Morphology Manual Student's Book 2016

General Classification of the Parts of Speech
Accidence or Morphology studies parts of speech in the English language. All the
words of English language fall to different classes called parts of speech according to
their meaning, morphological classes and syntactical functions. We distinguish
notional and structural parts of speech. Notional parts of speech have their
independent functions in the sentence. They are the following:
1. The noun
2. The adjective
3. The pronoun
4. The numeral
5. The verb
6. The adverb
7. The modal words
8. The interjection
9. The words of the category of state
Structural parts of speech may express relation between words or sentences or

emphasize their meaning. They do not perform independent function in the sentence.
They are:
1. The preposition
2. The conjunction
3. The particle
4. The article
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2
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The Noun
The noun is the part of speech that expresses the substance. The noun has the
following characteristics:
nouns have two numbers: singular and plural (girl - girls).
nouns have two case forms: the common and genitive possessive case (worker -
worker's)
According to their composition we distinguish simple, derivative and
compound nouns.
1. Simple nouns do not have prefixes or suffixes: book, chair, table
2. Derivative nouns can have either prefix or suffix or both of them: reader,
childhood.
Most common suffixes are:
- er: driver, gardener, reader, teacher, worker, etc.

- ist: economist, chemist, dramatist, psychologist, etc.
- ess: actress, heiress, hostess, etc.
- ness: blackness, carelessness, happiness, etc.
- ism: nationalism, pluralism, communism, socialism, etc.
- hood: brotherhood, childhood, manhood, etc.
- dom: boredom, freedom, wisdom, etc.
- ship: citizenship, friendship, relationship, etc.
- ment: argument, assessment, experiment, development, etc.
- ance: ignorance, importance, tolerance, etc.
- ence: dependence, independence, patience, persistence, etc.
- ty: cruelty, generosity, etc.
- sion: illusion, conclusion, discussion, etc.
- tion: consideration, evolution, moderation, translation, etc.
3. Compound nouns are the nouns that consist of two or three words and express
one notion: bedroom, newspaper, living-room, mother-in-law.
Classification of nouns.
Nouns fall under two classes: proper nouns and common nouns.
Proper nouns are names of people, things, places, months, days of the week etc.
and are written with capital letter: Bishkek, London, John, Asel, the Volga.
Common nouns name general items: computer, family, dog, development.
There are different groups of common nouns:
Collective nouns - words that are used for a group of people or thing: family,
team, people, police.
Nouns of material denote material: water, gold, metal, silver, paper, tea.
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Abstract nouns express something that you can't hear, taste, smell, touch or see:
kindness, sadness, idea, beauty, trust, curiosity.
Also nouns can be divided into countable - nouns that can be counted and
uncountable - nouns that cannot be counted.
The category of number.

English countable nouns have two numbers: singular and plural. There are
several types of plural forms of the nouns:
▪ We add - s ending to the singular nouns: book - books, map - maps.
▪ If the noun ends in - s, - ss, - x, - sh, - ch, - tch we add - es ending : bus - buses
brush - brushes
glass - glasses church - churches
box - boxes match - matches
▪ If the noun ends in consonant + y, y is changed to i before - es: consonant+y =
ies: city - cities, fly - flies, factory- factories. (NB: of the noun ends in vowel + y,
we add only - s: day - days, boy - boys, toy - toys.)
▪ If the noun ends in - o, we add - es: hero - heroes, potato - potatoes, cargo -
cargoes.
But: photo - photos, piano - pianos, solo - solos.
▪ If the noun ends in - f, it changes to - v and takes - es: wife - wives, leaf - leaves,
wolf - wolves, knife - knives, life - lives, thief - thieves, shelf - shelves, calf -
calves.
But: chief - chiefs, roof - roofs, safe - safes.
▪ Some nouns change their roots and take different ending: man - men, woman -
women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, mouse - mice, louse - lice, child
- children, ox - oxen.
▪ Some nouns have the same form both in singular and in plural: deer, sheep, fish,
swine, trout.
▪ Some words borrowed from Greek or Latin keep their forms: phenomenon -
phenomena, datum - data, cactus - cacti, crisis - crises.
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▪ The following nouns have only plural forms: trousers, spectacles, breeches,
scissors, fetters.
▪ The word news is always in singular form.
Exercises
1. Write plural forms of the following words:

a book- an apple-
a bank- an orange-
a belt- an eye-
a chair- an egg-
a coat- an ear-
a hat- an island-
a bag- an hour-
2. Read the following nouns and classify them into two groups: Countable and
Uncountable Nouns.
Hat, dress, pen, advice, friend, rice, hand, river, water, coat, gold, air, hair, bag,
town, country, ice, meat, chair, butter, salt, oil, coal, country, money.
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
1. _________________________ _________________________
2. _________________________ _________________________
3. _________________________ _________________________
4. _________________________ _________________________
5. _________________________ _________________________
6. _________________________ _________________________
7. _________________________ _________________________
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8. _________________________ _________________________
9. _________________________ _________________________
10._________________________ _________________________
3. Make up sentences using the given nouns in singular form and plural forms,
according to the sample.
(an aunt, an uncle, a lake, a town, a city, a child, a flower, a house, a
university, a book)
1. I have a friend. I have many friends.

2. My friend has a brother and a My friend has brothers and two sisters.
sister.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4. Read the text and underline the nouns.
A very outgoing person
Aizada is a very outgoing person. She spends a lot of time with her friends. She
goes to parties and movies. Also she goes to the concerts. Sometimes she goes to
night clubs. Aizada is a very energetic person.
Aizada also likes sports very much. She plays basketball and tennis. And she
goes in for swimming twice a week. She is very athletic.
Aizada doesn’t stay home very often. She doesn’t watch TV and she doesn’t
play computer games. And she doesn’t listen to music. She is very active.
As you can see, Aizada is a very outgoing person.
5. Writing and discussion
Using the story about Aizada as a model, tell a story about Kuban.
A very shy person
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Kuban is a very shy person. He doesn’t spend a lot of time with his friends. He
doesn’t go to parties. He doesn’t go ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. Reading and speaking
Read Aesop’s fable. Aesop was a man from Greece who lived hundreds of
years ago, but his stories have lived on and traveled all over the world.
There is always a lesson to learn from his fables.
1. The Dog and the Meat

A hungry dog finds some fresh meat on the side of the road. So (subject) quickly
picks up the meat in her mouth and looks for a place to eat. She walks across a
low bridge and looks over the side. Below she sees another dog with a mouthful
of meat. She wants that meat, too! She opens her mouth to grab the meat, but the
meat falls out of her mouth into the water. She is very surprised and walks away
with no meat at all!
Comprehension questions
1. Who What does the dog find?

2. What does she see in the water?
3. Why does she open her mouth?
4. What happens to the meat?
5. What can people learn from this story?
2. The Boy Who Cried Wolf

A boy named Daniel lives in a small village. He goes to the nearby hills every day
with his sheep. He stays with them all day and brings them home at night. He is
alone all day with the sheep, so sometimes he feels bored.
One day Daniel is very bored. He climbs to the top of the hill and cries down to the
village, “Help, help!” A wolf is attacking the sheep. Help me!”
One day Daniel is very bored. He climbs to the top of the hill and cries down to the
village, “Help, help! A wolf is attacking the sheep! Help me!”
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The men in the village hear the cries. They run up the hill to help Daniel. They find
him, but there is no wolf. “The wolf ran away,” Daniel tells them. The men return
to the village.
Several days later, Daniel feels a little lonely. He climbs to the top of the hill again.
He cries, “Help, help! A wolf is attacking the sheep!”
Again the men run up the hill to help. Daniel tries hard not to smile. He tells them
again, “The wolf ran away.” The men return to the village.
A week later, Daniel sits with the sheep. He sees an animal running toward him. It
is a wolf! The boy runs to the top of the hill and cries “Help, help! A wolf is
attacking the sheep! Please help me!”
The men from the village listen for a minute, but then they go back to work. The
wolf kills two sheep, but Daniel can only watch. He is ashamed to return to the
village that evening.
1. Where does Daniel go every day?

2. Why does he feel bored?
3. What does he cry to the men?
4. How many times do the men try to help him?
5. Why do the men not come the last time he cries to them?
6. Sometimes you will hear that someone “cried wolf”. What does it mean?
7. Reading and writing
Read the text, find nouns from it and classify them into: Simple, Derivative,
and Compound Nouns
The First TV Soap Opera
The first TV soap opera appeared on American TV just after World War II. Its
name was Faraway Hill and it began on October 2, 1946. A famous Broadway
actress, Flora Campbell, played Karen St. John, a rich New York woman who
went to live with her relatives to the village after her husband died. Soon she met
a handsome young farmer, and of course the two immediately fell in love.
Unfortunately, the farmer was already engaged to Karen’s cousin, who knew
nothing about the relationship. When she found out, things got very difficult for
Karen. The producers of Faraway Hill had very little money. Each program cost
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only $ 300, so they made them as quickly as possible, because there was no time
for the actors to learn their words each week, assistants wrote the actor’s words
on the blackboards. Because of this, they often looked into the distance with a
strange, romantic expression on their faces… as they read their words from the
boards on the other side of the studio.
Simple Nouns Derivative Nouns Compound Nouns

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
The Article
The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns. There are two articles in
Modern English: Indefinite article and Definite article.
Indefinite article has the form a, and an. “An” meant (one) in the Old English and as a
result of its origin it is used only with nouns in singular.
The definite article has developed from the Old English demonstrative pronoun “se”
and meant this and it has preserved its demonstrative meaning “this" in Modern
English.
Use of articles
Indefinite article is used with such constructions as:
1. I have a friend.
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2. This is a gift.
3. There is a car in the yard.
4. I see a rose.
5. I am a doctor.
6. I have a cup of tea for breakfast.
7. A year passed.
The use of definite article

The definite article “the” can be used in the following cases:
1. When a speaker mentioned a particular object.

How did you like the film? (Как вам этот фильм)?
I got the message. (Я получила это сообщение).
I have got the book. (У меня есть эта книга).
2. When a noun denotes a unique thing (the sun, the earth, the moon, the
universe)
The sun shines brightly in summer.
The Earth is our home.
3. With adjectives in the superlative degree.

Bermet is the best student in our Faculty.
Chicago is one of the biggest cities of the USA.
Aijamal and Altynbek are the smartest students in our University.
4. With ordinal numerals

th
The 9 of May is a Victory Day.
The 1 st of September is a beginning of the school year.
Rosa Otunbaeva is the first woman-president in the history of the Central Asia.
5. Names of the whole family

The Nazarovs celebrated the 90 th anniversary of Granny on March 5 .
The Makarov’s had their house renewed last summer.
The Shopokov’s are well-known in Kyrgyzstan.
6. the only, the last.

Ulukbek is the only son in the family.
May 25 is the last school day of the academic year for schoolchildren.
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The meeting went well for both of business partners.
7. With the names of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers.

When Ann visited the USA, she swam in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Black Sea is the best place for a holiday.
The Volga is the longest river in Russia.
The Issyk-Kul Lake has attracted more and more tourists.
8. With the names of mountain chains.

Every year hundreds of sportsmen conquer the Alps and the Urals.
If you visit Osh, you should visit the Sulaiman hill.
9. With the names of groups of islands.

Kenje’s dream is to visit the Bermudas, and the Solomon islands.
Nur studies at the Cambridge University and has been in all the parts of the United
Kingdom.
10. The names of the following countries, towns and provinces.

The USA is a country where everyone can realize his/her dreams.
Max is from the Netherlands. The Crimea used to be the health resort.
The Caucasus is a place where well-known people created their masterpieces.
11. Names of newspapers, and magazines.

I read the “Vecherny Bishkek” every week.
Kate read the news from the “Morning Star”.
12. The places of interests

The “Ala-Too” Square is a historical place in Kyrgyzstan.
The Kyrgyz Opera Ballet Theatre and the National Library are close to each other.
What is on at the Ala-Too? “The Twilight” is on.
13. The names of films and books

The “Titanic” is Jane’s favorite film and she has seen it many times.
The “Twilight”, and the “Harry Potter” are favorite films of the youth nowadays.
Have you read the “Gone with Wind”? No, I have seen it.
14. With the names of cardinal points
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The East, the West, the South, the North.
15. The names of working places

Mirgul’s sister Baljan works at the bank.
My sister Gulumkan is a cardiologist. She works at the Center of Cardiology.
Tom’s daughter is a shop-assistant. She works at the shoe Department of the
Supermarket.
16. With such combinations as the same, the very, the wrong
Walt Disney and Ernest Hemingway were born in Chicago. Hillary Clinton was born
in the same city too.
17. With such combinations as in the middle, in the corner, to the right, to the
left
In the middle of the story Tom loses his daughter and wife.
In the corner of the park there is a big swimming-pool.
We see red roses to the right and left sides of the yard.
18. Musical instruments

Jyldyz plays the komuz and Chyngyz plays the guitar.
Do you play the guitar? Yes, I do.
My brother plays the flute.
19. The names of holidays in the calendar
The New Year is our favorite holiday. We celebrate the Day of Independence on
August 31 in Kyrgyzstan.
Indefinite article is not used in the following cases:
1. Nouns in plural are not used with a, or an because a and an shows that a
thing or a person is in Singular.
● I have a brothers. (incorrect)
● I have brothers. (correct)
2. Uncountable nouns are not used with a, an

● I like a milk, my sister likes a coffee. (incorrect)
● I like milk, my sister likes coffee. (correct)
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1. When abstract nouns are used in general sense
● Do you believe in love? What is your phobia?
2. Names of people, cities, towns, nationalities

● We are from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
● My friend Michael lives in London.
● Timothy is from America. He is American.
● Aidar and Nur are my nephews.
3. Geographical names
● I have many friends. They are from England, Russia, America, Australia and
Canada.
● Dmitry was in many countries of the world: in Germany, Poland, Russia, India,
Japan and China.
4. Names of seasons, months, weeks

● I was born in April and I like Spring. It is not cold in Bishkek.
● On Monday, Wednesday and Saturday I go skating.
● When do you go to the American Corner? On Tuesdays.
5. Sport games
● I play chess. My friend plays football.
6. At school, at home, at work

● When we are at home, we play chess in the evenings.
● When we are at school, we play football.
7. Nationalities 9SECOND TIME0

● I am Kyrgyz. My friend John is American.
● My neighbors are Italian and Chinese.
Exercises
1. Use the articles a, an ,the, or zero-article in the blanks.
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1. I have ……… mother, ……….. sisiter and three brothers. 2. This is ……….
lemon, and that is ……….. orange. 3. Jarkynai is ………..best student in her
group. 4. ……..Spring is ……….. nice season. 5. My sister Nazgul lives in
………….USA. 5. –Where are children going? – To ……..school. 6. Children
like to go to ………..Zoo on ……….Sundays. 7. Cholponbek Bazarbaev was
one of …………. best Kyrgyz ballet dancers of ………… 20th century. 9.
……….epic “Manas” is …………biggest epics in the world. 10. - What do you
want …….tea or …….. coffee? – I want …….. ice-tea. 11. -What sport do you
play? …… basketball. 12. Kyrgyzstan is rich in ………gold, ……..coal and
……..water.
2. Answer the following questions using nouns where necessary :
A: What is your name? B: My name is ___________________ .

