Module 2

Engineering As a Profession And

The Code of Ethics of Electrical Engineers

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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 MODULE 2
Engineering as a Profession and
The Code of Ethics of Electrical Engineers

Learning Objectives

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

 Comprehend the meaning of engineering as a profession and

what it takes to become a successful engineer.
 Understand what is ethics and relate it to the practice of
electrical engineering.

Introduction
This module allows you to know about the important concepts of Engineering as a profession
and the Code of Ethics of Electrical Engineers.

Engineering is a profession in which scientific knowledge and mathematics is used and

experimented with to develop ways that benefit mankind, making it extremely important to
society for several reasons.
Engineering encompasses a whole range of industries that could include on-site, practical
construction works as well as evaluating safety systems from an office. They use the
knowledge they have within a specific industry in order to make things work and solve
problems, whether this be with transportation, medicine, entertainment, space, the
environment or others. In fact, engineering is almost behind everything. Mobile phones,
make-up, cars, computers, shoes and even cutlery… It is all down to the engineers.
The environment that engineers work in ranges from offices to studios and laboratories to the
outdoors and even underground. Engineering is very closely linked to technology, and the
rise of it, which is why it has played a huge part in technological advances including
computers, hospital machines, the internet and other fields.

Reference: https://get-trained.org/latest-news/why-engineering-so-important-society

Engineers don’t sit back and watch – they make things happen. Using innovation, creativity
and a wealth of knowledge, engineering graduates are impacting the world unlike any
other.

The world is changing, and engineers are the ones behind so much of this development. The
majority of today’s services and products had some element of engineering involved in their

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 conception at least, paving the way to long, fulfilling and healthy lives for the people
influenced by them.

Engineers must be critical yet creative; curious yet capable; as well as ready to handle the
constantly changing world.

The wide range of disciplines that fall under the engineering title mean that no matter what
the prospective student’s interest, there’s bound to be one facet of the sector they’ll find
enticing and engaging. Whether its civil, electrical, chemical or mechanical engineering, if
you like tinkering, creating, designing or building, the engineering sector has a place for you.
In an advanced technological world, we need engineers to bring ideas into reality. By
applying the principles of mathematics and science, engineers develop solutions to the
world’s biggest technical issues.

You could find yourself doing anything from building new bridges to developing electrical
sockets for refugee camps; working on special effects for blockbuster movies or testing
aircraft and aerospace products. With a myriad of positions open to engineers in almost
every field, graduates happily welcome the huge choice of careers they have the potential
to explore.

The engineering portfolio knows no bounds, but these people are all working to the same
common goal: building a sustainable world. Whatever you wish to contribute to society
through your engineering dedication, nothing compares to the knowledge that you’ve
achieved something that’s impacted people’s lives for the better.

Reference: https://www.studyinternational.com/news/importance-engineering-modern-world/

Why Ethics are so Important for Engineers

It is an engineer’s job to build things, make things better, and to come up with new solutions
to complicated problems. Engineers have created new forms of transportation, new ways
of generating energy, and built a communications network that spans the globe, allowing
for instantaneous retrieval of information.

Engineers are held to high standards with their work, certainly higher than most other careers.
But they should also be held to high ethical standards, to ensure all their work is not harming
people, or eroding public trust in our institutions.

Engineers are now an integral part of how the world functions on a minute-to-minute level.
They build the computers that hold data about our schools, hospitals, and governments.
They build the security that keeps that data safe from hackers. They build the systems that
guide our planes, that schedule our trains, that keep us safe from harm.
Engineering is an important undertaking, and because of the profound impact it has on
human society, it is one field that should be approached with ethics in mind.

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 How Do Ethics Relate to Engineering?

The study of ethics goes back to at least the ancient Greeks, but has arguably been a core
part of the human condition since language began. It revolves around morality – the
concept of evil and good. The study of ethics has mostly been concerned with how to live
a good life, the nature of evil, and whether good and evil can exist in a universe without
God.

