Projector

Òptica i calor

Tom Clark
Clàudia Ros
Laura Ginesta
Mireia González-Adrio

Grup 101
Tercer GEDI 2020-21
Martin Koch
Contents

01 Introduction 3

02 Materials 5

03 Finding the focal point 6

04 Ideation phase 9
Referents
Sketches

05 Construction 12

06 Testing 13

07 Conclusions 18

08 Bibliography 19

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 01 Introduction

In the following report we’ve documented the design, development and construction process of a
projector. With this project we aim to demonstrate the laws of optics acquired in class, applying it
to the construction of a real product through convergent lenses.

We’ve parted from a converging lens to calculate the necessary parameters that will guide the
dimensions and designs of the projector itself, to project a specific image. Convergent lenses
focus divergent rays toward a single point (focal point) by refracting them twice.

The objective of our projector is to project an image with its shape created from light passing
through a template. The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate the importance of the
principles and the behaviour of optics. This knowledge is necessary for us, as industrial design
engineers, to be able to analyse and apply this theoretical fundamentals to the development of
new products.

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Converging lenses

Converging lenses are those that diminish from the center outwards, the part in the center is the
thickest and the part at the ends the thinnest. The rays coming from infinity pass through the lens and
converge through focus F2. This is behind the lens, therefore the focal length will be positive.

Formulas needed

Equation that relates the lens’ focal distance Formula that defines the magnification of the
with the distance object-lens, lens-image. lens and the image nature.

Formula to calculate lens’ power.

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02 Materials

1) 1 60mm Magnifying glass

2) 1 cardboard tube D72 x 200
3) 1 cardboard tube D80 x 240
4) 1 sheet 120x350x25mm

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03 Finding the focal point

∞mm 210mm

Using a wall and sun light we can measure the focal

distance. This is because the sun is so far away we
can describe it as infinite for a lens of this size. When
the distance of the object is infinite, the focal point and
the point of the image is the the same. We measured
the distance of the lens to the wall and used that
number for our calculations.
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 Calculations

1. Discovering the lens’s focal distance

We use the formula:

Lens’s focal distance calculation

To describe the distance between

the object and the lens (do) we use
a large number tends to be infinite.
For the distance lens-image (di) we
will be using the dimension token in
the previous section.

The focal distance matches the one

found in the previous section.
2.1 Discovering the distance where the object should be placed in order to be seen at 3 meters
from the wall.

We keep using the same formula: Distance object-lens calculation

In this occasion, di is the distance

we want between the lens and the
image, 3 meters. f matches the
focal distance previously calculated.

2.2 Discovering the distance where the object should be placed in order to be seen at 2 meters
from the wall.

We keep using the same formula: Distance object-lens calculation

In this step we repeat the same

procedure applied in section 2.1.

Comparing the results of section 2.1 and 2.2, we can see that if the distance object-lens
increases, the space lens-image decreases.
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 Calculations

3.1 Defining the image projected

Lens magnification calculation
In this step we calculate the lens
magnification knowing that the object
is placed 225,806 mm fart from the
lens and the distance lens-image is
3 m. We use the following formula:
M < 0: The image is real and inverted

The image is created behind the lens

and invertedly projected. It is
approximately 13 times bigger.

3.2 Defining the image projected

Lens magnification calculation
We use the same formulas of 3.1
section considering that the object is
placed 234,637 mm fart from the lens
and the distance lens-image is
2 m.
M < 0: The image is real and inverted

The image is created behind the lens

and invertedly projected. It is
approximately 8 times bigger.

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04 Ideation phase

Referents and inspiration

Sketches

Image projector which is divided by two tubes, same length but different diameter. The lens will be
attached to one end of the large tube, while the image will be at one face of the small tube, the
one in between the end of one tube and the end of the other. The light is placed at the end of the
small tube, so it focuses the image. The image can be replaced by pulling out the second tube
and fitting it back with the other. For the ideation phase we’ve investigated on our referens for this
project and we’ve done some quick sketches of what our idea for the projector is, so that we can
carry on with the construction of the projector.