A: Where are you from? B: I am from _____________________.
A: How old are you? B: I am _________________________ .
A: Do you have a family? B: Yes, I have a __________________ .
A: What does your father do? B: He is a _______________________ .
A: What does your mother do? B: She is a ______________________ .
A: What does your sister do? B: She is a ______________________ .
A: What does your brother do? B: He is a _______________________ .
A: Are you a student or a worker? B: I am a _______________________ .
A: Do you like sport? B: Yes, I _______________________ .
A: What sport do you like? B: I like ________________________ .
A: Do you speak English or Chinese? B: I speak _______________________.
A: You are the best student, aren’t you? B: _____________________________.
3. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions. (Exercises for
Individual Work)
1. in a hurry – второпях Things done in a hurry are done badly.
2. to have a mind to do something – иметь желание что-либо сделать
I have a mind to see my favorite film star.
3. to fly into a passion – прийти в бешенство If you contradict him, he will
fly into passion.
4. to get in a fury – прийти в ярость If you contradict him, he will
get in a fury.
5. to take a fancy to – проникнуться симпатией, почувствовать
расположение
Samat took a fancy to the kids of the orphan house.
6. in a loud voice (low)- громко, тихо
Don’t speak in a low voice when you express your point of view.
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7. a great many (with countable nouns) –много
A great many tourists visit Kyrgyzstan every year.
8. a great deal (with uncountable nouns)- много
Tokon has a great deal of work to do this month.
9. it is a pity – жаль It is a pity that you have missed so many lessons.
10.it is a shame – стыдно It is a shame not to make efforts now.
11.it is a pleasure – приятно It is a pleasure to listen to nice music.
12.as a result – в результате Aziz worked hard. As a result he passed all his
exams well.
13.to have a good time – хорошо провести время
We were at the rock festival and had a good time yesterday.
14.to be at a loss -быть в недоумении
Ann was at a loss by Nurilya’s unpardonable behavior, when she took her
shoes without permission.
15.at a glance – сразу, с первого взгляда
Tolon saw at a glance that something terrible had happened in his family.
4. The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions. (For Individual
Work)
1. it is out of the question – об этом не может быть и речи
Will you go to the party tonight? – It is out of the question. I have a lot of
things to do.
2. to take the trouble to do something – потрудиться
Some students even do not take the trouble to do their home assignments.
3. in the original – в оригинале
Students in the third course can read English authors books in the original.
4. to play the comuz (the violin, the guitar)- играть на комузе (на скрипке, на
рояле)
Anara plays the comuz. Islam plays the fluit.
5. to keep the house – сидеть дома
When you have a cold you should keep the house for a couple of days.
6. to keep the bed – соблюдать постельный режим
When you have flu you should keep the bed.
7. on the whole - в целом
On the whole you did your job perfectly, said Mother to her son.
8. the other day (refers to the past)- на днях Aigul met her friend Max the other
day.
9. on the one hand…on the other hand – с одной стороны, с другой стороны
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On the one hand you are right helping your sister, on the other hand she
should try to solve her problems herself. She is an adult already.
10. to tell the truth – по правде говоря To tell the truth I don’t like the
idea.
11.to be on the safe side – для верности
To be on the safe side we should always use the dictionary when we learn the
new words.
5. Nouns in set expressions used without an article. (For Individual Work)
1. out of doors - во дворе, на улице, вне дома
Children spend most of their time out of doors.
2. to take to heart – близко принимать к сердцу
Don’t take things much to heart.
3. to take offence – обижаться Don’t take offence when someone criticizes
you.
4. to give permission – давать разрешение
Sometimes my brother gives me permission to play on his computer.
5. to get permission – получать разрешение
If you want to use books you should get permission from the librarian.
6. to ask permission – просить разрешение
Before using things of your family members ask permission from them.
7. to lose heart – приходить в уныние
Jack London had hard times but he never lost his heart.
8. at present – в настоящее время
At present my brother Talant lives and works in London.
9. from morning to night – с утра до вечера
My granny works in her garden from morning till night.
10.from head to foot – с головы до ног
The director looked at the newcomer from head to foot.
11.from beginning till end – с начала до конца
Before the Module tests Bermet repeats all the vocabulary and grammar from
beginning till end.
12.at first- с начала At first she learns expressions.
13.at first sight – с первого взгляда Tom fell in love Ann at first sight. Later
he married her.
14.by chance – случайно I met my friend by chance.
15.by mistake – по ошибке Nuripa took the book by mistake.
16.for hours –часами Friends could play chess for hours.
17.for ages –целую вечность I have not seen my friends for ages.
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18.by land – сушей People in Kyrgyzstan usually travel by
land.
19.by air –самолетом Many European tourists travel by air.
20. by sea – морем Many Americans and Englishmen travel
by sea.
21.on foot – пешком Live near, and go to the University on
foot.
22.to go to sea – стать моряком Jack went to sea when he was 18.
23.on deck – на полубе When we travelled by sea, we spent most of the time
on deck.
24.to keep house – вести хозяйство Jane does not work now. She keeps
house.
25.at sunrise – на рассвете She woke up at sunrise.
26.at sunset – на закате They stood on the hill at sunset and
painted sunset.
27.at night – ночью There was a terrible earthquake in Japan
at night.
28.at work – на работе Mike is not at home now. He is at work.
29.at peace – в мире All progressive people want to live at
peace.
30.by name – по имени Aunt Molly called her nephew not by name, just
honey.
31.in debt – в долгу Mr. Brown was always in debt.
6. Read the text and use articles: a, an, the, o in the sentences:
Aijamal’s day
Aijamal is …….. student of ……. Bishkek Humanities University. She studies ….

English and ……. German at …. Faculty of European Civilizations. She is ……
only daughter in ……. family. Aijamal has ……father, ……. mother, …………
two grandmothers and ……… brother. She plays ……..piano and …….. comuz.
She is fond of ……….. basketball and …….. learning foreign languages. Aijamal
has …… lot of friends and she likes to spend her free time with them.
7. Answer the following questions using the articles (For classroom practice)
A: Are you a student or a schoolboy (a schollgirl)?

B: I’m … student.
A: Have you got … brother or … sister?
B: Yes, I’ve got three brothers and ….sister.
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A: Do you speak any foreign languages?
B: Yes, I speak English and Turkish.
A: Do you play …… comuz?
B: No, but I play ….. flute.
A: Do you play any sport?
B: I play ….basketball.
A: Do you live with your parents?
B: No, I live in … dormitory.
A: Where do your parents live?
B: They live in … village.
A: Do you miss them?
B: I missed them in ….. first year. But now I’m OK. I have …. lot of friends here.
8. Reading and speaking

Read the fable, pay attention to the use of definite and indefinite, 0 articles.
This is another fable of Aesop. What is the lesson in this fable? Do you know a
story that teaches a similar lesson?
The Tiger and the Mouse
A tiny mouse walks through the jungle one day. She does not see a tiger, sleeping in
front of her. She thinks the tiger is a large rock, so she walks over his shoulder. He
wakes up angry.
“You wake me up, so now I will eat you for dinner!” he roars. The mouse is very
frightened of the tiger’s huge teeth and long claws, but she says bravely, “Please let me
live. If you let me live, one day I will do something good for you. I will pay you back.
I promise I will”
The tiger laughs loudly. “What can such a small animal do for me, a huge tiger who is
a king of the jungle? That is very funny, my little mouse. Ha, ha, ha, ha ha!!”
But the tiger is also amazed. He thinks, “How can a little mouse be so brave against a
huge tiger?”
The tiger says, “You are very brave, little mouse. I’ll let you go this time, but do not
bother me again, you silly thing. I never want to see you again! Go away!” The mouse
runs off into the jungle. She is very happy to be alive.
Months later, the little mouse is again walking through the forest. She hears a lot of
noise up ahead, so she runs to see where it is coming from. Soon she sees the huge
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tiger caught in a trap made of rope and he is frightened. He cannot get his legs free. He
roars and fights against the ropes. The little mouse walks up to him and says, “Stop
fighting, tiger. I can help you. Give me a few minutes, please.”
The tiger is amazed to see the mouse again. “You, silly mouse,” he says. “How can you
help the king of the forest? I will die in this trap.”
“Be quiet. I will show you,” says the mouse. The mouse begins to chew on the ropes.
She chews and chews. Soon the ropes break! The tiger is free! He sees the chewed
ropes, and he is surprised. He smiles and says, “Thank you, my little mouse friend!
Never again will I laugh at the power of small creatures. We all have a place in the
jungle.”
1. Where do the mouse and the tiger live?

2. Where does the mouse walk?
3. What catches the tiger?
4. How does the mouse help the tiger?
5. What does the tiger say to the mouse?
6. What is the lesson of this story?
Read and remember the proverbs.

1. East or West, Home is best.
2. Two heads are better than one.
The Adjective
The adjective is a word which denotes a quality, shape, size or appearance of a
person or a thing. The adjectives have degrees of comparison: The comparative
degree and the superlative degree. The comparative degree denotes a higher
degree of a quality.
Example: Ann is a tall girl. She is taller than her sister. Her sister Kate is shorter than
Ann.
The superlative degree denotes the highest degree of a quality.
Example: Ann is the tallest of her three sisters.
Tom’s house is the smallest of all ours.
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1. Adjectives of two syllables which end in –y, -ow, -er, -le to be worked on
Adjective Comparative Superlative

Happy happier the happiest
Narrow narrower the narrowest
Clever cleverer the cleverest
Simple simpler the simplest
2. Some adjectives have irregular forms of degree:

good better Best
bad worse Worst
little less Least
much more Most
far further / farther furthest / farthest
old older / elder the oldest / the eldest
3. Many syllable (Polysyllabic) adjectives have the following degrees:

interesting more interesting the most interesting
important more important the most important
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
attractive more attractive the most attractive
faithful more faithful the most faithful
4. Morphological composition of the adjective

Adjectives are divided into Simple, Derivatives and Compound.
Simple adjectives are adjectives that have neither prefixes nor suffixes.
For example: good, bad, red, nice, tall, short, nice etc.
Derivative adjectives are adjectives which have derivative elements, suffixes

or prefixes:
Example: beautiful, foolish, hopeless, unkind, heartless.
Adjective forming suffixes are:
- less: friendless, harmless, hopeless

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- like: childlike
- ish: childish, foolish
- ed:blue-eyed, dark-haired
- ful: careful, beautiful, wonderful
- ible: responsible, possible
- able: reliable
- ant: important, reluctant
- ent: dependent, independent
- ous: dangerous
- some: troublesome
Adjective forming prefixes are:
- un: unhappy, unknown, unimportant

- pre: pre-war
- post: post-war, post-Soviet
- in: incorrect
- il: illegal
- ir: irresponsible
- ex:ex-wife, ex-boyfriend, ex-girlfriend
5. Compound Adjectives are adjectives built from two or more stems. The
main types of compound adjectives are as follows:
a) Noun stem+ adjective stem: snow-white.
b) Noun stem+ particle stem: heart-breaking, mouth-watering, cold-hearted.
c) Numeral stem+ noun stem: four-wheeled, three-floored.
d) Adverb stem + participle stem: over-crowded.
6. Classification of the adjectives. According to their meaning and grammatical
characteristics adjectives fall under two classes: qualitative adjectives, relative
adjectives.
1. Qualitative adjectives denote qualities of a substance as size, shape,
colour, physical and mental qualities: little, large, small, high, soft, hard,
tough, sweet, sour, strong, weak, beautiful, ugly, etc.
2. Relative adjectives denote qualities of a substance through their relation
to materials: woolen, wooden, silky, to place: Italian, Asian, to time: weekly,
monthly, to some action: preparatory, rotator.
Exercise 1. Read the sentences and underline the adjectives.
For example: Aigul is tall and slim. 2. Her friend Tan is athletic.
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1. Our family is big and friendly. 2. Kanat’s father is a good doctor. 3. Kyrgyzstan
is a mountainous country. 4. It is rich in water and mineral resources. 5. Chyngyz
Aitmatov is a well-known Kyrgyz writer. 6. I hate horror films. 7. The Naryn is the
biggest river in Kyrgyzstan. 8. Suimonkul Chokmorov was one of the talented Kyrgyz
actors of the XX century. 9. My favorite sport is swimming. 10. I like both sunny and
rainy weather.
Exercise 2. Make the given sentences into one changing the degrees of the
adjectives into comparative or superlative.
For example: Tokmok is big. Kant is small. Tokmok is bigger than Kant.
1. “The Twilight” is a very interesting film. “The Harry Potter” is an interesting

film.
2. “Audi” is a nice car. “ Mercedes” is a very nice car. 3. Aijamal is 22. Her
brother Altynbek is 18. 4. Spring is a warm season. Summer is a very hot
season. 5. The Issyk- Kul is a very big lake in the Middle Central Asia. 6.
China is a big country. Russia is a very big country. 7. Aidar is a very good
student. Maksat is a good student. 8. Chinese is a very difficult language.
Russian is a difficult language. 9. Tea is good. Coffee is not so good.
Exercise 3. Make the sentences of exercise 2 interrogative using adjectives

and their degrees.
For example: Is “The Twilight as interesting as “The Harry Potter”?
1. _______________________________________________________ ?
2. _______________________________________________________ ?
3. _______________________________________________________ ?
4. _______________________________________________________ ?
5. _______________________________________________________ ?
6. _______________________________________________________ ?
7. _______________________________________________________ ?
8. _______________________________________________________ ?
Exercise 4. Read the following dialogue and act it out.
Astra: Is your home city big or small?
Katherine: I live in Chicago. It is big. It is the third biggest city in America.
Astra: What are the best places of interest in Chicago?
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Katherine: It is “The Millenium Park . A lot of tourists and city dwellers go
there to watch concerts of classical and modern music in summer and autumn.
“The Sheds Aquarium” attracts many tourists with its dolphins’ attractions and
different fishes. And what are the places of interests in Bishkek?
Astra: Bishkek is a capital city of Kyrgyzstan. There is the Opera Ballet

Theatre, The Kyrgyz National Museum, The Kyrgyz Drama Theatre, The
Russian Drama Theatre, The Circus, and many other museums.
Reading and speaking
Read the text, find and underline adjectives in it.
The Cobra
A farmer named Koon lives in Thailand. One day as he walks home from the fields,
he finds a small cobra on the path in front of him. The baby snake has a deep cut
down its back. Because it is badly hurt, it doesn’t try to run away from the farmer. He
knows the tiny snake will die from its injury or be eaten by animals. He picks it up
and gently carries it home in the palm of his hand. Koon is happy with his new
companion. Every day on his way home from the rice paddles, he looks for special
insects for the cobra to eat. He puts fresh grass in its bed, and he talks to it every
evening as he cooks his rice for dinner. He tells the cobra about his wife, his
neighbors and his work. The young snake stretches out its head and looks at the
farmer with its bright eyes. It seems to be listening.
The cobra grows healthy because Koon takes such good care of it. The cut on his
back heals. Every day it gobbles the juicy insects the farmer brings. It sleeps lazily in
the sun on the doorstep while the farmer is at work. At night, it curls up in its grassy
bed. In a few weeks, it grows from a few inches long to more than a foot.
One day Koon comes home from work. As he enters his house and calls his
companion, the snake suddenly slides out from behind the door and bites the farmer
on his leg. Koon cries out loudly in alarm. He falls to the floor with a terrible pain,
holding his injured leg. “How can you bite me after all I did for you?” he shouts at
the cobra.
The cobra holds its head high and looks at him with its bright eyes. As Koon gasps
for breath, the cobra replies, “I bite you because I am a cobra.”
1. Why does the farmer feel so sad and lonely?

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2. Why does he take the cobra home?
3. How does he feel about the snake?
4. Why does / is Koon get surprised when the snake bites him?
5. Does the cobra’s behavior make sense? Why? or why not?
6. Do you think this story could have been written about a dog? A crocodile? An
elephant? What is the difference between these animals?
Homework: Write and about your brother or a sister using adjectives. Describe
him/her to your desk-mate. The sample will help you.
My sister
I have a sister. Her name is Gulumkan. She lives in Osh. She is a doctor. She is a
cardiologist. She is 10 years elder than me. She is a tall, kind and nice woman. She is
married. Her husband is a lawyer. My sister is taller and slimmer than me. She likes
classical music and swimming. She loves her job. I am proud of my sister. She is my
best friend.
The Numeral
The numeral is a part of speech which indicates number or order of persons
and things. They are divided into cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals.
Cardinal numerals.
Cardinal numerals indicate exact number, they are used in counting. As to their
structure, they can be Simple Numerals, Derivatives and Composite.
Simple Numerals are cardinal numerals from one, two, three, four, five, six,
hundred, thousand, million, etc.
Derivatives are those numerals from 13 to 19 with the suffix –teen: thirteen,
fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen. The cardinal
numerals indicating tens are formed by the suffix –ty: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty,
sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety. Composite Numerals are those from 21 to 29,
from 31 to 39, 128, 2014, etc are composite: twenty one, twenty two, twenty
three, thirty five, forty nine, eighty nine, ninety seven, etc.
Ordinal Numerals
Ordinal numerals show the order of people or things. With the exception of the
first three (first, second, third) the ordinal numerals are formed by means of the
suffix –th. In ordinal groups only the last number of the group takes the ordinal
form: the sixty-fifth, the twenty-third. Ordinal numbers are used with the
definite article.
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Cardinal Numerals Ordinal Numerals
One the first
Two the second
Three the third
Four the fourth
Five the fifth
Six the sixth
Seven the seventh
Eight the eighth
Nine the ninth
Ten the tenth
eleven the eleventh
twelve the twelfth
thirteen the thirteenth
fourteen the fourteenth
fifteen the fifteenth
Exercises
1. Read the following sentences and underline the cardinal and ordinal
numerals.
1. There are 7 oblasts in Kyrgyzstan. 2. The population of Kyrgyzstan is over
5 million. 3. There are about 20 Universities in Kyrgyzstan. 4. Aijan is 18
and her sister is 20. 5. Nur is the third child in his family. 6. The fifth year
students take an active part in the students’ scientific conference this year. 7.
The Kyrgyz National University is the first University of Kyrgyzstan. 8.
Chicago is the third biggest city in the USA. 9. Aijamal’s Granny Gulasal
Alibaevna is 80 years old. 10. In 2014 we celebrated the 140th anniversary of
Kyrgyz democrat-poet Toktogul Satylganov.11. In 2015 we will celebrate the
70th anniversary of Victory over Fascism. 12. Altynbek is the first youngest
millionaire in Kyrgyzstan.
2. Read the sentences and correct them if necessary.
1. There are forty five states in the USA.