Most of our own ethical codes or beliefs come from religion and the culture we were brought
up in. Ethics can vary wildly from place to place, and person to person. However, when
applied to engineering, ethics can be relatively straightforward.
Ethics can be applied to engineering in two broad ways: safety and honesty. The safety
aspect is paramount, as a single mistake could cause major damage or even physical harm.
On the other hand, honesty should be a prime consideration and given in any field including
engineering.

Why Engineers Should Learn About Ethics:

 Engineering Projects Can Have a Direct Impact On People’s Safety

Whether someone works in infrastructure, electrical, or digital engineering, their work impacts
the everyday lives of people.
All engineers know this, and should strive to do their best work, ensuring nothing but the
highest standards. An appreciation for ethics would reinforce this, as not only is doing good
work a matter of professionalism, in the context of engineering it is also a matter of morality.
Bad work brings bad results, which could ruin lives and do much damage.

 It Gives Them Ability to Push Back Against Bad Decisions

We are bombarded with news stories about how companies seem to flout ethical
considerations relating to privacy, propriety, or even safety. Ethics are often dropped in the
face of increased profits, and this decision always comes from those at the top, not the
engineers who actually work on the projects. Facebook, Google, Volkswagen, and other
companies have come under fire for acting unethically.
Since engineers will often be working for large companies (with big budgets) the questions
of ethics should be raised as early on in an engineer’s career as possible. It should form part
of the culture of engineering, and be celebrated as something to be proud of.
A grounding in ethics empowers engineers to bring concerns forward, and ensure that the
proper level of scrutiny is applied to unsafe or unethical practices.

Reference: https://blog.v-hr.com/blog/why-ethics-are-so-important-for-engineers

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 Watch Videos on:

1. Engineering as a Profession (Functions and Roles)

2. What can you do with an Electrical Engineering degree
3. Engineering Ethics 101: Professionalism
4. Electrical Engineer's Code of Ethics

Video References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax_f1nahgWk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5OSflBilXU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9A8-FjhArE&t=4s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi8nySsZ5wQ

A. Engineering as a Profession

Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature
to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for
Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of “scientific
principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing
processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the
same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behaviour under specific
operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and
safety to life and property.” The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined,
especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and
machine parts.

The words engine and ingenious are derived from the same Latin root, ingenerare, which
means “to create.” The early English verb engine meant “to contrive.” Thus, the engines of
war were devices such as catapults, floating bridges, and assault towers; their designer was
the “engine-er,” or military engineer. The counterpart of the military engineer was the civil

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 engineer, who applied essentially the same knowledge and skills to designing buildings,
streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and other projects.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for

professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge.
Standards of engineering practice are maintained through the efforts of professional
societies, usually organized on a national or regional basis, with all members acknowledging
a responsibility to the public over and above responsibilities to their employers or to other
members of their society.

The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. Scientists add to
the store of verified systematized knowledge of the physical world, and engineers bring this
knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics,
chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid
mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.

Unlike scientists, engineers are not free to select the problems that interest them. They must
solve problems as they arise, and their solutions must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually,
efficiency costs money, safety adds to complexity, and improved performance increases
weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that, taking many
factors into account, is most desirable. It may be the most reliable within a given weight limit,
the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost.
In many engineering problems the social costs are significant.

Engineers employ two types of natural resources—materials and energy. Materials are useful
because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their
ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important
sources of energy include fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, gas), wind, sunlight, falling water, and
nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, engineers must concern themselves with the
continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilization of existing ones.

History of Engineering

The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the Step Pyramid
at Ṣaqqārah, Egypt, probably about 2550 bce. Imhotep’s successors—Egyptian, Persian,
Greek, and Roman—carried civil engineering to remarkable heights on the basis of empirical
methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a smattering of physical science. The Pharos
(lighthouse) of Alexandria, Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem, the Colosseum in Rome, the
Persian and Roman road systems, the Pont du Gard aqueduct in France, and many other
large structures, some of which endure to this day, testify to their skill, imagination, and
daring. Of many treatises written by them, one in particular survives to provide a picture of
engineering education and practice in classical times: Vitruvius’s De architectura, published
in Rome in the 1st century bc, a 10-volume work covering building materials, construction
methods, hydraulics, measurement, and town planning.

