ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Material Science
- Involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.
Materials Engineering
- On the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
- Create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.
Structure
- The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
Property
- A material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.

Categories of Properties:

a. Mechanical - relate deformation to an applied load or force

b. Electrical - the stimulus is an electric field
c. Thermal - represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity
d. Magnetic - the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field
e. Optical - the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation
f. Deteriorative - relate to the chemical reactivity of materials

Why study materials science and engineering?

1. Select the right material from the many thousands that are available. (ex. Strength and ductility)
2. Deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation (ex. Temperature or corrosive environment)
3. Economics (ex. Expense incurred during fabrication to produce desired shape)

Classification of materials

1. METALS
- Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium,
gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively
small amounts.
- The term metal alloy is used in reference to a metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.

Characteristics :
 Stiff and Strong
 Ductile
 Resistant to Fracture
 extremely good conductors of electricity and heat
 not transparent to visible light
 a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance

2. CERAMICS
- compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
- traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass

Characteristics :
 Stiff and Strong
 Very hard
 extremely brittle (lack ductility)
  highly susceptible to fracture
 typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity
 more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers
 optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque

3. POLYMERS

- Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements
- they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms

Characteristics:
 not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types
 extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes.
 relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments.
 tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures
 low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.

4. COMPOSITES
- Composed of two (or more) individual materials, which came from metals, ceramics, and polymers.
- The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single
material and to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials.
- Ex. Fiberglass , carbon fiber-reinforce polymer (used in aircraft and high-tech sporting equipment)

5. ADVANCE MATERIALS
- Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications
- Semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and
nanoengineered materials).
- Used for lasers, IC, LCD and fiber optics.

Classification Of Advance Materials

a. Semiconductors – have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and
insulators.
b. Biomaterials – are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement if
diseased or damaged body parts.
c. Materials of the future
i. Smart materials
• Able to sense changes in their environments and respond to these changes in predetermined
manners –traits that are also found in living organisms.
• Components : sensor (detects and input signal) and actuator ( performs a responsive and
adaptive function).
• Sensor materials include optical fibers, piezoelectric materials, and microelectromechanical
devices.
• Actuator materials include shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetorestrictive
materials and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.

ii. Nanoengineered materials

• Nanotechnology is the study of properties of materials whose dimensions are on the order of a
nanometer (10^-9 m) – as a rule, less than 100 nanometers.
 Modern material needs
(1) Discovery of additional reserves
(2) Development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact
(3) Increased recycling efforts and development of new recycling technologies.

Equipment used in the study of materials

1. Optical Microscope 3. Transmission Electron Microscope
2. Scanning Electron Microscope 4. Scanning Probe Microscope

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

1. Strength
- The ability of a material to stand up to forces being applied without it bending, breaking, shattering or deforming
in any way.
2. Elasticity
- The ability of a material to absorb force and flex in different directions, returning to its original position.
3. Plasticity
- The ability of a material to be change in shape permanently.
4. Ductility
- The ability of a material to change shape (deform) usually by stretching along its length.
5. Tensile Strength
- The ability of a material to stretch without breaking or snapping.
6. Malleability
- The ability of a material to be reshaped in all directions without cracking.
7. Toughness
- A characteristic of a material that does not break or shatter when receiving a blow or under a sudden shock.
8. Hardness
- The ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and tear and indentation.
9. Conductivity
- The ability of a material to conduct electricity.
10. Young’s Modulus and Specific Stiffness
- Young's modulus measures the resistance of a material to elastic (recoverable) deformation under load.
11. Elongation
- Elongation to failure is a measure of the ductility of a materials, in other words it is the amount of strain it can
experience before failure in tensile testing.
12. Density
- Density is a measure of how heavy an object is for a given size, i.e. the mass of material per unit volume.
13. Maximum Service Temperature
- The strength of a material tends to fall quickly when a certain temperature is reached.
14. Cost
- Materials are usually sold by weight or by size. Material costs are therefore given as cost per unit weight or cost
per unit volume.
15. Energy Content
- Energy is used to mine, refine and process materials - this is called the "energy content" of the material. Energy
content is closely related to recycling.
16. Recycle Fraction
- The fraction recycled is a measure of the proportion of a material in use in products which can economically be
recycled.
17. Resistivity
- Resistivity is a measure of the resistance to electrical conduction for a given size of material.