__________________________________________________________ .
2. Barrack Obama is the 40 th President of the USA.
_________________________________________________________ .
3. Bishkek is the second biggest city in Kyrgyzstan.
___________________________________________________________.
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4. Chyngyz Aitmatov was born in 1927 in Talas, Kyrgyzstan.
______________________________________________________ .
5. The first Nomad Games took place in 2012 in Chui Valley.
________________________________________________________ .
6. The Winter Olympic Games were in Moscow in 2014.
_________________________________________________________ .
7. The citizens at the age of 17 can participate in the elections in Kyrgyzstan.
__________________________________________________________ .
8. The President serves for 6 years in Kyrgyzstan.
__________________________________________________________ .
1. Make the cardinal numerals into ordinals if necessary.
1. I saw this film only one time.

____________________________________________________________ .
2. Mirgul loves this song. She is listening to it five times.
_____________________________________________________________ .
3. We celebrate the New Year three times in Kyrgyzstan: on December 31,
on January 13, and on March 21.
_________________________________________________________ .
4. We celebrate the Day of Independence on August 31, in Kyrgyzstan.
__________________________________________________________ .
5. The film “The Queen of the Mountains” was made in 2014 and was a
success.
__________________________________________________________ .
6. On January 12, 2015 the famous Russian Opera singer Elena Obrastsova
died at the age of 75 in Germany.
__________________________________________________________.
2. Read the text and mark the sentences True or False.
Is a man still a child when he is 30?
Children usually live with their parents – but until what age? 20? 25?
Stephen Richardson, a social psychologist, studies the lifestyles of young people

in Britain and the USA. He says that today many young people live at home when
they are 25 or more. They are happy to live with their parents, go out at night, and
spend their money on mobile phones, and designer clothes. It’s not only
university students, but also young people who have jobs and earn money.
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In many European countries children leave home later. In Italy, for example, 30%
of men and 18% of women between 30 and 34 live with their parents. This week
in Naples a judge decided that Giuseppe Andreoli, aged 70, must pay 750 euro a
month to his ex-wife for their son Marco. Marco lives with his mother- but he’s
not a child, he is a 30 year-old lawyer!
1. Stephen Richardson is a student. ______

2. Many young people aged 25 live with their parents. ______
3. They don’t like living with their parents. ______
4. In Italy 18% of 30-year-old men live with their parents. ______
5. Giuseppe Andreoli is divorced. ______
The Construction There is/There are
If a sentence in Russian or Kyrgyz starts with an adverbial modifier of place, a

sentence in English starts with construction There is if the noun is countable in
singular and There are if the noun is countable in plural. For example: There is an
apple on the table. There are apples on the table.
Ex. 1 Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian or Kyrgyz.
1. There is a bank behind our house.

2. There are many Universities in Bishkek.
3. There are many nice flowers in the Ala-Too Square.
4. Is there any Supermarket next to your house? No, there isn’t any.
5. What is there next to your house? There is a University “Manas” near our house.
6. How many regions are there in Kyrgyzstan? There are seven.
7. How many students are there in your group? There are twelve.
8. What is there in the centre of Bishkek? There is a Kyrgyz National Museum, the
Ala-Too Square, the White-House, the Panfilov Park and many cafes.
9. Are there any theaters in Bishkek? Yes, there are the Opera Ballet Theatre, the
Russian Drama Theatre, the Kyrgyz Drama Theatre, the Sport Palace in Bishkek.
10.Are there lakes and rivers in Kyrgyzstan? Yes, there are many lakes and rivers in
Kyrgyzsatn. They are the Issyk-Kol, the Son-Kol, the Sary-Chelek, the Naryn,
the At-Bashy and many others.
Ex. 1 Write some sentences using there is/there are. What is there in your
neighborhood? Choose True sentences below.
1. There is a bank and post-office near cafeteria.
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2. There is a gas station next to the supermarket.
3. There are three Universities in Manas Prospect: the Bishkek Humanities
University, The Manas University and the Technical University.
4. There is the Ata-Turk Park in Manas prospect.
5. There are twelve students in our group.
6. There is Narodnaya Supermarket next to the Bishkek Humanities University.
7. There is a gas station behind our University.
8. There is a café in front of our University.
9. There is a fountain in front of our building,
10.There are four floors in our building.
11.There many foreign students from China, Turkey, Russia and Kazahstan in our
University.
12.There are many talented students in our University.
Ex. 1 Read the following sentences and make them into negative and
interrogative and ask specific questions.
For example:
There is a drug store behind our office.

There isn’t any drug store behind our office.
Is there any drug-store near the office?
What is there near the office?
1. There are about 3 thousand students at the Bishkek Humanities University.
1) ______________________________________________________________ .
2) ______________________________________________________________?
3) ______________________________________________________________ ?
4) ______________________________________________________________ ?
2. There is a stranger in the corridor.
1) ________________________________________________________________.
2) ________________________________________________________________?
3) ________________________________________________________________?
3. There are some joint-ventures in Bishkek.
1) ________________________________________________________________.
2) ________________________________________________________________?
3) ________________________________________________________________?
4) ________________________________________________________________?
Ex. 1 Pair work.

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Is there ………………………………….. ? Yes, there is. (No, there isn’t)
Is there a restaurant in your neighborhood? No, there isn’t.
Is there hospital in your neighborhood? No, there isn’t.
What is there in your neighborhood? There is a school.
Where is it? It’s next to our house.
Ex. 1 Draw a simple map of your neighborhood. With another student ask and
answer questions about your neighborhoods. Here some places you can include
in your questions:
bank mosque gas station police station
bakery clinic hospital post-office
bus station drug store library restaurant
cafeteria fire station park supermarket
church University Laundromat school
Ex. 1 Pair work. Role-play. You are looking for the flat to rent. You are asking
questions to the landlord. You may add your own questions and act out.
Is there any flat near the Bishkek Humanities University? Yes, there is.
How many rooms are there in the flat?
Is there a gas stove in the kitchen?
Is there a wardrobe in the bed-room?
How many windows are there in the bed-room?
Is there a TV in the living room?
Is there a café nearby?
Is there a bus stop near the building?
Are there any mice in the apartment?
Are there any cockroaches in the apartment?
Are there any broken windows?
Are there any holes in the walls?
Ex. 1 Read the text Bermet’s House. Using it as a sample write about your
house or flat. Describe it to your desk-mate.
Bermet’s House
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Bermet is the second year student of the Bishkek Humanities University. She
lives in her two- storied nice house in Bishkek. It is in the suburbs of Bishkek.
There is a big yard with nice roses in front of the house. Behind the house there
is a big fruit garden. There are 12 rooms in the house: six upstairs and six
downstairs. There is a hall, a kitchen, a living-room, two bed-rooms and a
bathroom downstairs. There are three guestrooms, national room, and two
bed-rooms are upstairs.
There is a school near the house. There is a bazaar, a hospital, a supermarket,

and a swimming-pool nearby. Bermet likes swimming and she goes swimming
twice a week.
She likes weekends because all her family members get together on Sundays.
Draw the map of your neighborhood where you live

Describe your living room or kitchen. What is there on the right, on the left, in the
corner, next to the window.?
The Pronoun
The Pronoun is a part of speech which denotes objects without naming them. The
pronouns are classified into following groups:
1. Personal pronouns: I, he, she, it we, you, they;

2. Possessive pronouns: my, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, his, hers, ours,
yours, theirs;
3. Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself,
yourselves, themselves;
4. Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another;
5. Demonstrative pronouns: this, these, that, those, such, the same;
6. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which;
7. Relative pronouns: who, whose, which, what;
8. Conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what;
9. Defining pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either,
both, other, another;
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10. Indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything,
someone, anyone, one;
11. Negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nor, nobody, no one, nothing;
Some pronouns have the grammatical categories of person, gender, case and
number. The categories of person and gender in the third person singular exist
only in personal and possessive pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns.
The personal pronouns are: I, he, she, it, we, you, they. The personal pronouns
have the grammatical categories of person, number,(in the third person singular)
gender.
The personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case, and the objective
case.
The nominative case: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.
The objective case: me, him, her, it, us, you, them.
In colloquial speech me, not I commonly used as a predicative. Who is there?

It’s me.
The second person pronoun you is both singular and plural.
The pronouns of the third person he, she, it distinguish gender. Male beings as
father, grandfather, uncle, boy, nephew, etc are referred to as he. Female beings
as woman, grandmother, mother, sister, aunt, niece, etc are referred to as she.
Inanimate things as house, tree, book, bag, cap, car, yard, etc, are referred to as
it.
Examples:
1. Talant is an engineer. He is an expert in the company. His colleagues respect

him.
2. Aijan is a student of the BHU. She is one of the top students of the Faculty.
Her friends love her.
3. Mike didn’t know what to do with his cap, and put it into his bag.
2. Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns have the same distinctions of person, number, and gender
as personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns have two forms: dependent form (or
conjoint form) and independent form (or absolute form).
Conjoint forms of possessive pronouns
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Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
my Your his, her, its
This is my book. This is your book. This is his book.
This is her book.
Plural our Your their
This is our book. This is your book. This is their book.
Absolute forms of possessive pronouns
Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

mine Yours his, hers
This book is This book is This book is his.
mine. yours. This book is hers.
Plural ours Yours theirs
This book is ours. This book is This book is theirs.
yours.
The conjoint form is used when the possessive pronoun comes before the noun it
modifies. Example: This is my book. These are our books.
Possessive pronouns are often used before the names of the parts of the body,
clothing, things, belonging to a person, etc.
3. Reflexive pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns have the categories of person, number, and gender in the
third person singular.
1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Singular myself yourself himself, herself,
I can do this job You can do it itself
myself. yourself. He can fix his car
himself.
She can make a
dress herself.
Plural ourselves yourselves themselves
We can do this job You can do this job They can fix the
ourselves. yourselves. car themselves.
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4. Reciprocal pronoun
Reciprocal pronouns are the group of pronouns: each other, and one another.
They express mutual action or relation. The subject to which they refer is always
in plural. Each other generally implies only two, one another two or more
people.
For example:
1. We love each other.
2. They love each other.
3. We know you love each other.
4. Our parents know how much we love each other.
5. Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, such, the same. The demonstrative
pronouns this and that, have two numbers: this-these, that-those.
This is used to point at what is nearer in space. That points at what is farther
away in space. This and that may be applied both to persons and things.
For example:
1. This is my brother. That is my sister.
2. This is my car. That is my brother’s car.
3. These are my brothers. Those are my sisters.
4. These are our books. Those are your books.
5. This is my uncle’s son. That is my uncle’s daughter.
6. Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used in asking special questions. They are: who,
whose, what, which. “Who” refers to human beings. “What” refers to things
but it may applied to people when the question is about someone’s
occupation.
1. Who is he? He is Marat. 2. What is he? He is an interpreter. 3. Which

city is the biggest in Kyrgyzstan? Bishkek. 4. Whose books were popular
in the XX century? Chyngyz Aitmatov’s books.
7. Relative pronoun.
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Relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as have conjunctive power.
They introduce attributive clauses. The relative pronoun who and is used in
reference to human beings. Whose is mainly used in reference with to human
beings, animals and it may be applied to things as well.
Example: 1. In his voice a strange note of fear that frightened the animal,
who had never known the man speak in such way before. 2. She answered
definitely, which they never expected from her. 3. The students told about
their friend whose book was published that year. 4. Her amazing song which
she performed in English touched everybody’s heart that
evening.5.Cholponbai Tuleberdiev was one of those young soldiers, who
bravely died in World War II.
8. Conjunctive pronouns.
Conjunctive pronouns: who, what, whose, which not only point back to
some person or thing mentioned before but also have conjunctive power,
introducing subordinate clauses (subject clauses, object clauses, predicative
clauses).
1. What I wanted to share with you was the exciting news.(Subject Clause)
2. What you want in fact is what you’ve got!(Predicative Clause)
3. I don’t want to know what you you have come for? (Object Clause)
9. Defining pronouns.
The defining pronouns are: all, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything,
either, both, other, another.
All is a generalizing pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as a whole.

All may be used as a subject, predicative, object and attribute.
1. All is said and done. All were happy and moved by Grand-grandson’s
success.
2. He just answered the teacher’s question, that’s all.(Predicative)
3. And Tolon forgot all about his dream.(Object)
4. If all the doors are closed, the other doors are opened.(Attribute)
Both points out two persons, things or notions mentioned before. Both may be
used as a subject, object and attribute. When preceded by a preposition both may
be used as a prepositional indirect object.
1. Both seemed to be busy that day.(Subject)
2. The light admitted by windows at both ends, was not bright. (Attribute)
3. John paid the bill for both.(Object)
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Each, every, everybody, everyone, everything
Each and every refer to people, things or notions mentioned before and taken
one by one. Each may be used as subject, object and attribute but every is used
only as an attribute.
1. Each felt shocked by the stranger’s behavior. Subject)

2. He paid a dollar each. (Object)
3. Mike started arguing pointing out each phrase clearly. (Attribute)
4. It is true, every line of it.(Attribute)
Everybody, everyone, refer to all the members of the group of persons
mentioned before or taken one by one. The pronouns everybody, everyone, have
two cases: the common case and the genitive case. They can be used as subject
and object in common case.
1. Everybody knows that the Earth is round. (Subject)
2. I know almost everybody here. (Object)
Everyone and everybody is used as an attribute in genitive case.
3. Being late for the lecture Mike caught everybody’s eyes. (Attribute)
Either has two meanings: each of the two, one or the other. Other denotes some
object different from the one mentioned before. Other has two numbers
singular-other, plural-others. In the sentence it is used as subject, object and
attribute.
1. After tea the others went sightseeing.(Subject)
2. After the meeting Kate left the others and joined her friends.(Object)
10.Indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns point out some person or thing indefinitely. The indefinite
pronouns are some, any, somebody, anybody, someone, something, anyone,
anything, one. The pronouns have two cases: the common case and the
genitive case. Some, somebody, someone, something are used in affirmative
sentences while any, anything, anybody, anyone are used in interrogative
sentences. None, nothing, no one, nobody, none are used in the negative
sentences. Anything, anybody, anyone are used in negative and interrogative
sentences. Somebody, someone, something are used in special and general
questions if they express some request or proposal.
1. Someone knocked the door. (Subject)

2. Somebody left the letter on the table on Monday.(Subject)
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3. Nobody answered the professor’s questions.(Subject)
4. Nothing changed in his behavior.(Subject)
5. She didn’t want anything. (Object)
6. Will someone help me? (Subject)
7. Do you want to tell me something? (Object)
8. Some say money rules the world. Some say love rules the world.(Subject)
11.Negative pronouns.
No, nothing, none, nobody are negative pronouns and they are used in negative
sentences accordingly. Nothing, nobody, no one can be used as a subject or
object in the sentence. No one, nobody refer to human beings. Nothing refers to
things. None applies for both humans and things.
1. Nobody seemed to know him well. (Subject)

2. Mike knew nobody in the conference-hall. (Subject)
3. Nothing came to his head at the exam. (Subject)
4. He was confused. He answered nothing. (Object)
5. After the operation when Tom came around he recognized
nobody.(Object)
6. Neither of them answered. (Subject)
7. I like neither of them. (Object)
8. They approved neither plan.(Attribute)
Exercise 1. Read the following sentences and underline the pronouns.
1. Ormon is the eldest son in the family. He is a very smart child. Everybody
loves him in the family and he loves everybody in the family too. 2. When
Mike told the news everyone had already heard it. 3. Everything was clear
at the lesson. 4. I see everybody and I understand everything. 5.
Everybody is right in this situation. 6. Someone was in the dark corner. 7.
I see something new in this article. 8. There was something interesting in
that book. 9. I know everything about this singer. He is my favorite. 10. I
can give you some advice.
Exercise 2. Make the following sentences negative.
1. I can tell you some news.

____________________________________________
2. I know everybody here.
______________________________________________
37
3. Everything is cheap in this shop.
_______________________________________
4. I heard everything about this film.
______________________________________
5. There was somebody in the house.
_____________________________________
6. Tom knew everything about his friend.
_________________________________
7. We can learn everything.
____________________________________________
8. Mark knew someone in that city.
______________________________________
Exercise 3. Make the following sentences interrogative and answer them.
1. There was somebody in the room. Was there anybody in the room? –No,
nobody.
2. I knew everything about this person.