In construction, medieval European engineers carried technique, in the form of the Gothic
arch and flying buttress, to a height unknown to the Romans. The sketchbook of the 13th-

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 century French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a wide knowledge of mathematics,
geometry, natural and physical science, and draftsmanship.

In Asia, engineering had a separate but very similar development, with more and more
sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy helping to create
advanced civilizations such as the Mongol empire, whose large, beautiful cities impressed
Marco Polo in the 13th century.

Civil engineering emerged as a separate discipline in the 18th century, when the first
professional societies and schools of engineering were founded. Civil engineers of the 19th
century built structures of all kinds, designed water-supply and sanitation systems, laid out
railroad and highway networks, and planned cities. England and Scotland were the
birthplace of mechanical engineering, as a derivation of the inventions of the Scottish
engineer James Watt and the textile machinists of the Industrial Revolution. The
development of the British machine-tool industry gavetremendous impetus to the study of
mechanical engineering both in Britain and abroad.

The growth of knowledge of electricity—from Alessandro Volta’s original electric cell of 1800
through the experiments of Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme
dynamo and electric motor (named after the Belgian Z.T. Gramme)—led to the
development of electrical and electronics engineering. The electronics aspect became
prominent through the work of such scientists as James Clerk Maxwell of Britain and Heinrich
Hertz of Germany in the late 19th century. Major advances came with the development of
the vacuum tube by Lee De Forest of the United States in the early 20th century and the
invention of the transistor in the mid-20th century. In the late 20th century electrical and
electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.

Chemical engineering grew out of the 19th-century proliferation of industrial processes

involving chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textiles, and many other areas. By 1880 the
use of chemicals in manufacturing had created an industry whose function was the mass
production of chemicals. The design and operation of the plants of this industry became a
function of the chemical engineer.

Engineering functions

Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or
qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or
common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting
ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.

Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same general approach
is applicable. First comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of
attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can
be clearly stated. The stated question is then answered by deductive reasoning from known
principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always
checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problem are
interpreted in terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form.

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 In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches
are the following:

 Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques,

and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles and processes

 Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful

purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a
new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.

 Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies

materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet
performance specifications.

 Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site,

determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality,
directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.

 Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the
production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of
materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.

 Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations

providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and
supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex
equipment.

 Management and other functions. In some countries and industries, engineers

analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically,
and resolve related problems.

Written by: Ralph J. Smith

Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California.
Author of Engineering as a Career

Reference: https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering

B. Development of Engineering

Human beings have been adapting their environment to better suit their needs and wants
since before recorded history. There have always been people who designed and built tools
or other devices to solve problems or improve lives.

As civilizations developed, people began reshaping their environment with farms, villages,
ships, roads, and eventually great cities. With each advance came new challenges that
required more complex and creative solutions. One early example of an activity that we
now call engineering was the construction and improvement of the aqueduct system that

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 transported water in and around Rome starting in the fourth century BC. A project of that
scope today would be largely the responsibility of engineers.

The profession we know as engineering today emerged during the 1500’s when specialists
began using mathematics to design military fortifications. These special military architects
would generally let craftsmen do the actual construction, thus becoming the first true
engineers in the modern sense of the word.

Nineteenth Century

Starting in the mid-nineteenth century, new processing methods - most notably for steel and
petroleum - reshaped transportation, construction, and manufacturing. Scientist, inventors
and entrepreneurs flourished and “game-changing” technologies appeared in several
different industries.