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Referents & inspiration

images’ links in the bibliography

Having the focal distance calculated and knowing the distance object-lens we need, we start
looking for some shapes and mechanisms that could work with our requirements.

Astronomy and telescope’s sliding mechanism have been the main inspiration for the
projector’s design.

We want to use a star as the shape to be projected as if you were looking at the outer space.

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Sketches

After developing the calculations that have determined the shape of our projector and research
on referents, we’ve made quick sketches of how will our projector look like. It will be composed by
two tubes, one will be have the shape we want to project and is able to move forward and
backwards to focus the image. This tube will go inside the bigger tube that will contain the lens.
The light source, which will be a flashlight, will be place in the smaller tube, so that it reflects the
light through the template, and then the lens, projecting the image on a surface.

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05 Construction

The image

We have chosen a slide projector with a laser-cut template of a star. One of the advantages of
this type of projector is the precision of the image it projects. Being a fixed image and with a
predetermined contour that allows the light source to pass, only that contour will be projected
since the solid part of the image will not let the light pass. On the other hand, being a reused
tubular projector, the image must be adjusted to perfection without letting light pass through
anywhere other than the contour.

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STEP 1
For the construction we use two recycled tubes of
different diameters to be able to create a fit
between them. We have painted each tube with a
matte black synthetic enamel. In order to make a fit
between the two tubes, we cut out the recycled
lace that was attached to the tube and introduced
the other one.

STEP 2
Once this lace is created and all the parts painted,
we glue the laser cut image on one side of the
small tube with a glue gun.

STEP 3
finally, we cut out a hole to fit the flashlight () on the
other side of the small tube to focus on the image.

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Results

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06 Testing

The aim of this section is to define the distance object-lens necessary

to project the star on a wall 2 and 3 meters far.

We use a measuring tape to place at the distance we want. Afterwards,

we turn on the flashlight and move the back side of the device until the
star’s projection is clear and well defined on the wall.

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Testing
dO CALCULATION FOR 3 METERS DISTANCE

Once the projector is well adjusted and the star projection is clear,
we measure the distance between the object and the lens.

In order to get do, we

measure the projector length.

We obtain do by subtracting
the projector’s length minus
the back tube’s length.

Notional distance object-lens Experimental distance object-lens

Initial focal distance Experimental focal distance

We can see that do is very similar to the one we

have previously calculated. We also compare the
focal distance which is also close to the first one.
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Testing
dO CALCULATION FOR 2 METERS DISTANCE

In this occasion, we place the projector 2 meters far from the wall
and we adjust it until the projection is clear and defined.

We repeat the previous

section methodology to get do.

Notional distance object-lens Experimental distance object-lens

Initial focal distance Focal distance validation

In this case, do is also very similar to the

one we have previously calculated. The
focal distance is only 0.03 mm bellow.

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07 Conclusions

This has been a relatively smooth project, we designed and made the project with very few
problems. The projector is a little clumsy and oversized but it works effectively and importantly,
clearly demonstrates the principles of convergent lenses. It’s certainly made the topic easier to
understand for us!

It was interesting to compare the theoretical values to the practical ones. Our calculations were
more accurate than expected and we were pleased with the result. We were surprised at how
close the 2 and 3 meter focus was in practice!

The major flaw of the design was definition of image. At 2 metres the star is clear and defined,
but at 3 the torch is not strong enough to project a clean image. A brighter light source or one
fitted more closely to the slide would have solved this.

We definitely feel we’ve achieved our objective to demonstrate the importance of the principles
and the behaviour of optics and we feel confident that we can apply this knowledge in industry.

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08 Bibliography

IMAGES
1. Sky:
Pinterest.com 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://www.pinterest.es/pin/825425437962191013 > [Accessed 10 November 2021].

2. telescope:
Pinterest.com 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://www.pinterest.es/pin/825425437962190981/> [Accessed 10 November 2021].

3. telescope sketch:
Pinterest.com 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://www.pinterest.es/pin/825425437962190957 /> [Accessed 10 November 2021].

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