_________________________________ ?
3. They understood everything in that joke.
_______________________________ ?
4. Mike knows some Kyrgyz tales.
______________________________________ ?
5. Sam knew nothing about the epic “Manas” before.
_________________________________________________________ ?
6. The Kyrgyz farmers do not use any chemicals in agriculture.
__________________________________________________________ ?
Exercise 4. Write your own sentences using pronouns in the samples. Read
them.
1. I know everything about Jerky Chan because he is my favorite actor.

2. I know everybody in my group, because they are my group-mates.
3. I know nothing about yesterday news because I didn’t watch TV news
yesterday.
4. I want to know everything about this singer, because I love her songs.
5. Mothers want to do everything for their children.
6. I don’t want to do anything when I’m tired.
7. We should do something important for the best future of Kyrgyzstan.
8. Kids understand everything from our voice.
38
This is /That is –These/Those are
This is my friend Bakyt. That is my friend Bolot. These are my nieces Aijamal
and Baljan. Those are my nephews Ulukbek, Altynbek, Aidar, Nur and Ormon.
A: I think that is my book.

B: I don’t think so. I think this is my book.
A: Oh. You are right. I guess I made a mistake.
1.
A: Excuse me. I think those are my sunglasses
B: Hmm. I don’t think so. I think these are my sunglasses.
A: Oh. You’re right. I guess I made a mistake.
2.
A: Is this your pen?
B: No, it isn’t.
A: Are you sure?
B: Yes. That pen is green and my pen is blue.
3.
A: Are these your shoes?
B: No, they aren’t.
A: Are you sure?
B: Yes. Those shoes are old, and my shoes are new.
Make up your own dialogues with a partner and play them out.
The Verb
The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action. It has the following
grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. These
categories can be expressed by means of affixes, change of the root vowel and by
form words.
Verbs may be transitive and intransitive. Verbs have finite forms which can be
used as a predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the
predicate of a sentence.
According to their morphological structure verbs are divided into:

a) Simple verbs: buy, do, find, go, hide, live, move, go, sing, write, etc. Simple
verbs are verbs that have only one root. They have neither prefix nor suffix.
39
b) Derived verbs: misunderstand, rewrite, distract, interact, dislike, undo,
decompose, etc. Derived verbs have affixes.
c) Compound verbs: daydream, browbeat. Compound verbs consist of two
stems.
d) Composite verbs: bring up, come in, come out, look at, give up, put on,
switch on, switch off, take on, take off, etc. Composite verbs are verbs that
are used with postpositions, and they are called phrases. The postposition
often changes the meaning of the verb with which it is associated. Thus, there
are composite verbs whose meaning is different from the meaning of their
components.
For example:
1. to bring up - воспитывать
2. to give up – прекращать, бросать
3. to do away - ликвидировать
4. to look into – тщательно изучать
5. to see off – провожать
6. to look for – искать
There are other composite verbs in which original meaning of its components
is preserved: to stand up, to come in, to go out, to put on, to take off, look
down, to look up, etc.
In Modern English the basic forms of the verb are: the Infinitive, the Past
Simple and the Participle II: to see-saw-seen. According to the way in which
the past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three
groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs and mixed verbs.
a) Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding –
ed to the stem of the verb, or only –d if the verb ends in –e.
Example: to want-wanted-wanted
to open-opened-opened
to like-liked-liked
to live-lived-lived
to close-closed-closed
b) Irregular verbs are verbs whose Past Simple and Participle II are
formed with the change of root vowel.
to sing-sang-sung
40
to meet-met-met
to win-won-won
- verbs which change their root vowel and add –en for Participle II.
to speak-spoke-spoken
to write-wrote-written
to take-took-taken
- verbs which change their root vowel and add –d or –t.
to sell-sold-sold
to bring-brought-brought
- verbs which change their final –d into –t.
to send-sent-sent
to build-built-built
- verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Simple and
Participle II.
to cut-cut-cut
to put-put-put
to set-set-set
to shut-shut-shut
- verbs whose forms come from different stems.
to be-was/were-been
to go –went-gone
to see-saw-seen
- special irregular verbs known as auxiliary verbs.
to have- had-had
to make-made-made
to do-did-done
- modal verbs.
can-could-could
may-might
will-would
shall-should
- mixed verbs whose Past simple is regular verb and their Participle II is of
the irregular type.
to show-showed-shown
to sow-sowed-sown
41
THE VERB IN ACTIVE VOICE
THE SIMPLE FORMS OF TENSE
Present Simple Tense Indefinite
The Present Simple is formed from infinitive without particle “to”. In the third
person singular the ending-s is added to the verb. The pronunciation of the
ending –s (-es) depends on the sound preceding it. For example:
[iz] after the sibilants: -s, -z, -sh, -ch, -dg: passes, pushes, teaches, judges;
[z] after voiced non-sibilsnts and vowels: reads, lives, sees;
A final -y is changed into -i if it is preceded by a consonant and then -es is
added:
I study at the University. Bolot studies at the University too.
After a vowel -y is kept unchanged: to play-plays, to stay-stays.

Boys play football at the weekends. Cholpon plays tennis after the classes.
The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the present
Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb
without the particle to.
Affirmative Negative form Interrogative The short form

form form
I live in Bishkek. I do not/don’t Do I live in I don’t live in
live in Bishkek. Bishkek? Bishkek.
You live in You do not live Do you live in You don’t live in
Bishkek. in Bishkek. Bishkek? Bishkek.
He lives in He does not live Does he live in He doesn’t live
Bishkek. in Bishkek. Bishkek? in Bishkek.
She lives in She does not live Does she live in She doesn’t live
We live in We do not live in Do we live in We don’t live in
Bishkek. Bishkek. Bishkek? Bishkek.
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You live in You do not live Do you live in You don’t live in
They live in They do not live Do they live in They don’t live
Bishkek in Bishkek. Bishkek? in Bishkek.
The use of the Present Simple
The Present Simple is used to denote:
1. Customary, repeated actions.

Example: We go to the Issyk-Kul every summer.
2. Actions and states characterizing a given person.

Example: Aigul has many interests: she sings, dances and plays the guitar.
3. Universal truth, something that is true.

Example: The earth rotates round its axis.
Magnet attracts metal.
4. Actions going on at the present moment with verbs not used in the Present
Continuous Tense.
Example: I see students in the yard. I hear somebody knock at the door. Go and
open the door.
5. A future action:
a) In adverbial clauses of time and condition after as soon as, as long as, before, if,
when, till, until;
Example:
1. My brother Talant will call us before he goes abroad.

2. If it is warm tomorrow, we will go on picnic.
3. Cholpon will visit her Granny as soon as she passes her exams.
4. When I have time, I will meet with my friends.
b) With verbs of motion, such as to go, to come, to leave that are used for
schedule.
Example:
1. The train from Bishkek leaves at 10 p.m. tomorrow.

2. We have four pairs next week.
Exercises
43
I. Read the following sentences and underline the verbs in the Present
Simple.
1. We live in Kyrgyzstan. 2. We are students of the Bishkek Humanities University.
3. We have our classes in the morning. 4. Bakyt learns English and his brother
learns Chinese. 5. Most of the students of European Civilization Faculty like to
visit American Corner after classes. 6. I usually get up at 6 o’clock. 7. We
usually meet with our friends on the weekends. 8. Tolon always does his
morning exercises.
II. Make the following sentences negative.
1. I usually get up early.
______________________________________________________________ .
2. Baljan works at the University.
______________________________________________________________ .
3. Kanybek speaks Korean and Japanese very well.
______________________________________________________________ .
4. My brother lives in Moscow.
______________________________________________________________ .
5. Dastan practices his English every day.
______________________________________________________________ .
6. My granny watches TV news every evening.
______________________________________________________________ .
7. Karina speaks Kyrgyz very well.
______________________________________________________________ .
8. My friends work in their garden in summer.
______________________________________________________________ .
III. Make the following sentences interrogative.
1. Aijan learns English at the University. What does Aijan do?
2. Kairat learns English to become an English teacher. (Why)
__________________________________________________________ ?
3. Chynara lives in Naryn. (where)
__________________________________________________________ ?
4. Marat helps his parents after his classes.(Who)
__________________________________________________________ ?
5. Bishkek is the capital of Kyrgyzstan. (What)
__________________________________________________________?
6. Tilek has a brother and two sisters. (How many)
_____________________________________________________________ ?
7. Children watch cartoons in the evening.(When)
44
_____________________________________________________________?
8. Aigul’s mother teaches Kyrgyz at Korean school.(What)
_____________________________________________________________ ?
Ex. Make the sentences in exercise II interrogative and give them a short
answer.
1. I usually get up early. Do you get up early? –Yes, I do.
2. _____________________________________________________________ .
3. _____________________________________________________________ .
4. _____________________________________________________________ .
5. _____________________________________________________________ .
6. _____________________________________________________________ .
7. ____________________________________________________________ .
8. _____________________________________________________________ .
IV. Read the following dialogues with a partner and read them out.
1.
A: Hi. What is your name?
B: My name is Kiyal.
A: Where are you from?
B: I’m from Kyrgyzstan? And what’s your name?
A: My name is Mary.
B: Where are you from Mary?
A: I’m from Great Britain.
B: Nice to meet you, Mary.
A: Nice to meet you.
2. A: What do you do?

B: I’m a student.
A: Where do you study?
B: I study at the Bishkek Humanities University.
45
A: What do you study?
B: I study English and Literature. And what do you do?
A: I’m a Peace Corps Volunteer and teach English in Talas.
B: You’re welcome to Kyrgyzstan.
3. A: What do you do after classes?

B: After classes I come home and do housework: I do cooking, washing and
after I do my home assignments. And what do you do in the afternoon?
A: And what do you do in the evening?
A: In the evening I am usually at home. I usually read a book, watch TV news,

prepare dinner and have dinner, and do my home assignments.
V. Read the magazine article and complete it with these verbs.

changes cleaned does(2 times) leaves makes take tidies
Parents of teenagers wrote in to tell us what drives them mad.
Here are some top hates.
1. He never makes his bed. If I make it, I find strange things in it like dirty socks,
CDs without their boxes…
2. He never ________________ his room-it’s always a mess. The floor is covered
with empty Coke cans, dirty socks.
3. She _____________ wet towels on the bathroom floor and doesn’t pick them
up.
4. She walks around the house eating food without a plate, usually just after I’ve
________________ the floor. She then says “Sorry” with angelic smile.
5. He has breakfast, lunch, and dinner at home, but he never ____________
washing up.
6. When she comes into the living room she always ___________________ the
channel on the TV-usually when I’m watching my favorite program.
7. We bought a dog for him, because he promised to ________________ it for a
walk every day. Guess who always does it?
8. She always ______________ her homework at the last minute-usually late on
Sunday night. This means she needs the Internet, just when her sister is chatting
with her friends.
46
VI. Read the following text and underline the verbs in the Present Simple.
Don’t go to the gym in winter!
We all know that exercise is good for health. So on January 1, we often start the
New Year with a good resolution-to go to the gym three times a week. But what
happens? The first week we go three times, the second week we go twice, and the
third week we stop going. The same thing happens with diets. After Christmas we
start a new healthy eating plan. We are enthusiastic at first –but after two or three
weeks, we stop.
Carl Harris, a personal trainer, says this is because winter is the strong time of the
year to start new exercise routines and diets. In winter the days are short and dark,
and it’s cold outside. Our bodies want food and sleep, not diets and exercises! His
advice for people who want to start healthy lifestyle in January is to make small
changes:
1. Try to cut out chocolate and cakes for three days a week-but don’t eliminate
them completely.
2. Go for short walks during the day, when it’s light.
3. But when March comes and Spring begins, that’s the time to get up at 7 o’clock,
have yogurt and fruit juice for breakfast, and go jogging!
1. What is good for health? Why?

2. What do we start the new Year with?
3. Who is Carl Harris?
4. What does he suggest?
5. What does our body need in Winter? Why?
6. What is his advice for people?
7. Do you agree with Carl Harris?
8. What do you suggest?
The Past Simple

1. The Past Simple denotes an action performed in the past. The time of the
action can be indicated by the following time phrases: yesterday, last week,
last month, a year ago, in 1945, in 2010, last summer, etc.
2. The Past Simple is formed by adding –ed or –d to the stem of regular verbs
and V3 for irregular verbs.
47
3. The negative and interrogative forms are formed by means of the Past
Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do (did) and the infinitive of the notional
verb without the particle to.
Affirmative Negative form Interrogative Short forms

form form
I lived in I did not live in Did I live in I didn’t live in
Bishkek. Bishkek. Bishkek. Bishkek.
You lived in You did not live Did you live in You didn’t live
She lived in She did not live Did she live in She didn’t live in
He lived in He did not live Did he live in He didn’t live in
We lived in We did not live Did we live in We didn’t live in
You lived in You did not live Did you live in You didn’t live
They lived in They did not live Did they live in They didn’t live
4. The use of the Past Simple.

a) The Past Simple denotes an action performed within a period of time in
the past which is already over. The key words used in the Past Simple are
the following: yesterday, a week ago, last year, last month, in 2010, etc.
Example:
1. We went to the Issyk-Kul last year.

Мы ездили на Иссык-Куль в прошлом году.
2. Chyngyz Aitmatov wrote his famous books in the 1970s.

Чынгыз Айтматов написал свои знаменитые книги в 1970 х.
3. The XXII Summer Olympic Games took place in Moscow in 1980.

XXII Летные Олимпийские Игры прошли в Москве в 1980 году.
4. Kasiet invited her friends to her birthday party last Saturday.

Касиет пригласила своих друзей на свой день рожденья в прошлую
субботу.
48
5. Marat came home at 9 p.m. and watched the football match till 11 p.m
yesterday.
b) The Past Simple denotes a succession of past actions. In this case the Past
Simple is rendered into Russian by past perfective.
Example: 1. Marat threw down his ball his ball and went home.
Марат бросил мяч и пошел домой.
с) repeated action in the past. In this case the Past Simple is rendered
into Russian by Past Imperfective.
Example: 2. Chynara made an entry in her diary every night.
Чынара делала запись в дневнике каждый вечер.
Past Simple of Irregular Verbs
Here are some common irregular verbs. There is no special rule that tells when a verb
is irregular. You must memorize the Past Simple form of the irregular verbs when you
learn the word. A dictionary will help you when a verb is irregular.
be – was/were feel-felt lend-lent send-sent
buy-bought go-went learn-learnt sit-set
cut-cut have-had read-read speak-spoke
do-did leave-left ride-rode teach-taught
draw-drew let-let say-said write-wrote
Making “Be” Negative and Interrogative
Negative form of be is formed with the particle not. It is used after be.
Aichurek was at work in the morning on Friday. She was not at home.
The CDs were not in the box.
Question form of “be” is formed according to the type of the questions.
General questions: Were you at home at 5 p.m yesterday? Yes, I was.
Was Rahat a student last year? Yes, she was.
Tail questions: You were at home at 5 p.m, weren’t you? Yes, I was at home.
49
Rahat was a student last year, wasn’t she? Yes, she was a student.
Alternative questions: Were you at home or at the lecture at 5 p.m. yesterday? I was
at home.
Was Rahat a student or a teacher last year? She was a student.
Special Questions: Who was at home at 5 p.m.? – I was.
Where were you at 5 p.m. yesterday? I was at home.
When were you at home yesterday? I was at home at 5 p.m.
Who was a student last year? Rahat was a student last year.
When was Rahat a student? Last year.
Exercise 1. Read the following sentences and underline the verb in Past Simple.
1. I was born in April. 2. My friend Kate played basketball last year. 3. Samar
bought his favorite car last month. 4. Arstan worked hard and passed his
exams very well. 5. Eliza bough her favorite book yesterday. 6. Ann read
most of the books of Chyngyz Aitmatov at school. 7. Kate met with her
friends two days ago. 8. Twenty years ago people grew cotton in this region.
9. There were 13 colonies in America in 1775. There are 50 states now.
Exercise 2. Make the following sentences negative.
1. I bought two books yesterday. I did not buy two books yesterday.
2. We passed three exams last week.
______________________________________________________________ .
3. Alex invited his girlfriend to the concert.
______________________________________________________________ .
4. I had breakfast today.