Advances were made in all areas, including technologies that transformed everyday
activities. For example, in:

 1851, Isaac Singer patents a continuous stitch sewing machine

 1868, Christopher Sholes patents the first practical typewriter
 1873, Andrew Hallidie invents cable cars for use in San Francisco
 1874, Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire
 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
 1884, Lewis E Waterman patents a practical fountain pen

It was during the late 1800’s when inventors began identifying with the engineering process
and the engineering profession began to divide into special disciplines, such as civil,
mechanical, and electrical engineering.

Up until the Civil War, United States engineers were trained at military academies or through
industry apprenticeship programs. Since the 1860’s more emphasis has been place on formal
training that includes significant courses in mathematics and science. For example, the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened in 1865 with 15 students.

Figure 1. Engineering Inventions of the Past

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 Twentieth Century

In the 20th century, engineering quite literally electrified the nation. It took us into the sky and
out into space. It gave us cars and highways on which to drive them. It made our waters
cleaner and safer and revolutionized the way we produce food.

Engineering made our homes more comfortable and efficient with appliances that saved
both time and money. In connected us through telephone, radio, and television and gave
us new ways to see ourselves – and the world – with a variety of imaging technologies.
All of that was before the computer and the Internet.

Figure 2. Engineering Inventions of the Modern Times

Looking Forward

Engineers are helping feed and support an increasingly urban world population that could
reach 10 billion by the year 2050. They are working to ensure that all people have access to
clean, fresh water and adequate shelter.

Engineers today are developing safe, efficient, and renewable forms of energy. They are
helping to improve our health with more effective drugs and medical treatments. They are
working to design new and more powerful ways of creating, storing, and using information.
Engineers are now and will continue to be critical to advancing technologies that will allow
individuals to work, learn, and play in new and interesting ways.

Grand challenges for Engineering

The National Academy of Engineering has announced a list of 14 “grand challenges” for
engineering in this century:
 Making solar power economical;
 Providing energy from fusion;
 Developing carbon-sequestration methods;
 Managing the nitrogen cycle;

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  Providing access to clean water;
 Restoring and improving urban infrastructure;
 Advancing health informatics;
 Engineering better medicines;
 Reverse-engineering the brain;
 Preventing nuclear terror;
 Securing cyberspace;
 Enhancing virtual reality;
 Advancing personalized learning; and
 Engineering the tools of scientific discovery.

Reference: https://www.linkengineering.org/Explore/what-is-engineering/engineering-brief-history.aspx

C. The Code of Ethics of Electrical Engineers in the Philippines

Code of Ethics
Board of Electrical Engineering

Pursuant to Section 9 of Republic Act No. 184, known as the Electrical Engineering Law, and
Section 6 of P.D. 223, the Board hereby adopts the CODE OF ETHICS for Electrical Engineers.

FOREWORD

Ethics is a set of moral principles or values to govern the conduct of an individual belonging
to a group or profession on the basis of honesty, fairness, and justice. An Electrical Engineer
should observe a System of moral principles and values, not in passive recognition, but as a
set of dynamic standards to guide his conduct and way of life. It is his duty to practice his
profession according to this Code of Ethics. The keystone of professional conduct is integrity.

Article I
PROFESSIONAL LIFE

Section 1. An Electrical Engineer should discharge his duties with absolute fidelity to his clients
and employers, and to act at all times, with fairness and impartiality to all, having due regard
to public interest and welfare.

Section 2. An Electrical Engineer should uphold the honor and dignity of his profession and,
therefore, should avoid association with any person or enterprises of known questionable
character.

Section 3. An Electrical Engineer should strive to upgrade his skill and knowledge in electrical
engineering in order to give the best possible service to the public which could be attained
by interchanging information and experiences with other engineers, and by unselfishly
contributing to the mission of engineering societies, institutes, schools and engineering and
scientific media, and other public institutions.

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 Section 4. An Electrical Engineer should only advertise his work or merit in a simple manner
and avoid any practice that will discredit or do injury to the dignity and honor of his
profession.

Section 5. An Electrical Engineer should endeavor to extend public knowledge of

engineering and shall discourage spreading the untrue, unfair, and exaggerated statements
regarding engineering.
Section 6. An Electrical Engineer, should have due regard at all times for the safety of the life
and health of his employees, other workers, as well as of the general public and for the
protection of property that may be affected by the work this responsibility.

