Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

Univariate and Multivariate Calculus

C1 Review Test Tentative Marking Scheme

Program: B.Tech. 2nd Semester

Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes Full Marks: 35
Date: May 03, 2023 Time: 6:15 PM - 07:30 PM

Important Instructions:

1. Answer all questions. Writing on question paper is not allowed.

2. Attempt all the parts of questions 1 at the same place. Parts done separately will not be
graded.

3. Number the pages of your answer booklet. On the back of the front page of your answer
booklet, make a table (as shown below) to indicate the page number in which respective
questions have been answered. If you did not attempt a particular question, write down NA.

Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Page No.

4. Use of any electronic gadgets is not allowed.

1. Discuss the convergence/divergence of the following sequences, and find the limit. [12]
√ 1 √ 1 √ 1
(a) xn = ( 2 − 2 3 )( 2 − 2 5 ) · · · ( 2 − 2 2n+1 ).
1 √ 1
Solution.
√ We observe that for n ∈ N, 2 2n+1 > 1, which implies that 2 − 2 2n+1 <
2 − 1. [2]
√ n
Thus, 0 < xn < ( 2 − 1) . By Sandwich theorem, xn → 0. [1]
(b) xn = (n!)1/n .
n
Solution. Let r > 0 be given. Since rn! → 0, for ε = 1, there exists N ∈ N such that
r n
n!
< 1 whenever n ≥ N . [2]
n 1/n 1/n
That is, r < n! or (n!) > r for n ≥ N . Therefore, (n!) → ∞. [2]
4+3xn
(c) x1 = 1 and xn+1 = 3+2xn
.
Solution. Note that x2 > x1 . Since xn+1 − xn = (3+2xxnn −x n−1
)(3+2xn−1 )
, by induction (xn ) is
increasing. [2]
1+xn
Moreover, xn+1 = 1 + 3+2xn ≤ 2. Thus, (xn ) is bounded above, and hence convergent.
[2]
√
The limit is 2. [1]

2. Let f, g : [a, b] → R be two functions such that g(x) > 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], x ̸= c, limx→c f (x) >
0 and limx→c g(x) = 0. Prove that limx→c fg(x)(x)
= ∞. (Hint: Prove using ϵ − δ definition of
limits) [6]
 Solution. Let r > 0 and limx→c f (x) = A > 0. There exists δ1 , δ2 > 0, such that
0 < |x − c| < δ1 =⇒ |f (x) − A| < A/2 or f (x) > A/2, [2]
and
1
0 < |x − c| < δ2 =⇒ g(x) < A/2r or > 2r/A. [2]
g(x)
Let δ = min{δ1 , δ2 }. Then
f (x)
0 < |x − c| < δ =⇒ > r. [2]
g(x)
f (x)
Therefore, limx→c g(x)
= ∞.

3. Does there exist a continuous function from [0, 1] onto (0, 1). Justify your answer. [2]
Solution. No. If f is a continuous function from [0, 1] onto (0, 1), then f is bounded and
attains its bounds, i.e., there exists c ∈ [0, 1] such that f (c) = inf{f (x) : x ∈ [0, 1]} =
inf(0, 1) = 0. This is impossible. [2]
4. Suppose f : [0, ∞) → R is continuous and limx→∞ f (x) exists. Show that f is bounded. [5]
Solution. Suppose limx→∞ f (x) = ℓ. Then there exists r ∈ R such that |f (x) − ℓ| < 1 for
all x ≥ r. [2]
Then |f (x)| ≤ 1 + ℓ for all x ≥ r, i.e., f is bounded on {x : x ≥ r}. [1]
Since f is continuous, it is bounded on [0, r]. [2]
Therefore, f is bounded on [0, ∞].
5. Find the number of real solutions of the equation [4]
x17 − e−x + 5x − cos x = 0.
Solution. Since f (2) > 0 and f (−2) < 0, by IVP f has at least one solution. [2]
Since f ′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, Rolle’s theorem implies that f has exactly one solution. [2]
6. Let f : R → R be differentiable at x = 1, f (1) = 1 and k ∈ N. Show that
       
1 2 k k(k + 1) ′
lim n f 1 + +f 1+ + ··· + f 1 + −k = f (1). [4]
n→∞ n n n 2
 
1 2 k




Solution. limn→∞ n f 1 + n + f 1 + n + · · · + f 1 + n − k
 1
  2
  k

f (1+ n )−1 f (1+ n )−1 f (1+ n )−1
= limn→∞ 1 + 2 limn→∞ 2 + · · · + k limn→∞ k [2]
n n n
 1
  2
  k

f (1+ n )−f (1) f (1+ n )−f (1) f (1+ n )−f (1)
= limn→∞ 1 + 2 limn→∞ 1 + · · · + k limn→∞ 1
n n n

= (1 + 2 + · · · + k)f ′ (1) [2]

= k(k+1)
2
f ′ (1).
7. Let f : [a, b] → R be differentiable such that f ′ (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b]. Show that f is
constant. [2]
Solution. For any x, y ∈ [a, b], by MVT, we have f (y) − f (x) = f ′ (z)(y − x) for some z
between x and y. Since f ′ (z) = 0, we get f (x) = f (y) for all x, y ∈ [a, b]. This implies that
f is a constant function. [2]