_____________________________________________________________ .
5. Lara ordered one way ticket to Bishkek last week.

______________________________________________________________ .
6. Temir played football with his friends last weekend.

______________________________________________________________ .
7. Kapar rode a bike yesterday evening.

50
______________________________________________________________ .
8. The workers demanded better conditions from the head of their firm.
______________________________________________________________ .
Exercise 3. Make the following sentences interrogative using the question given
below.
1. Mirgul invited all her relatives to her wedding celebration on Friday. (Who)
Who invited all her relatives to her wedding celebration on Friday.
2. Children watched their favorite cartoon in the evening. (When)

____________________________________________________________ ?
3. Ulukbek returned to Bishkek from America last week. (Where)

_____________________________________________________________ ?
4. Ann saw the concert of “Back Street Boys” in July in Chicago. (What)
_____________________________________________________________ ?
5. Talant got excellent marks for the exams because he worked hard. (Why)
_____________________________________________________________ ?
6. Kuban and Maxabat brought up six children: three daughters and three
sons.(How many)
_____________________________________________________________ ?
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. Use the irregular form of the Past
Simple Tense.
1. Where were you last summer? I was in Bishkek.

2. How did you feel yesterday?
_______________________________________________ .
3. Where did you go last Sunday?
_____________________________________________ .
4. When did you meet your friend?
____________________________________________ .
5. What did you buy last week?
_______________________________________________ .
6. Whom did you speak after classes?
__________________________________________ .
7. When did you pass your exam?
_____________________________________________ .
51
8. Where did you spend your weekend?
________________________________________ .
9. Where did you eat lunch yesterday?
_________________________________________ .
10.When did you see “The Twilight?”
__________________________________________ .
Exercise 5. Read the paragraph. Circle all of the verbs in Past Simple. Then
make changes to the paragraph.
The Top students of the BHU
In 2012, Aikokul Turganbaeva and Jusumkan Ashatbekova were the top students at the
Bishkek Humanities University in Kyrgyzstan. They studied at the European
Civilizations Faculty of the Bishkek Humanities University from 2008 to 2013. They
excelled in their studies. At the classes and lectures they answered all their instructors’
questions. Their test grades / results were the best and their course projects and
diploma projects received excellent marks. When they graduated in 2013, they were
the top of their faculty. All the teachers were proud of Aikokul and Juzumkan.
Rewrite the paragraph on the lines below and make these changes:
1. Change Aikokul and Jusumkan to Ilnarbek.

2. Change the underlined pronouns to fit with Ilnarbek.
3. Change any other words necessary (such as students to student in the first
sentence)
The Top Student of the BHU
In 2012, Ilnarbek was the top student at the Bishkek Humanities University in
Kyrgyzstan.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
52
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Future Simple in the Past

The Future Simple in the Past denotes a future action which was mentioned in the past.
It is formed by means of the verb would + infinitive without the particle to.
(would+verb1without to) It is used in reported speech.
Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative Shorten form of

form the negative form
I said I would I said I would not Did I say if I I said I wouldn’t

come. come. would come? come.
You said you You said you Did you say if you You said you
would come. would not come. come? wouldn’t come.
She said she She said she Did she say if she She said she
would come. would not come. would come? wouldn’t come
He said he would He said he would Did he say if he He said he

come. not come. would come? wouldn’t come.
We said we would We said we would Did we say if we We said we

come. not come. would come? wouldn’t come.
You said you You said you Did you say if you You said you
would come. would not come. would come? wouldn’t come.
They said they They said they Did they say if They said they
would come. would come. they would come. wouldn’t come.
Exercises
1. Read the sentences and underline the verb in the Future in the Past.
a. Mike said that he would pass his exams soon. 2. Sam said that he would visit
his friends in Kyrgyzstan in summer. 3. Tom said that he would be busy all these
days. 4. Children wondered if they would go to the skating-ring on Sunday. 5.
53
Ann’s mother wondered if she would visit her on the weekend. 6. The students
informed that they would make their presentation before the New Year. 7. Samat
said that our BHU students would take part in the students’ international
scientific conference in May. 8. Azat wondered if we would meet on the
weekend.
b. Make the sentences of exercise 1 negative.
c. Read these dialogues and act them out in pairs.
d. Burul: Aigerim and Aidiana said that they would go to American Corner on
Saturday. Will you go there too?
Kunduz: I won’t, I’m afraid. I am busy on Saturday. What about you?
Burul: I will join them.
e. Dastan: Bolot said that he would play football with his friends on Saturday. Will
you join them?
Kylych: I’d like to join, but I can’t. I must stay at home and help my father to fix
his car. What about you? Will you go?
Dastan: Yes, I will go. You know how much I love football.
f. Aizada: My parents said that they would come to Bishkek soon.
Shahnoza: Will you go to the butterfly’s exhibition with them?
Aizada: I will go to the concert of “Kambarkan” group on Sunday. It is my

parents’ favorite group. I will go with them.
g. Kanykei: Cholpon said that she would go to the cinema tomorrow. Will you join
her?
Jazgul: What’s on?
Kanykei: “The Kutmanjan Datka”.
Jazgul: I have seen this film twice. I will go to the concert with my friend.
Future Simple Tense (Future Indefinite Tense)
54
The Future Simple denotes an action that will take place in future. It is formed
with the help of auxiliary verb to be in future will+v1 (infinitive without particle
to).
To be going to denotes intensions and future plans.
For example: I will go to the Issyk-Kul in summer. Murat will buy a new car next
year.
The key words of the Future Simple: tomorrow, next week, the day after
tomorrow, in 5 years, in 2018, next winter, next summer etc.
Affirmative form Interrogative Negative form Short form

form
I will pass the Will I pass the I will not pass the I won’t pass the
exam soon. exam soon? exam soon. exam soon.
You will pass the Will you pass the You will not pass You won’t pass the
exam soon. exam soon? the exam soon. exam soon.
He will pass the Will he pass the He will not pass He won’t pass the
She will pass the Will she pass the She will not pass She won’t pass the
We will pass the Will we pass the We will not pass We won’t pass the
You will pass the Will you pass the You will not pass You won’t pass the
They will pass the Will they pass the They will not pass They won’t pass
exam soon. exam soon? the exam soon. the exam soon.
Exercise 1. Read the following sentences aloud. Underline the verb in the Future
Simple
1.Raimbek will probably call us tonight.
2. Dinner will be ready at seven.

3. Rosa will come here tomorrow morning.
4. Tomorrow we will have a concert.
5. We will have the longest night and the shortest day soon on December
6. Cholpon will visit her Granny soon.
7. Jarkynai will pass her winter exams from December 25 till January 30.
8. My friend invited me to her birthday party. I will go to the birthday party
next Saturday.
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9. Kapar and Aibek will take part in the competition next week.
Exercise 2. Practice using contractions with will. Write the correct short forms for
the words. Practice pronunciation.
1. (I will) I’ll be home at eight tonight.

2. (We will) ____________ see you tomorrow.
3. (You will) _______________ probably get a letter today.
4. (She will) Kaken is tired tonight. _________________ probably go to bed early.
5. ( He will) Tom has a cold. ____________________ probably stay in bed home
today.
6. (It will) __________________ probably be too cold in January this year.
7. (It will) It is nasty today. It ___________________________rain tomorrow.
8. (He will)Mike is working hard. _________________________pass his exams
very well.
Exercise 3. Ask questions according to the given situations.
Example: Ann: I will go to the Issyk-Kul in summer.
You: With whom will you go there?
1. Mike: My favorite football team “Chelsy”will play with “Madrid” soon.

You: Will
____________________________________________________________ ?
You: Where
____________________________________________________________ ?
2. Sam: I will participate in the International Marathon in June 2016.

You: Where
____________________________________________________________ ?
3. Marat: Our group will go to the Jazz Festival next week.

You: Where
____________________________________________________________ ?
With whom
_____________________________________________________________?
To be going to, to be planning to, to be about to are used to denote an intentions,
and wishes which are expected to take place in the nearest future.
For example:
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1. I am going to visit my friends on the weekend.
2. We are going to play football on Sunday.
3. Murat is going to have a talk with his friend.
4. Altynbek is planning to study at the Illinois University in Chicago.
5. The children are going to watch a new Japanese cartoon tonight.
Intensions and wishes: going to, planning to, would like to, would rather
1. Read the following text and underline the verbs showing intensions and
future plans.
Rob and Sofia Craven live in England but they are planning to move to California.
Rob is a cameraman and he is going to work in a film studio there. Sofia is a music
teacher, but she is not planning to work for the first few months. They are going to sell
their car but they are not going to sell their house. Their friend is going to rent it. The
children are planning to take their dog with them but Rob and Sofia are planning to
leave him in England. In California Sofia would like to buy a house by the beach, but
Rob would rather have an apartment with a big garden. The children would like to live
next door to Cameron Diaz. Emily says she would like to have a horse, but Todd
would rather get another dog. Emily would like to learn to ride, but Todd would rather
learn to surf.
2. Read these questions and answer them. After write some questions to the
text and ask your partner.
1. Where are Rob and his family planning to move? Answer: To California.
2. Where is Bob going to work there?
3. Is Sofia planning to work?
4. Are they planning to sell their house?
3. Read the following sentences in shorten forms:
1. I will see you after the meeting. I’ll see you after the meeting.
2. We will pass our exams soon. We’ll pass our exams soon.
3. Will you be at home after 5? No, I won’t.
4. Are you going to play football after the classes? No, we won’t.
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5. How much will it take you to get the airport? It’ll take an hour.
6. Tom’s busy now. He’ll call you later.
7. Are you planning to visit your family soon? No, I’m not.
8. We are going to see the film “The Queen of the Mountains”. Will you join
us? No, I won’t, I’m sorry. I’m busy today.
4. Write about your plans for the weekend and share them with your
desk-mate.
5. Homework: Write about your plans for summer.
1. Where are you planning to go? Why?
2. What places are you going to visit? Why?
3. Who are you planning to see?
4. With whom are you planning to spend a day or two?
Present continuous tense
Form
+ You are reading a book.

- You aren't reading a book.
? Are you reading a book?
Ex: I am watching TV.

He / She / It is drinking milk.
We / You/ They are listening to music.
USE 1: Now
Use the Present Continuous with non continuous verbs to express the idea that
something is happening NOW, at this very moment.
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Examples:
● You are learning English now.
● You are not swimming now.

● Are you sleeping?
● I am sitting.
● I am not standing.
USE 2: Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century or
this week. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process
of doing a longer action.
Examples:
● I am studying to become a doctor.
● I am not studying to become a dentist.

● I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
● I am not reading any books right now.
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will
not happen in the near future.
Examples:
● I am meeting some friends after work.
● I am not going to the party tonight.

● Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
● Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
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The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the
idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Remember to put the words
"always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
● She is always coming to class late.
● He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

● I don't like them because they are always complaining.
Ex. 1 . Add + ing to the given verbs
leave - ………… stand - …………… live - …………… swim - …………………

cook - ……….… fly - …….………… study - ….……… read - ……….…………
write - …………. try - ……….……… put - ………….… lie - ……..……………
Ex. 2. Give the infinitive from the given forms.
helping - ………… dying - …………… lying - …………… arguing - ……………

snowing - ………. raining - …….…… enjoying - ….………building - ……….…
shining - ………… crying - ………..… wearing - …………. preparing - ……..….
Ex. 3 . Make short forms from the given sentences.

John is going to school. ……………………………………………………….…..……
His dog is biting my leg! …………………………………………….……..…………..
They are laughing loudly. ………………………………………………………………
I am not sleeping ………………………………………………………..……………….
We are not watching TV. ………………………………………………………..…….
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb “to be”
My sister ……… writing a letter. His brothers …… playing golf.
The mice …… eating cheese. Tim and Tom …… sleeping.
Our friends …… singing. Those women …….. dancing.
My hamster …….. running. Her dogs …….. barking.
The woman ….. looking at me. Some people…… standing on the busstop.
Ex. 5. Make negatives and questions from the given sentences.

Sara and Tom are playing squash together now.
………………………………………………..………………………………………
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Jim is going to school on Monday.
………………………………………………………..………………………….……
I am reading a book and listening to music.
………………………………………………..………………………………………
My best friends are going to Spain next year.
………………………………………………..………………………………………
I am thinking about you.
……………………………………………..…………………………………………..
Tom’s sister is studying Japanese at the moment.
…………………………………………………………………………….…..………
Ex. 6. Give short answers to the given questions.
Are you listening to me ? Yes, …………… Is Sara doing homework? No,
……………
Are your cousins singing? No, ………….. Is, Bob playing rugby? Yes, …………….
Are you watching a new film? No, ……….
Are your parents cooking dinners? Yes, …………
Ex. 7.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Present Continuous form:
a) I hope everything (go) ....................... well in the office. b) I (write)
............................... this e-mail to let you know that we (have) ................ a great time
in Florida but we’ve had to change our holiday plans. c) We (not/ fly) ..................... on
Sunday night as planned. d) We’ve decided to fly back on Monday and I (not/ return)
.................................... to the office untill Tuesday. e) I (travel)
......................................... to Cambridge on Wednesday for a meeting. f) Could you
also check that a taxi (come) ......................... to pick us from Gatwick Airport at 17:00
hrs? g) I (work) .................................. very hard at the moment. h)
................................... (you/ take) any holidays in July? i) My friend Paul (not/ come)
............................. with me.
Ex. 8. Read the following text carefully.

It’s a rainy Saturday. It’s raining a lot and Mary and her
family are spending the afternoon at home. Her uncles
are visiting them.
Mary and her father are in the living room. Mary is
making a draw and her father, Mr.Harris, is surfing the
net. They are also talking.
Mary’s older brother, Peter, is in his bedroom playing computer games. He is a
computer fanatic and he spends much time playing on the computer. His little brother,
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Jim is also in the living room. He is playing with his dinosaurs’ collection. Sometimes
he teases Mary, he is a really naughty boy.
Mary’s mother, Mrs. Harris, is in the kitchen preparing a snack for all of them. She is
making some tea and talking to Mary’s uncles – Lucy and Tom. They are from the
nearest town and stopped by to say hello.
Fluffy, the family cat, is sleeping on the kitchen’s sofa. We can’t see him in the
picture, but he is a true fluffy cat.
True or False? Correct the false ones.

1. It’s a rainy Sunday.
……………………………………………...
2. Mary and her father are in the living room.
……………………………………………...
3. She is watching television.
……………………………………………...
4. Mary’s father is making tea.
……………………………………………...
5. Peter is reading a book.
……………………………………………...
6. Jim is in his bedroom.
……………………………………………...
7. Mary’s uncles are sleeping in the guest room.
……………………………………………...
8. Fluffy is playing with its ball.
……………………………………………...
Answer the questions about the text.
1. What day of the week is it?
………………………………………………………..
2. Where is Mary?
………………………………………………………..
3. What is she doing?
………………………………………………………..
4. What is Mr. Harris doing?
………………………………………………………..
5. Is Mrs. Harris preparing a snack in the kitchen?
………………………………………………………..
6. What is Fluffy, the cat, doing?
………………………………………………………..
Ex. 9. Look at the picture and say what the people are doing.
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Past continuous tense
Form
Examples:
● You were studying when she called.
● Were you studying when she called?
● You were not studying when she called.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted.
The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Examples:
● I was watching TV when she called.
● When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
● While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
● What were you doing when the earthquake started?
● You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
● While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
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In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the
Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
● Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
● At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
● Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In
the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
● Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
● Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses
the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
● I was studying while he was making dinner.
● While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
● Were you listening while he was talking?
● What were you doing while you were waiting?
● Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
● They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea
that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very
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similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the
words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
● She was always coming to class late.
● He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
● I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or
"when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping"
and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most
often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by
Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples
below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.
Examples:
● I was studying when she called.
● While I was studying, she called.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must
use Simple Past.
Examples:
● Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
● Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
Exercises.
Ex. 1.Write the correct form of the verbs.
1-She met him while she ___________________(travel) on a train.

2-While the woman getting off the bus, she_______________(fall down).
3-The thief ___________________(break) into while we were sleeping.
4-John took a photo while I ____________________(not/look).
5-While my mum was working in the garden , she _______________(hurt) her back.
6-We were living in Madrid when our old aunt________________(die).
7-When I got up this morning, it _________________(rain) heavily.
8- While my dad was brushing teeth, my mum _______________ (fall asleep).
9- I saw a nightmare while I ___________________(sleep) last night.
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10- What happened in your dream while a monster ___________________(chase)
you?
Ex. 2.Write the correct form of the verbs.

1. I _____________(study) History when my friends_____________ (come) around.
2. While Susan_____________(walk) in the street, she ______(meet) an old friend.
3. Her baby___________ (wake) up while she ________________(clean) the house.
4. He ______________ (work) when her wife ___________________(phone) him.
5. The students ______________(have) a test when the storm ____________(start).
6. We ___________(see) a falling star while we ___________(go) fishing in the lake.
7. Susan____________(fall) down while she _________________(climb) the ladder.
8. I _________________(walk) along the road when I__________(see) you with her.
9. Tom _____________(burn)his hand while he _______________(cook)the dinner.
10.Dady ______________(fall) asleep while he __________________(read) a book.
Ex. 3. Write “When” or “While”!
1.I was reading a book ....................................... suddenly I heard a noise.