Section 7. An Electrical Engineer should express an opinion on engineering subject, whether

publicly or privately, only when such opinion is called for, his opinion must be founded on
adequate knowledge and information of the relevant issues and facts based upon his
honest convictions.

Section 8. An Electrical Engineer should not issue statements, criticisms, opinions, arguments
or other views on matters except where public interest is affected.

Article II

RELATION WITH CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

Section 1. An Electrical Engineer should be fair, impartial and reasonable in rendering

professional service to his clients, employers and contractors regarding contracts or other
agreements.

Section 2. An Electrical Engineer should, before undertaking any engagement or entering

into any contracts which calls for his professional service that will require or need the use of
apparatus, other equipment or things in which he has financial interest, have such situation
clarified in the contract or agreement to avoid conflict of interests.

Section 3. An Electrical Engineer should be vigilant in guarding against conditions that may
be dangerous or threatening to life, health, or property on work for which he is responsible,
or otherwise bring such conditions to the attention of those responsible.

Section 4. An Electrical Engineer should present clearly the known possible consequences or
limitations of the work for which he will be responsible.

Section 5. An Electrical Engineer should honestly advise his clients or employer to engage
the services of other experts and specialists, and should cooperate with them in the interests
of his client or employer.

Section 6. An Electrical Engineer should not accept compensation from more than one
interested party for the same professional service pertaining to the same work, without the
consent of all affected parties.

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 Section 7. An Electrical Engineer should not divulge confidential matters or information which
has come to his knowledge concerning affairs of his client or employers, without their
consent.

Section 8. An Electrical Engineer should not be financially interested in the bids of a

contractor on competitive work for which he has been or expects to be employed as an
engineer, unless he has the consent of his client of employer.

Section 9. An Electrical Engineer should promptly disclose to his client or employer and
interest which he may have in a business that may conflict with or affect his decision
regarding engineering work for which he is employed or which he may be called upon to
perform.

Article III
RELATIONS WITH FELLOW ENGINEERS

Section 1. An Electrical Engineer should endeavor at all times to protect the engineering
profession collectively and individually against misrepresentation, distortion,
misunderstanding or unfair criticism.

Section 2. An Electrical Engineer should give credit for the engineering work to the person
whom the credit is legally due.

Section 3. An Electrical Engineer should live up to the standards of professional practice for
electrical engineering.

Section 4. An Electrical Engineer should not directly or indirectly injure the professional
reputation, prospects, or practice of his fellow engineers. Whenever he finds an Engineer
violating the rules of unethical or unprofessional practices, he should not hesitate to bring
the matter to the proper forum for disciplinary or for other appropriate action.

Section 5. An Electrical Engineer should not compete with another Engineer on the basis of
compensation for particular work by means of underbidding, after the results of a public
bidding are announced.

Article IV
PENAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. Violation of any provision of this Code shall constitute unethical, unprofessional
and dishonorable conduct and the violator shall be subjected to disciplinary action by the
Board of Electrical Engineering.

EFFECTIVITY
This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Commission and after fifteen (15) days
following its publication in the Official Gazette.

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 Adopted in the City of Manila, this 9th of May, 1988.

Reference:

https://www.prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Board%20of%20Electrical%20Engineering%20-
%20Code%20of%20Ethics_0.pdf

Discussion and summary of the different topics and the important aspects
presented in the videos.

Do Module 2 Formative Assessment

1. Summarize and recite the different parts of the NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers
2. Compare the The Code of Ethics of Electrical Engineers in the Philippines
vs. the internationally recognized NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers, what are the similar
things which were embodied in both?

Please download or see the NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers in the site below.
It will be uploaded in the google classroom.

Reference:
https://www.nspe.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/Ethics/CodeofEthics/NSPECodeofEthicsforEngineers.pdf

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 Do Module 2 Evaluative Assessment

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