traffic or requests for
resources from nodes that run the same programs between
machines that make up the cluster.
2. If a node fails, the requests are redistributed among the nodes
available.
3. This type of solution is usually used for Web servers .
Load Balancing
 Types of cluster computing
• HA &LB combination –
1. As its name says, it combines the features of both types
of cluster, thereby increasing the availability and
scalability of services and resources.
2. This type of cluster configuration is widely used in web,
email, news, or ftp servers.
 Cluster Computing
Advantages
 Increasing speed – better performance
 optimized resources utilization
 Can execute Large applications

Disadvantages
 Complex programming models
 Difficult for debug and development
 Grid Computing
• Computing grids are conceptually and logically like electrical grids. In an
electrical grid, wall outlet allow us to connect to an infrastructure of resources
which generate and distribute the electricity. Likewise, in the IT industry, grid
computing uses middleware to coordinate distinct IT resources over the
network, allowing them to function and work as a virtual whole.

• The goal of a computing grid , like that of a electrical grid, is to provide users
with access to the resources they need, when they need them and to provide
remote access to IT assets and aggregating processing power.

• Grid provides a series of distributed computing resources via LAN or WAN to

the terminal user’s application, as if he is using a super virtual computer.
• Grid computing is the integration of computer resources for achieving
similar objective.

• Grids are frequently created with middleware software libraries of a

common grid.

• Grids are a type of dispersed computing system, whereas a virtualized

super computer is made from various networked.

• Grids focus on two different but associated objectives—supplying

isolated access to IT resources and building up processing control.

• The grid is a technology which controls two factors—allocation and

trust.
• Grid Computing is a subset of distributed
computing, where a virtual super computer
comprises of machines on a network connected
by some bus, mostly Ethernet or sometimes the
Internet.
 Components in Grid
A Grid computing network mainly consists of these three types of machines
Control Node:
• A computer, usually a server or a group of servers which administrates the whole
network and keeps the account of the resources in the network pool.
Provider:
• The computer which contributes it’s resources in the network resource pool.
User:
• The computer that uses the resources on the network.

For controlling the network and it’s resources a software/networking protocol is used
generaly known as Middleware. This is responsible for administrating the network
and the control nodes are merely it’s executors. As a grid computing system should
use only unused resources of a computer, it is the job of the control node that any
provider is not overloaded with tasks.
Architecture of Grid
 Grid Computing

Layers of Grid System architecture are as follows:

(i)Fabric Layer: Lowest layer
i. It comprises geographically distributed and sharable resources such as storage
devices, computing devices, high bandwidth networks and scientific instruments,
etc.
ii. These resources are accessible from anywhere in the internet.

(ii)Connectivity Layer:
i. It provides an easy and secure access to the resources through some
standardized protocols.
ii. The authentication protocols are used to provide proper verification of users and
resources.
iii. The communication protocols provide a mechanism for transmission of data between
the fabric and the resource layer.
 Cont ...

(iii)Resource Layer:
i. It specifies the necessary protocols to operate among shared resources.
ii. It is primarily built upon the communication and authentication
protocols of connectivity layer.
iii. It defines the APIs (Application Program Interfaces) and SDK (Software
Development Kit) to make secure the initiation, accounting, negotiation,
controlling and monitoring of resources.
(iv)Collective Layer:
i. It is used for common functional utilities.
ii. The operations such as collaboration among the shared resources are
performed in this layer.
iii. It provides services like brokering, monitoring, scheduling, discovery,
replication and co-allocation etc.
 Grid Computing
(v)Application Layer:
This layer offers communication interfaces to the users
and the administrators for interacting with the Grid.
Types of Grid Systems
 Types of Grid Systems
•Compute Intensive:
i. Major functionality of this Grid is to offer powerful CPU
resources, whereas other characteristics are trivial.
ii. It intends to provide aggregated CPU cycles of several resources
for fulfilling computational need of a particular application.

•Data-Intensive Grid:
It offers large storage space for data discovery, data management and
data processing.

•Utility Grid:
i. It pools dynamically available resources to match the
requirements of the applications.
ii. This enables the Utility Grid to provide services that cannot be
provided by any single machine.
 Cont ...
•Self-Organized Grid:
i. Grid management is extremely challenging due to its complex dynamic
environment.
ii. However, Self-Organized Grid includes some intelligence embedded into its
infrastructure to automate its control, organization, and monitoring
procedure.
iii. It can heal itself in changing and uncertain environments for maximizing
reliability and resource utilization.

•Real Time Grid:

i. Traditional Grid could not support certain requirements of many real time
applications.
ii. Technological advancement with increasing number of real time applications
initiated the emergence infrastructure that can deal with the rich variety of real
time interactions between the users and the applications through virtual
workspace.
iii. Therefore, Grids that support Real time applications such as disaster
management, e-healthcare, e-learning etc. can be termed as Real-Time Grid.
 Mobile Computing
• Mobile Computing is a technology that allows
transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device
without having to be connected to a fixed physical
link. The main concept involves −

• Mobile communication
• Mobile hardware
• Mobile software
The mobile communication in this case, refers to the
infrastructure put in place to ensure that seamless and
reliable communication goes on. These would include
devices such as protocols, services, bandwidth, and
portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated
services. The data format is also defined at this stage.
Mobile Hardware
Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that
receive or access the service of mobility. They would range from
portable laptops, smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital
Assistants.
Mobile software
Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the mobile
hardware. It deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile
applications. This is the engine of the mobile device. In other terms,
it is the operating system of the appliance. It's the essential
component that operates the mobile device.
 What is Cloud Computing?
•Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new
class of network based computing that takes place over the
Internet,

 basically a step on from Utility Computing

 a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware,
software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
 Using the Internet for communication and transport
provides hardware, software and networking services to
clients
 Basic Concepts
There are certain services and models working
behind the scene making the cloud computing
feasible and accessible to end users. Following are
the working models for cloud computing:

• Deployment Models
• Service Models
 • The Public Cloud allows systems
and services to be easily accessible
Deployment Models to the general public. Public cloud
may be less secure because of its
openness, e.g., e-mail.

• The Private Cloud allows systems

and services to be accessible within
an organization. It offers increased
security because of its private
nature.

• Cummunity Cloud -The

Community Cloud allows systems
and services to be accessible by
group of organizations.

• The Hybrid Cloud -is mixture of

public and private cloud. However,
the critical activities are performed
using private cloud while the non-
critical activities are performed
 INFRASTRUCTURE AS A
SERVICE (IAAS)
Service Models • IaaS provides access to
fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage, etc.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
(PAAS)
• PaaS provides the runtime
environment for applications,
development & deployment tools,
etc.
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
(SAAS)
• SaaS model allows to use
software applications as a service
to end users
Benefits