2. .............................. Rose was cooking dinner, her husband went to work.
3. ......................... Sandra and Kathy was talking in the living-room,the doorbell rang.
4.Ben was playing in a basketball team ............................... he was a kid.
5. Sharon came home ................................. her brother was playing video games.
6. ................................. Angela got home, she was making some coffee.
7. They were sleeping ......................................... the burglars broke in.
8. We were having a lesson ...................................... we heard a terrrible noise.
9. .................................... I was cycling, the rain started.
10. He broke his arm ..................................... he was playing basketball.
Ex. 4. Using the words in the brackets, complete the text below with the
appropriate tense (Past Simple or Past Continuous).
1. A: What (you, do) ____________________ when the accident occurred?

B: I (try) _______________ to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
2. After I (find) _______________ the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately)

_______________to the police and (turn) _______________it in.
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3. The doctor (say) _______________ that Tom (be) _______________ too sick to go
to work and that he (need) to stay at home for a couple of days.
4. Sebastian (arrive) _______________ at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but
she (be, not) _______________ there. She (study, at the library) _______________ for
her final examination in French.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch,
also) _______________ television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call) _______________ you last night after dinner, but you (be, not)
_______________ there. Where were you?
B: I (work) _______________ out at the fitness center.
7. When I (walk) _______________ into the busy office, the secretary (talk)
_______________ on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily)
_______________at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)
_______________ methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch) _______________ a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out.

Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.
9. Sharon (be) _______________ in the room when John told me what happened, but
she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) _______________.
10. It's strange that you (call) _______________because I (think, just)

_______________ about you.
Ex. 2. Reading
The Tobermory Cat
Sammy was on holiday with her parents and Tom was on
holiday with his. They were in Tobermory. Tobermory is a town
on the isle of Mull, which is in the Hebrides. A famous cat lives
there – the Tobermory cat. He is a beautiful ginger tom cat. One
night, Sammy and Tom were chatting after dinner. They were
walking along the main street.
‘I saw the cat this morning at about 9 o’clock,’ Sammy said. ‘He
was licking his paws outside the co-op.’
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‘That’s impossible!’ replied Tom. ‘I saw him at 9 o’clock. He was climbing a tree
beside the Happy Hotel.’
‘Maybe it was later, then.’ Sammy said. ‘But, I definitely saw him at 10 o’clock. He
was sleeping in the window of the Youth Hostel.’
‘No, not possible,’ answered Tom. ‘I saw him at 10 o’clock. He was chasing a seagull
outside the fish and chip shop.’
Sammy and Tom thought that this was a bit of a mystery! That cat must be a fast
runner!
‘I saw him again when we were having our lunch,’ said Sammy. ‘This time, at around
1 o’clock, he was walking on the harbour wall.’
‘Now I know there is something funny going on!’ said Tom, ‘because I saw him while
we were having lunch. We were eating at Café Fish and he was in the café! He was
begging for food and Mum gave him a piece of fish.’
They walked a bit further together, wondering about how they could both have seen
the same cat at the same time. Later, they saw something which explained everything.
Look at the bottom of the page to find out what it was.
Complete the grid, with the details of what Sammy and Tom saw Toby doing and
the place they saw him.
9 a.m 10a.m Lunch time
Samm
y
Tom
Answer TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)

1) The Tobermory cat is black.________
2) Sammy and Tom were on holiday with their parents in Spain. ________
3) One night, Sammy and Tom were chatting after dinner. ________
4) Sammy said that she had seen the cat at 9a.m outside the co-op, licking his paws. __
5) Tom saw him at 10a.m chasing a mouse. ________
6) They thought he must be a fast runner. ________
7) Tom said that his Dad gave Toby cat a piece of fish. ________
8) They both saw something which explained the mystery. ________
9) Tobrmory is a town on the isle of Mull. ________
10) Mull is on the mainland of Scotland. ________
11) The cat has his own Facebook page. ________
12) The cat is a fictional character. ________
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13) Mull is an isle of the east coast of Scotland. ________
Future Continuous te
FORM Future Continuous with "Will"
Examples:
● You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
● Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
● You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be
interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption
or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
● I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
● I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
● He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when
she arrives.
Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses,
and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in

the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a
specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
● Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
● At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
WE WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT.
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REMEMBER
In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or
end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
● Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.
● Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM.
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are
parallel.
Examples:
● I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
● Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good
time.
● While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE." (SEE
EXPLANATION BELOW)
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Simple Future.
Examples:
● Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
● Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
● You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
● Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
● You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
● Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
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ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
● At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. ACTIVE
● At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. PASSIVE
● At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. ACTIVE
● At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. PASSIVE
NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Continuous are not common.
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences with Future Continuous.
1.This time next week Helen ……………..(travel) to Brazil with her husband.
2.My aunt ……..……….. (open) her new restaurant in town.
3.They ……………………. (swim) in the sea before the end of the month.
4.………………….. your friend ………………… (wait) for you at the airport?
5.My grandmother ……………………. (have) an operation very soon.
6.Jackeline …………………….. (interview) the candidates for the post.
7.I know you won’t be asleep at 12.00.You…………….. (play) computer games.
8.Next Saturday night Sonia ……………..(have) dinner with some friends.
9.The mechanic …………………….. (repair) my car in the garage.
10. Joanna ……………………. (live) in Greece happily with her family.
11.My mom ………………………. (decorate) our new flat.
12.The tennis player …………….. (compete) for the World Cup.
13.The police ……………. (investigate) the kidnapping of the kid.
14. We ………..………….. (celebrate) Christmas in a month’s time.
15, Why …………… you………. (write) these novels is a short period of time?
Ex. 2.Read the text quickly and choose

the best title.
1-Rebellion Speech
2-Freedom Dream
3-Thoughts about War
I have a dream that

one day this nation will be announcing
its faith: "All men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be sitting down together at the
table of brotherhood.
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I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering
with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be a place of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will be living one day in a
nation where nobody will judge them by the color of their skin but by the
content of their character.
I have a dream today! This is our hope, and this is the faith.
With this faith,one day, we will create a stone of hope from the mountain of
despair. With this faith, we will transform the jangling disagreement of our
nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be
working together, struggling together, standing up for freedom together.
We know that we will be free one day.
A) Read the text again and answer the questions.
1) Were the people equal at the time of this speech? Why?
________________________________________________________________
2) What are Martin Luther King’s dreams about his people?
________________________________________________________________
3) How will change the state of Mississippi?
________________________________________________________________
4) Do you agree with M. L. King about his thoughts? Why? Why not?
________________________________________________________________
B) Match the bold words with their meanings. There are some extra
definitions that you don’t need.
1) faith ( n ) _____ a) pressure or distress
2) brotherhood ( n ) ____ b) the complete loss or absence of hope
3) to swelter ( v ) ____ c) an association or community of people
4) oppression ( n ) ____ linked by a common interest
5) despair ( n ) ____ d) belief
6) jangling ( adj ) ____ e) to have difficulty
7) to struggle ( v ) ____ f) to be uncomfortably hot
g) noisy
h) to get angry
i) complicated
Future Simple v.s Future Continuous
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple or the future continuous.
1. I want to tour the area today. ________ (you/use) the car?

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2. Please don’t forget your tie because you ________ (meet) the administrators during
your visit.
3. The taxi driver ________(take) you to the Savoy Hotel.
4. A shuttle ________(wait) for you outside the airport building at 8:30 p.m.
5. There’s s big sale at Selfridges tomorrow. I’m sure people ________(queue) up the
street from early morning.
6. Put on something nice for the party. The photographers ________(take) pictures.
7. You can’t stay here if you’ve decided not to go. We ________(look) for you.
8. It’s an acceptable suggestion. I ________(think) it over.
9. The price of petrol has gone up again. People ________(ride) their bicycles soon.
10. I’m sure this statue ________(stand) here in the year 2010.
11. ________ you ________ (join) us at 3.00 p.m.? we ________ (discuss) the new
plan.
12. Come to the stadium at 4:00 p.m. The world-famous football player
________(sign) the t-shirts.
13. This time tomorrow I ________(fly) across the Pacific.
14. I don’t want to call Janet just now. I’m sure she ________(bathe) the baby and she
________ (be able/not) answer the phone.
15. If you need me, you ________(find) me at school. I ________(teach) in pavilion A
until the lunch time.
The Present Perfect tw
The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present.
When the Present Perfect is used fact is important but not time. It is formed
by means of the auxiliary verb to have and Past Participle (V3) of the
notional verb. In the negative form the negative particle not is used after
the auxiliary verb. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed
before the subject.
Affirmative form Interrogative Negative form Short form

form
I have done the Have I done the I have not done I haven’t done the
homework. homework? the homework? homework.
You have done the Have you done You have not You haven’t done
homework. the homework? done the the homework.
homework.
She has done the Has she done the She has not done She hasn’t done
homework. homework? the homework. the homework.
He has done the Has he done the He has not done He hasn’t done
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We have done the Have we done the We have not done We haven’t done
You have done the Have you done You have not You haven’t done
homework. the homework? done the the homework.
homework.
They have done Have they done They have not They haven’t
the homework. the homework? done the done the
homework. homework.
With such verbs as to live, to work, to study, to teach, to travel, etc. The Present
Perfect in this case is translated into Russian by the present. Key words are since
and for.
Example:
1. I have known him for many years. Я его знаю много лет.
2. I have known him since my childhood. Я знаю его с детства.
The Present Perfect is often used with such adverbs as already, just, ever, never,
yet, etc.
Example:
1. I have read “ The Jamilya”, but I have not read “The Harry Potter”.
Я читал(а) «Жамилю», но не читала «Гарри Поттера».
2. Bakyt has already passed the exams.

Бакыт уже сдал экзамены.
3. Aichrek has not returned from America yet.

Айчурек еще не вернулась из Америки.
4. Have you ever translated articles into Russian or Kyrgyz from English?
Вы переводили статьти из русского или кыргызского на английский
язык?
5. How many pages have you translated for today?

Сколько страниц вы переводили на сегодня?
6. The Sabyrbekovs have bought a new house in Bishkek this year.

Сабырбековы купили новый дом в Бишкеке в этом году.
7. Marat has never been in America.
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Марат никогда не был в Америке.
Exercises
1. Read the sentences and underline the verb in the Present Perfect and
make them negative.
1. I have been at the Issyk-Kul many times. I haven’t been at the Black
Sea.
2. I have read “ The Twilight”. ( “The Harry Potter”)
3. Tilek has been in Germany. (China)
4. The students have passed their Winter session. (Summer session)
5. The Granny has watched her favorite soap opera. (“The Titanic”)
6. The Kyrgyz Sportsmen have won the Winter Olympic Games. (the
Summer Olympic Games)
7. Ermek has passed his winter exams successfully.
8. Tom has told the truth to his Mother.
2. Make the following sentences interrogative.
1. I have read all the books of Chyngyz Aitmatov.

I haven’t read all the books of Chyngyz Aitmatov.
2. Children have already had lunch.
__________________________________________________________ .
3. Granny has got a message from her grandson.
___________________________________________________________ .
4. The farmers have sold their harvest successfully.
___________________________________________________________ .
5. Samat has understood his mistake.
___________________________________________________________ .
6. The student has answered the questions of the teacher well.
__________________________________________________________ .
7. Karen has done her work well.
__________________________________________________________ .
8. The Kyrgyz films have won awards in many international festivals.
__________________________________________________________ .
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3. Pair-work. Ask questions to the partner in the Present Perfect.
1. A:- Have you seen “The Twilight”?
B: -No, I haven’t. And you?
A: I have seen it.
2. A: Has Kyle been in Kyrgyzstan before?
B: No, he hasn’t. He has been here for the first time.
3. A: Have you ever swum with dolphins?
B: No, never.
4. Mother: Have you washed the dishes in the kitchen?
Daughter: Yes, I have already washed them.
5. Sister: Have you done your maths?
Brother: Not yet. I hope you will help me.
6. A: Have you ever seen the crocodile?
B: No, never.
Past Perfect Te
1.The Past Perfect denotes an action completed before a certain action in the past
expressed in the Past Indefinite or by an adverbial phrase.
Example:
After Aigul had passed the exam, she felt easier.
When Mother came home, her son and daughter had already done the
housework.
2.The Past Perfect is formed by means of had +Past Participle (Verb3) of the
notional verb.
Affirmative Negative form Interrogative Shorten form

form form
I had learnt. I had not worked. Had I worked? I hadn’t worked.
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You had worked. You had not Had you worked? You hadn’t
worked. worked.
He had worked. He had not Had he worked? He hadn’t

worked. worked.
She had worked. She had not Had she She hadn’t
worked. worked? worked.
We had worked. We had not Had we We hadn’t

You had worked. You had not Had you You hadn’t
They had They had not Had they worked? They hadn’t
worked. worked. worked.
Exercises
1.Read the following sentences and underline the Past Perfect.
1. Nadia said she was sorry what she had done.
2. After Samat had passed his exams he went home.
3. Granny said that she had not slept at night.
4. The children were excited because they hadn’t seen the dolphins before.
5. The road was blocked because the lorry had broken down.
6. During the examination Eldar forgot everything he had learnt.
7. Asker felt very nervous on the plane because he hadn’t flown before.
8. When Karina came to the University, her classes had already started.
2. Circle the correct form of the verb to complete the sentences.
1. The concert had already began/begun when we got to the theatre.
2. It was a nice concert the singers sang/sung beautifully.
3. I was very tired because I had drove/driven all the way from Osh to Bishek.
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4. While Mother was cooking in the kitchen her children had did/done their lessons.
5. When she died in 1999, the novelist Iris Murdock had wrote/written twenty seven
novels.
6. The X-ray test showed that Nuripa had broke/broken her leg.
7. Tilek didn’t think his friends knew/known about his problems.
8. Ann was happy because her daughter had wrote/written her.
3. Complete the text about Justine Klause with the correct form of the verb in
brackets: Past Simple or Past Perfect.
When Swiss millionaire Justine Klause (a) died (die) in Geneva at the age of
seventy-nine, most of her family (b) ______________ (come) to hear the details of her
will, hoping the old lady (c) _____________________________ (remember) them.
Instead, they (d) __________ (get) a real shock. Justine (e) ________________ (live)
alone for many years, and most of her family (f) ______________________ (not see)
her for several years. Her relatives (g) ___________ (be) amazed when they (h)
________________ (hear) that the old lady (i) ________________ (leave) 370, 000
pounds to her favorite house plant! Justine said that for all those years the plant (be)
___________________ her best and only friend. In contrast, her family only (k)
___________________ (receive) 100 pounds each.
4.Small group activities. The group is divided into 3 small groups. Each group has
one joke read it paying attention to Past Simple and Past Perfect in 5-6 minutes,
present it in front of the group. Which do you think is the funniest joke?
a. The boss of the company called one of his employees into his office. The young
man –who had only worked for the company for a few weeks – felt nervously. “When
you started working here a month ago, your salary was $ 50 000,’ - said the boss. “Two
weeks later, I doubled your salary to $ 100 000. Now I’m going to pay you $ 250 000 a
year. What do you say to that?” “Thanks God”, said the young man.
b. The American comedian Jack Benny was famous for being mean. One day he had
been to the bank and he was on his way home, when a robber appeared and pointed a
gun at him, “Your money or your life”, hissed the robber. There was a long silence.
“What’s the matter with you?” asked the robber. “I said your money or your life.” “I’m
thinking said the old man.”
c. Someone asked the millionaire how he had become so rich. “As a young man I was
very poor,” he said. “I spent my last $100 on an old second-hand car. I spent the next
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week cleaning and repairing it. Then I sold the car for $200. With the $200, I bought
two second-hand cars. I spent the next two weeks cleaning and repairing them. Then I
sold them for $400. It wasn’t much, but I had made a profit of $200.”
“What then?” “My wife’s father died,” he replied.
Home assignments: Make up your own sentences in the Past perfect: 3 positive, 3
negative and 3 interrogative forms.
Future Perfect te
The Future Perfect denotes an action that will be completed before a definite
moment in the future. It is formed by means of will + have + Participle II (verb 3
of the verb). Remember that Future Perfect contains three verbs. In negative
form the particle “not” is used after will. In the interrogative form will is placed
before the subject.
Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative Shorten form

form
I will have I will not have Will I have I won’t have

finished my work finished my work finished my work finished my work
by 7 p.m. by 7 p. m. by 7 p.m.? by 7 p.m.
You will have You will not have Will you have You won’t have
finished your finished your finished your finished by 7 p.m.
work by 7 p. m. work by 7 p.m. work by 7 p.m.?
He will have He will not have Will he have He won’t have

