Practical 2 Basics of Machine Drawing

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 9

Basics of Machine Drawing

Objective:-
After completing this experiment, you will be able to:

• Understand the functions of Machine Drawing


• Differentiate between different drawings
• Define Limit, Fit and Tolerances and its symbols

A technical person can use the graphic language as powerful means of communication with
others for conveying ideas on technical matters. However, for effective exchange of ideas with
others, the engineer must have proficiency in (i) language, both written and oral, (ii) symbols
associated with basic sciences and (iii) the graphic language. Engineering drawing is a suitable
graphic language from which any trained person can visualize the required object. As an
engineering drawing displays the exact picture of an object, it obviously conveys the same ideas
to every trained eye. Irrespective of language barriers, the drawings can be effectively used in
other countries, in addition to the country where they are prepared. Thus, the engineering
drawing is the universal language of all engineers. Engineering drawing has its origin sometime
in 500 BC in the regime of King Pharos of Egypt when symbols were used to convey the ideas
among people.

Need of Correct Drawings


The drawings prepared by any technical person must be clear, unmistakable in meaning and
there should not be any scope for more than one interpretation, or else litigation may arise. In a
number of dealings with contracts, the drawing is an official document and the success or failure
of a structure depends on the clarity of details provided on the drawing. Thus, the drawings
should not give any scope for mis-interpretation even by accident.

It would not have been possible to produce the machines/automobiles on a mass scale where a
number of assemblies and sub-assemblies are involved, without clear, correct and accurate
drawings. To achieve this, the technical person must gain a thorough knowledge of both the
principles and conventional practice of drafting. If these are not achieved and or practiced, the
drawings prepared by one may convey different meaning to others, causing unnecessary delays
and expenses in production shops.

Hence, an engineer should posses good knowledge, not only in preparing a correct drawing but
also to read the drawing correctly. The course content of this book is expected to meet these
requirements. The study of machine drawing mainly involves learning to sketch machine parts
and to make working and assembly drawings. This involves a study of those conventions in
drawings that are widely adopted in engineering practice.
Principle of Drawing
To provide the correct information about drawings to all concerned people, the drawing must be
prepared, following certain standard practices, as recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS).

Classification of Drawings

Machine Drawing
It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of orthographic
views, so that the size and shape of the component is fully understood. Part drawings and
assembly drawings belong to this classification.

Production Drawings
A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the dimensions,
limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, honing, lapping, surface finish, etc.,
to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing the component. The title should also
mention the material used for the product, number of parts required for the assembled unit, etc.

Since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a time, it is advisable to prepare the
production drawing of each component on a separate sheet. However, in some cases the
drawings of related components may be given on the same sheet. Figure 1.2 represents an
example of a production drawing.
Part Drawing
Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture.
All the principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic representation must be
followed to communicate the details in a part drawing. A part drawing with production details is
rightly called as a production drawing or working drawing.

Assembly Drawing
A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an
assembly drawing. There are several types of such drawings.

Design Assembly Drawing


When a machine is designed, an assembly drawing or a design layout is first drawn to clearly
visualize the performance, shape and clearances of various parts comprising the machine.
Detail Assembly Drawing
It is usually made for simple machines, comprising of a relatively smaller number of simple
parts. All the dimensions and information necessary for the construction of such parts and for the
assembly of the parts are given directly on the assembly drawing. Separate views of specific
parts in enlargements, showing the fitting of parts together, may also be drawn in addition to the
regular assembly drawing.

Dimensioning
1. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view.
2. Should be taken from visible outlines, not from hidden lines.
3. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided except when the centre line passes
through the centre of a hole.
4. Each feature should be dimensioned only once in a drawing.
5. Placed on the view or section that relates most clearly to the corresponding features.
6. Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions, but without showing unit
symbol.
7. Minimum dimensions should be placed to define a whole part.
8. No features of a part should be defined by more than one dimension in any one direction.
Elements of Dimensioning
1. Dimension line — It is a thin continuous line terminated by arrowheads touching the
outlines, extension lines or centre lines.
2. Extension line (Projection line) — It is a thin line drawn outside and along the outline.
There should be a gap of about 1 mm between the extension line and the outline.
3. Leader line —One end of the leader terminates either in an arrowhead or a dot. The
arrowhead touches the outline, while the dot is placed within the outline of the object.
The other end of the leader is terminated at a horizontal line.
4. Arrowhead — An arrowhead is placed at each end of a dimension line. Its pointed end
touches an outline, an extension line or a centre line. The length of arrowhead should be
about three times its maximum width. The triangle of the arrow should be completely
filled in.

Limits , Fits and Tolerance

• The system in which a variation in dimensions is accepted is called the limit system.
• The allowable deviations are called tolerances.
• The relationships between the mating parts are called fits.
Limits
• The two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are
called limits.
• The maximum size is called the upper limit and the minimum size is called the
lower limit.

Tolerances
• Tolerance is denoted by two symbols, a letter symbol and a number symbol,
called the grade.
• It is the difference between lower and upper deviation.

Method of placing limit dimensions


Surface finish

The geometrical characteristics of a surface include,


1. Macro-deviations,
2. Surface waviness, and
3. Micro-irregularities
Sample Production Drawing

You might also like