finished his work finished his work finished his work finished his work
by 7 p.m. by 7 p.m. by 7 p.m.? by 7 p.m.
She will have She will not have Will she have She won’t have
finished his work finished his work finished her work finished her work
by 7 p.m. by 7 p. m. by 7 p.m.? by 7 p.m.
We will have We will have not Will we have We won’t have

finished our work finished our work finished our work finished our work
by 7 p.m. by 7 p.m. by 7 p.m.? by 7 p.m.
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You will have You will not have Will you have You won’t have
finished your finished your finished your finished your
work by 7 p.m. work by 7 p.m. work by 7 p.m.? work by 7 p.m.
They will have They will not Will they have They won’t have
finished their have finished finished their finished their
work by 7 p.m. their work by 7 work by 7 p.m.? work by 7 p.m.
p.m.
Exercises
1.Read the sentences, underline the verb in the Future Perfect.
1. I am writing my course paper since October. I will have finished it by December 10.
2. We are the II year students. We will graduate from the University by in 2017. 3.
Bermet and Anar are III year students. They will have had their diplomas by 2016. 4.
The traffic is terrible. By the time we get to the University we will have been late for
the classes. 5. Kunduz is busy with her essay now. She will have written it by 10 p.m.
6. Kyrgyz sportsmen are making success. By 2018 they will have won the Olympic
medals. 7. Altynbek is living, stydying and working in Chicago. He says that by 2016
he will have got his diploma and had a prestigious job in Chicago. 8. Burul and
Shahnoza are learning Chinese and English. They say that they will have visited China
by 2016.
2. Make the following sentences using I think.
1. Kate is knitting the sweater. I think that she won’t have finished it by the New Year.
2. Now it is 2 p.m. Marat and Bolot are translating the newspaper article. (by 5 p.m.)
I don’t think that they ___________________________________________ by 5 p.m.
3.It is raining now. (by the tomorrow) I don’t think that ________________________ .
4. It is 4 p.m. Aidar and Nur are playing chess. (by 6 p.m.) I don’t think that they
__________________________________________________ by 6 p.m.
5. It is 8 p.m. Kids are going to watch the cartoon. (by 9 p.m.) I sure that they
__________ ___________ ____________ ______________ it by 9 p.m.
6. The constructors have been building the school for two years. I think they
___________ _____________ _________________ it by August 25.
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7. Kate has learnt the new recipe. It is 11 a.m. and she is making a fruit salad. I’m sure
she _______ _________ ___________ it by 11.30.
8. It is 10 a.m. We are cleaning the garden. We still have a lot of work to do. I think we
_________ _________ ____________ it by 12.
3. Pair-work. Ask each other questions using the sample.
Sample:
Arstan: Bolot, where will you have lived and worked by 2018?
Bolot: I will have lived and worked in Bishkek as an interpreter. What about you?
Arstan: I will have lived and worked in London as a computer specialist.
Aigerim: Aidiana where will you have lived and worked by 2020?
Aidiana: I will have lived and worked in …………………. by 2020. What about you?
Aigerim: I will have lived and worked in …………………. By 2020.
Write about your future plans. What will you have done by 2018? Where will you
have gone? What countries will you have visited? Where will you have lived and
worked? Will you have married? Will you have had a child? Will you have had
your own small business?
Future Perfect in the Past is formed by means of would +have + Participle

II(Verb3)
In the negative form particle not is used after would.
In the interrogative form would is placed before the subject.
Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative Shorten form

form
Mike would have Mike said that he Would Mike have Mike wouldn’t
fixed the car by would not have fixed the car by have fixed his car
Monday. fixed the car by Sunday? by Monday.
Monday.
I would have I said that I would Would you have I wouldn’t have
passed my exams not have passed passed your passed my exams
by the New Year. by the New Year.
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my exams by the exams by the New
New Year. Year?
They would have They would not Would they have They wouldn’t
lived and worked have lived and lived and worked have lived and
in America by worked in India in India by 2018? worked in India
2018. by 2018. by 2018.
Present Perfect Continuous te

The Present Perfect denotes an action in progress, which starts in the past and
still goes on. It is formed by means of have (has) + been + participle I (verb+ing).
The words since and for are used in Present Perfect Continuous.
In the negative form, the negative form not is used after have (has)
Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Shorten form
I have been working. I have not Have I been I haven’t been

been working. working? working.
You have been You have not Have you been You haven’t
working. been working. working? been working.
She has been She has not Has she been She hasn’t been
working. been working. working? working.
He has been He has not Has he been He hasn’t been

working. been working. working? working.
We have been We have not Have we been We haven’t

They have been They have not Have they been They haven’t
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Exercises
1.Read the sentences and underline the verb in the present perfect tense.
1. I’ve been working on my essay for three hours.
2. Rose has been learning Kyrgyz for 7 months.
3. The President has been talking for nearly an hour.
4. How long have you been waiting?
5. Have you been doing your home work for a long time?
6. Aigul has been reading the book for two weeks.
7. Chynara has been staying with Granny for the last three weeks.
8. The children have been playing football for 2 hours.
2. Write for and since next to these time phrases.
1. for 20 years
2. since 2001
3. __________________ three years
4. __________________ his childhood
5. ___________________ Friday
6. ___________________ this morning
7. ___________________ six o’clock
8. ___________________ yesterday
9. ___________________ you left school
10. __________________ 2012
3. Choose one of the phrases from Exercise 2 to complete each sentence in a

logical way.
1. Today’s the last day of our holiday. We’ve been here for a week.
2. Kate left home two days ago and nobody has seen her _____________
____________ .
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3. You probably haven’t studied mathematics __________ _______ ________
____________ .
4. You haven’t eaten ____________ ______________ _________________ .
5. The American singer Steve Wonder has been blind _________ _______
________________ .
6. Atai Omurzakov has been dancing ___________ ________________

__________________ .
7. The patients have been waiting for the doctor ___________

__________________________ .
8. Dastan has been driving a car ____________

_________________________________ .
4. Read the text, use the prompts to write questions, and write answers with for or
since.
Success from abroad
Thomas Erickson: Thomas came to London from Germany almost four years ago.
After doing a course in theatre costume design, he began working at the National
Theatre in London a year ago. “I really enjoy designing clothes, and I’ve always loved
the theatre, so this job is absolutely perfect for me,” he says. “I started work on a new
production of Romeo and Juliet two weeks ago and I’m really excited about it.
Blanca and Richard Jones: Blanca Jones is originally from Peru. She came to
England in 1997, and a year later she got married. For the last two years she has been a
manager of La Finca restaurant with her English husband, Richard. “Our restaurant
was the only Peruvian restaurant in London. It has been so successful that last week we
opened a new restaurant – La Finca II.
Kerry Paterson: When Kerry first came to England from Australia in 2000, she was a
backpacker, travelling round Europe. She came back three years later and started
working as a swimming coach about a year after that. Nowadays, she has a second,
part-time job-playing in a jazz band. “About month ago, a friend heard that I could
play the piano, and asked me to join his band. We play every weekend in local cafes
and restaurants.
a.How long / Thomas / live /in England?
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How long has Thomas been living in England? Answer: for four years.
b. How long / he / work / at the National Theatre?
______________________________________________ ? Answer: ______________
c. How long / he / work / on Romeo and Juliet?
_____________________________________________? Answer: _______________
d. How long /Bianca / live ? in England?
_____________________________________________ ? Answer: _______________
e. How long / she / work / at La Finca?
_____________________________________________ ? Answer: _______________
f. How long / La Finca / operate?
______________________________________________ ? Answer: ______________
g. How long / Kerry / live / in England?
_______________________________________________ ? Answer: _____________
h. How long /she / work / as a swimming coach?
______________________________________________ ? Answer: ______________
i.How long /she / play / in a jazz band?
_____________________________________________ ? Answer: _______________
Конец формы
THE VERB IN PASSIVE VOICE

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and
"passive forms."
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
85
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and
the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can
use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important
or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is
doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
Tense Active Passive

Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by
Tom.
Present Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by
Continuous Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
Past The salesman was helping the The customer was being helped by the
Continuous customer when the thief came into the salesman when the thief came into the
store. store.
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many
tourists.
Present Perfect Recently, John has been doing the Recently, the work has been being done
Continuous work. by John.
Past Perfect George had repaired many cars Many cars had been repaired by George
before he received his mechanic's before he received his mechanic's license.
license.
Past Perfect Chef Jones had been preparing the The restaurant's fantastic dinners had
Continuous restaurant's fantastic dinners for two been being prepared by Chef Jones for
years before he moved to Paris. two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work by 5:00 The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
will PM.
Simple Future Sally is going to make a beautiful A beautiful dinner is going to be made
be going to dinner tonight. by Sally tonight.
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be
Continuous washing the dishes. being washed by John.
will
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Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going
Continuous be washing the dishes. to be being washed by John.
be going to
Future Perfect They will have completed the project The project will have been completed
will before the deadline. before the deadline.
Future Perfect They are going to have completed The project is going to have been
be going to the project before the deadline. completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect The famous artist will have been The mural will have been being painted
Continuous painting the mural for over six months by the famous artist for over six months
will by the time it is finished. by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect The famous artist is going to have The mural is going to have been being
Continuous been painting the mural for over six painted by the famous artist for over six
be going to months by the time it is finished. months by the time it is finished.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always My mother would always make the The pies would always be made by my
pies. mother.
Future in the I knew John would finish the work by I knew the work would be finished by
Past 5:00 PM. 5:00 PM.
Would
Future in the I thought Sally was going to make a I thought a beautiful dinner was going to
Past beautiful dinner tonight. be made by Sally tonight.
Was Going to
Excersises
Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). Use Simple Present.
1. He (sell)________________ cars.
2. The blue car (sell) ________________
3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) ________________ than in winter.
4. She (call) ________________ her grandparents every Friday.
5. The letters (type) ________________
6. He (take)________________his medicine every day.
7. Jane (take / not________________to school by her father.
8. We (go)________________to school by bus.
9. She (work / not) ________________ for a bank.
10.Milk (keep) ________________ in the refrigerator.
Rewrite the given sentences in Present Simple Passive voice.
1. Mr Jones watches films.__________________________________

2. The people speak English. __________________________________
3. He reads comics. __________________________________
4. We play volleyball. __________________________________
5. They sing the song. __________________________________
6. I take photos. __________________________________
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7. She does the housework. __________________________________
8. The policemen help the children. __________________________________
9. He writes poems. __________________________________
10.Mother waters the flowers. __________________________________
Rewrite the sentences in Simle Past Passive Voice .
1. She sang a song. – A song was sung by her.

2. Somebody hit me. – ______________________________
3. We stopped the bus. - ______________________________
4. A thief stole my car. –______________________________
5. They didn't let him go. –______________________________
6. She didn't win the prize. –______________________________
7. They didn't make their beds. - ______________________________
8. I did not tell them. –______________________________
9. Did you tell them? –______________________________
10.Did he send the letter? -______________________________
Passive voice -Simple Past
1 They gave my little brother a red ball.

2 Someone broke into their house.
3 Her uncle brought her up
4 Someone gave me this book for Christmas
5 The firemen gave up the search after 6 o’clock
6 Somebody washed my car on Saturday
7 I didn’t find my wallet yesterday
8 The police arrested the two bank robbers yesterday.
9 We never saw him in the dining room
10 They gave my little sister a ticket
11 Someone taught him French.
12 Someone gave him a dictionary
13 Someone gave her a box of chocolates for her birthday
14 A friend told me the news this morning
15 They built this bridge last year.
16 Nobody heard a sound
17 Did they say anything interesting?
18 Someone found the lost children this morning.
19 They took the child to the hospital two days ago
20 The dog bit me last year.
Put the following sentences into passive voice. (will future passive)
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1. Will he pick up the kids tomorrow? ______________________________________
2. The birds will eat those cookies. ________________________________________
3. My friends will visit him tomorrow. ______________________________________
4. The coach will throw a party on the weekend. ______________________________
5. The next earthquake will destroy the city. __________________________________
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. Jane will buy a new computer. –______________________________________
2. Her boyfriend will install it. _________________________________________
3. Millions of people will visit the museum. –______________________________
4. Our boss will sign the contract. –______________________________________
5. You will not do it. –________________________________________________
6. They will not show the new film. –____________________________________
7. He won't see Sue. _________________________________________________
8. They will not ask him. –_____________________________________________
9. Will the company employ a new worker? -______________________________
10.Will the plumber repair the shower? -__________________________________
Passive Voice in the Present and Past Continuous Tenses
Present Continuous in Present Continuous in Formation of the

Active Voice Passive Voice Present Continuous in
Passive
The secretary is copying Some letters are being Passive form of the
some letters. copied by the secretary. Present Continuous
Someone is building a A new house is being Tense.
new house behind the City built behind the bank. am}
Bank. The diploma papers are is } + being+V3
The students are writing being written by the are}
their diploma papers these students these days.
days.
The secretary was Some letters were being Passive form of the Past
copying some letters at 5 copied by the secretary Continuous Tense.
yesterday. at 5 yesterday. was}
Someone was building a A new house was being were}+ being+V3
new house behind the City built behind the City
Bank. Bank.
Present Continuous in Present Continuous in Formation of Present
Active Voice negative Passive Voice negative Continuous in Passive
sentence sentence negative
The secretary is not Some letters are not
copying some letters. being copied by the am}
Someone is not building secretary. is} + not +being+ V3
a new house behind the are}
City Bank.
89
The students are not A new house is not
writing their diploma being built behind the
papers these days. City Bank.
The diploma papers are

not being written these
days.
Present Continuous in Present Continuous am}
Active Voice Passive interrogative is} + Subject+being+V3
interrogative sentence sentence are}
Is the secretary copying Are any letters being
some letters? copied by the secretary?
Is someone building a Is a new house being
new house behind the City built behind the City
Bank? Bank?
Are the students writing Are diploma papers
their diploma papers? being written by the
students?
Past Continuous in Past Continuous in Formation of Past
Active Voice negative Passive Voice negative Continuous Passive
sentence sentence negative
The secretary was not Some letters were not
copying some letters at 5 being copied at 5
yesterday. yesterday.
Someone was not A new house was not was}
building a new house being built behind the were} +not+being+V3
behind the City Bank. City Bank this time last
The students were not year.
writing their diploma The diploma papers
papers this time last years. were not being written
behind the City Bank
last year.
Past Continuous Active Passive Voice Formation of Passive
Voice interrogative interrogative interrogative
Was the secretary copying Were some letters

some letters at 5 being copied at 5
yesterday? yesterday? was}
Was someone building a Was a new house being were}
new house behind the City built behind the City +Subject+being+V3
Bank? Bank?
Were the students writing
their diploma papers?
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Were the diploma
papers being built this
time last year?
Exercises
1. Change the following sentences from active to passive. Include the

“by-phrase” only if it contains important information.
1. Someone is building a new restaurant on the bank of the Naryn.
A new restaurant is being built on the bank of the Naryn.
2. We are busy. We are planting flowers in the yard.
_______________________________________________________________ .
3. It is 11.30. Sunday. Mother is cooking lunch. ____________________________
4. Father is fixing his car. ____________________________________________ .
5. Ormon is feeding his birds.
________________________________________________ .
6. Granny is watering the flowers.
____________________________________________ .
7. Grandfather is writing poems.
_____________________________________________ .
2. Make the following sentences interrogative.

1. It is 10 o’clock. Sunday. Mother is not cooking lunch. Lunch is not being
cooked.
2. Father is not fixing a car.

_____________________________________________ .
3. Ormon is not feeding his birds.

_________________________________________ .
4. Granny is not watering flowers.

________________________________________ .
5. Grandfather is not writing poems.

_______________________________________ .
3. Make the following sentences to passive interrogative.
1. Is mother cooking lunch?

__________________________________________ ?
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2. Is father fixing a car?
______________________________________________?
3. Is Ormon feeding his birds?

________________________________________ ?
4. Is Granny watering flowers?

________________________________________ ?
5. Is grandfather writing poems?

_______________________________________ ?
4. Make the sentences of exercise 1 to Past Passive Continuous.
1. A new restaurant is being built on the Naryn.
A new restaurant was being built on the Naryn.
2. Lunch is being cooked by Mother.

_____________________________________ .
3. The car is being fixed by Father.

_______________________________________ .
4. The birds are being fed.

______________________________________________ .
5. The flowers are being watered.

________________________________________ .
6. The poem is being written by Grandfather.

________________________________ .
5. Change the questions from Present Continuous Passive to Past Continuous

Tenses Passive changing key words.
1. What is being built on the Naryn?

_______________________________________ ?
2. What is being cooked by Mother?

________________________________________?
3. Who is being asked at the lesson now?

___________________________________ ?
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4. Who is being fed?
___________________________________________________ ?
5. Are the documents being signed?

_______________________________________ ?
6. Change the sentences from Active to Passive.
1. We can’t use our classroom today because someone is painting it.
We can’t use our classroom today because it is being painted.
2. We couldn’t use our classroom yesterday because someone was painting it.
We couldn’t use our classroom yesterday because _________________________ .
3. We can’t use the Interactive Board today because someone is fixing it.
We can’t use the Interactive Board today because __________________________.
4. We couldn’t use the Interactive Board yesterday because some was fixing it.
We couldn’t use the Interactive Board yesterday because ______________________ .
5. Someone is repairing my shoes.

__________________________________________ .
6. Someone was repairing my shoes.

________________________________________ .
Summary: Passive Verb Forms
Active Voice Passive Voice
Present Simp: Doctor Grey helps Tom is helped by Doctor Grey.

Tom.
Present Con.: Doctor Grey is Tom is being helped by Doctor

helping Tom Grey.
Present Perf: Dr. Grey has helped Tom has been helped by Doctor
Tom. Grey.
Past Simple: Dr. Grey helped Tom. Tom was helped by Doctor Grey.
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Past Con: Dr. Grey was helping Tom was being helped by Doctor
Tom. Grey.
Past Perf: Dr. Grey had helped Tom. Tom had been helped by Doctor
Grey.
Future (intension): Dr. Grey is Tom is going to be helped by Dr.

going to help Tom. Grey.
Future Simple: Dr. Grey will help Tom will be helped by Doctor
Tom. Grey.
Modal Verb can: Dr. Grey can help Tom can be helped by Doctor Grey.
Tom.
should: Doctor Grey should help Tom should be helped by Doctor

Tom. Grey.
ought to: Doctor Grey ought to help Tom ought to be helped by doctor
Tom. Grey.
must: Doctor Grey must help Tom. Tom must be helped by Doctor
Grey.
has to: Doctor Grey has to help Tom has to be helped by Doctor
Tom. Grey.
may: Doctor Grey may help Tom. Tom may be helped by Doctor
Grey.
might: Doctor Grey might help Tom. Tom might be helped by Doctor
Grey.
Practice using passive voice.
Exercises
1. Pair work
Student 1 Student 2 uses passive voice
1. Someone will paint this room. 1. This room will be painted.
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2. Someone must paint this bench. 2.
___________________________
3. may paint 3.
___________________________
4. has painted 4.
___________________________
5. was painting 5.
___________________________
6. painted 6.
___________________________
7. is painting 7.
___________________________
2. Someone …………..
1. must solve this problem. This problem _________________
2. is preparing dinner.
_____________________________
3. has to pay this bill.

_____________________________
4. should eat this food.

_____________________________
5. will send the message. _____________________________
6. has made a mistake.

_____________________________
3.
1. No one has washed the dishes yet. __________________________________
2. Someone should wash them soon. ___________________________________
3. No one has solved that problem.____________________________________
4. Someone must solve it soon. ___________________________________
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5. No one invited Tom to the party._________________________________
6. Did someone invite you to the party?______________________________
7. Someone told the truth._________________________________________
Modal Verbs
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be
used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to
show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
● I can ride a horse. ability

● We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
● She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
● Can you hand me the stapler? request
● Any child can grow up to be president. possibility
Positive Forms Negative Forms Also use:

Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
3. = Future Future
1. I can speak Chinese. 1. I can't speak Swahili. be able to
2. SHIFT TO "COULD" 2. SHIFT TO "COULD"

I could speak Chinese I couldn't speak Swahili.
when I was a kid.
can 3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE
general ability 3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"
TO" I won't be able to speak
I will be able to speak Swahili.
Chinese by the time I
finish my course.
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1. With a burst of 1. Even with a burst of be able to
adrenaline, people can adrenaline, people can't pick
pick up cars. up something that heavy.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE 2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE

TO" TO"
With a sudden burst of Even the weight lifter,
can
adrenaline, he was able wasn't able to lift the car off
ability during a
to lift the car off the the child's leg.
specific event
child's leg.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO"
TO" Even three men working
With a sudden burst of together won't be able to lift
adrenaline, he will be the car.
able to lift the car.
1. I have some free time. 1. I don't have any time. I be able to

I can help her now. can't help her now.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE 2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE

TO" TO"
can I had some free time I didn't have time yesterday.
opportunity yesterday. I was able to I wasn't able to help her at
help her at that time. that time.
3. I'll have some free 3. I won't have any time

time tomorrow. I can later. I can't help her then.
help her then.
1. I can drive Susan's car 1. I can't drive Susan's car may

when she is out of town. when she is out of town.
2. SHIFT TO "BE 2. SHIFT TO "BE

can
ALLOWED TO " ALLOWED TO "
permission
I was allowed to drive I wasn't allowed to drive
Susan's car while she was Susan's car while she was
out of town last week. out of town last week.
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3. I can drive Susan's car 3. I can't drive Susan's car
while she is out of town while she is out of town
next week. next week.
Can I have a glass of Can't I have a glass of could,

water? water? may
can Can you give me a lift to Can't you give me a lift to

request school? school?
Requests usually refer to Requests usually refer to the

the near future. near future.
Anyone can become rich It can't cost more than a could

and famous if they know dollar or two.
the right people.
You can't be 45! I thought
can
Learning a language can you were about 18 years
possibility,
be a real challenge. old.
impossibility
This use is usually a This use is usually a
generalization or a generalization or a
supposition. supposition.
Exersices
1. Fill in the gaps with can or can’t
1.Monkey ____swing
2.Big cats like lions ___roar, but they ____ purr.
3.Koala ______sleep in a tree.
4.A duck _________ walk without bobbing its head.
5.Tiger _________prowl
6.Giraffes have no vocal cords. Therefore, they ____ make sounds.
7.Chameleon ______ change into many colors.
8.Worm ______wriggle.
9.Rabbits ______ throw up.
10.Octopus _______eject ink.
11.Puffer fish ________inflate.
12.Snake ________slither.
13.Bats ____ sleep on their feet. But, they _____ see color.
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14.Turtles ____dig.
15.Elephants _____ Jump. But they ______ carry water in its trunk.
16.Hyenas_____ laugh.
17.whale male _______sing; females ________
18.Ostriches _____ Fly.
19.Zebra _____ see the color orange.
20.Panda bear ____ hibernate.
2.Complete the sentences, use can /can’t/ could/ couldn’t
1. The man has got the right tools. He …………. start working now.
2. Linda is a good skier. He ……... jump in the slopes.
3. My uncle prepared a barbecue so we ………. eat a lot of food there.
4. It was a pity. We ……… win the football match.
5. It is impossible, the teddy bear ………… walk.
6. The man has spilled coffee on his shirt. He ……… meet the new customers.
7. He has been running so he ……….. breathe properly.
8. Perhaps the photographer ………. take a good photo.
9. I …………… go to school because I had a temperature.
10. Tom ……….. go to school because he has an allergic reaction.
11. The boy wants to pull the girl’s hair but she ………. see him.
12. Sonia ……. get in shape. Her personal trainer is helping her at the gym.
13. My best friend ……… play the flute in the band.
14. Her dad gave a motorbike so she ……..ride it to work.
15. The little boy ………. stop crying. He feels badly.
3.Find someone who can…..

Can you…?
1. play guitar ___________________________________________________
2. swim ___________________________________________________
3. play basketball ___________________________________________________
4. ride a horse ___________________________________________________
5. juggle ___________________________________________________
6. run fast ___________________________________________________
7. sing ___________________________________________________
8. ride a motorcycle___________________________________________________
9. dance ___________________________________________________
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10. sew ___________________________________________________
Ex.4. Read the text and ask the questions for the underlined modal verbs.
The Story of Helen Keller, The Girl Who Could Not See,
Hear or Speak
I’d like you to know the story of Helen Keller, who could neither
see nor hear from the time she was a baby. Yet the brilliant
girl was able to overcome all those handicaps, to graduate from a
college with honors and become a useful citizen.
I must say there was nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she
was born. Her father and mother were very proud of their pretty baby, who tried to say
“pa-pa” and “ma-ma”.
For nineteen months Helen grew bigger and stronger. She was able to walk when she
was a year old; she could say a few words.
But one day the child fell ill. She must have been very ill. For days she was laid up
with a high fever and soon the parents learned that their darling would never be able to
see and hear.
The little child was now doomed to a life of silence and darkness. She could not
hear what was said to her and did not know how to talk, she was unable to play with
other children.
When Helen was 6 years old her parents took her to Baltimore and then to Washington
to famous doctors to find out if they could do something to make her hear and see
again, but the doctors could do nothing. The child was hopelessly deaf. Dr. Bell said
the Kellers should address the Perkins Institution for the blind in Boston and ask if
they could send someone to help the child.
It was a wonderful day for Helen Keller when Ann Sullivan arrived in March 1887 to
take charge of the child who could neither hear nor speak. Helen was nearly seven,
Ann Sullivan was past twenty.
Ann Sullivan found a way to make herself understood. She gave the child a doll, and
taking Helen Keller’s hand she slowly spelled out "d-o-l". The child learnt for the first
time that things must have names.
When Miss Sullivan later spelled into the little girl’s hand the word “w-a-t-e-r” and
then let the water from the pumps run over her hand, a new light seemed to brighten
the face of the child. During the next 3 months, she learned 300 words
and could even put some of them into sentences.
Miss Sullivan loved her pupil who was so quick to learn. She
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lived with Helen, played with her and worked with her every hour of the day. By
means of the hand language, Helen and her teacher were able to talk to each other.
Helen learned to read books that were printed for the blind with raised letters. She also
learned to use the typewriter to write what she wanted to say.
When Helen was 10 she was determined that she would learn to speak.
At first she learned only the sounds of the letters of the alphabet, but soon she was able
to say words and sentences.
In the story of her life Helen Keller writes, “I shall never forget the surprise and delight
I felt when I uttered my first connected sentence: “It is warm.”
At first she had much difficulty with her speech, but Ann Sullivan understood what
Helen trying to say. Helen practised speaking day after day until at last she developed a
clear voice.
Later she was able to speak before large crowds which came to hear her whenever she
lectured.
At the age of 20 Helen Keller passed all the difficult entrance examinations to
Radcliffe College. Helen did extremely well in her classes and was able to keep up
with the other students. Helen wrote “The Story of My Life” while she was in college.
In her writings and lectures Helen did everything she could to help and encourage
others who were blind.
(From "Short Stories of Famous Women")
Ex. 5.Use can, can’t, could, or couldn’t to complete the sentences.

1. When Mary was 15, she was a fast runner. She _______ run 200 meters in 30
seconds.
a. could b. can’t c. can d. couldn’t
2. I am sorry but I _______ come to your party next Friday.
a. can b. can’t c. couldn’t d. could
3. I am not in a hurry. I _______wait for you if you need more time to study.
a. could b. can c. can’t d. couldn’t
4. I was very sick yesterday. I ____________ eat anything.
a. can b. can’t c. could d. couldn’t
5. Please speak louder. I __________ hear you very well.
a. could b. couldn’t c. can d. can’t
6. I am very tired because I __________sleep last night.
a. can’t b. could c. can d. couldn’t
7. John was a smart child. He _________ read when he was two.
a. couldn’t b. can c. could d. can’t
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8. It is sunny outside. ______ we go outside and play?
a. Could b. Couldn’t c. Can d. Can’t
9. It is cold in here. ________ you please shut the window?
a. Can’t b. Could c. Couldn’t d. Can
10. The lock was broken. I ________ open the door.
a. can b. can’t c. could d. couldn’t
11. I like math. I ______ solve math problems quickly.
a. could b. couldn’t c. can d. can’t
12.Tom is too small to play soccer. What ______ he do?
a. can’t b. can c. could d. couldn’t
13.The museum is closed. We ______ go today.
a. can b. could c. can’t d. couldn’t
14. When ______ he walk? (Answer: At 12 months.)
a. couldn’t b. can c. could d. can’t
15.I was so tired. I ________ have slept the whole day.
a. can b. can’t c. could d. couldn‘t
May
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or
request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Examples:
● Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility

● Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. give
permission
● May I use your bathroom? request permission

Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. 1. = Present 2. = Past 3.
= Future = Future
1. Jack may be upset. I 1. Jack may not be upset. might
can't really tell if he is Perhaps he is tired.
annoyed or tired.
may 2. Jack may not have been
possibility 2. Jack may have been upset. Perhaps he was
upset. I couldn't really tell tired.
if he was annoyed or tired.
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3. Jack may get upset if 3. Jack may not get upset,
you don't tell him the even if you tell him the
truth. truth
1. You may leave the table 1. You may not leave the can
now that you're finished table. You're not finished
with your dinner. with your dinner yet.
2. SHIFT TO "BE 2. SHIFT TO "BE

ALLOWED TO" ALLOWED TO"
may You were allowed to leave You were not allowed to
give the table after you finished leave the table because
permission your dinner. you hadn't finished your
dinner.
3. You may leave the table
when you finish your 3. You may not leave the
dinner. table until you are finished
with your dinner.
May I borrow your eraser? NO NEGATIVE FORMS can,

might
may May I make a phone call?
request
permission Requests usually refer to
the near future.
Ex. 1. Fill in may/might and appropriate Infinitive
1. Don’t scold her: the task … (to be) too difficult for her.
2. If they don’t miss the train they … (to arrive) in time.
3. I don’t know where the money has gone. It … (to steal).
4. She asked me if … (to turn) on the light.
5. It’s raining cats and dogs. I’m afraid it (not to stop) raining by the morning.
6. Don’t throw the rest of the birthday cake. It … (to want) for dessert.
Ex. 2. Rewrite the sentences with may.
1. It is possible I will see my friends later.

…………………………………………………………………………..…..
2. Perhaps it will be sunny tomorrow.
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……………………………………………………………………………….
3. It’s possible we will go to the restaurant on Saturday.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Maybe I will visit my grandparents later.
………………………………………………………………………………...
5. It’s possible I will buy a new computer.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. Perhaps she will go to the cinema with us.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Maybe I will ask my father for help.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. It is possible he will call you tomorrow.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. Perhaps they will play football later.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. It’s possible it will rain later.
………………………………………………………………………………….
Ex. 3. Fill in the gap with may/may not, might/might not, may have/might have.
1. She _______________ be here tomorrow.

2. It _______________ rain this afternoon.
3. We _______________ be home before midnight.
4. You _______________ be right.
5. She _______________ want to come with us.
6. I _______________ see you tomorrow.
7. Do you think I _______________ borrow your typewriter?
8. _______________ you go camping?
9. I hope that the young couple _______________ enjoy many years of happiness
together.
10. Let us pray that peace _______________ soon return to our troubled land.
11. _______________ you both be very happy!
12. _______________ God be with you.
13. _______________ the New Year bring you all heart desires.
14. _______________ she rest in peace.
15. You _______________ be my boss, but that doesn’t mean you’re better than me.
Ex. 4. Choose the correct answer.
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Q1 - I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me.
may
might
Q2 - ____ God have mercy on your soul.

May
Might
Q3 - You ____ well be right.

may
might
Q4 - I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn't sure.

may
might
Q5 - Students ____ only borrow four books at a time.

may
might
Q6 - The examiner says we ____ leave when we've finished.

may
might
Q7 - It ____ be very expensive, but it's much better than the others.
may
might
Q8 - I just ____ accept your offer.

may
might
Q9 - You ____ try asking her for help- she knows her stuff.
may
might
Q10 - You ____ have told me earlier!

may
might
Must
"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express
necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible
form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe;
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speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to
dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples:
● This must be the right address! certainty

● Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity
● You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
● Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition
Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart
below to learn how "must" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
Future Future
1. That must be Jerry. They 1. That must not be Jerry. He is have to
said he was tall with bright supposed to have red hair.
red hair. 2. That must not have been the
must 2. That must have been the right restaurant. I guess there is
certainty right restaurant. There are another one around here
no other restaurants on this somewhere.
street. 3. NO FUTURE FORM
3. NO FUTURE FORM
You must not swim in that river.

It's full of crocodiles.
You must not forget to take
must not
your malaria medication while
prohibition
your are in the tropics.
Prohibition usually refer to the
near future.
1. You must take some time 1. You mustn't drink so much. should
must off and get some rest. It's not good for your health.
strong
recommend 2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" 2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"
ation You should have taken You shouldn't have drunk so
some time off last week to much. That caused the accident.
(American get some rest.
s 3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD"
prefer 3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't drink at the party.
You should take some time
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the form off next week to get some You are going to be the
"should.") rest. designated driver.
1. You must have a permit 1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" have to
must to enter the national park. We don't have to get a permit to
necessity 2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" enter the national park.
(American We had to have a permit to 2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"
s enter the park. We didn't have to get a permit
prefer 3. We must get a permit to to enter the national park.
the form enter the park next week. 3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"
"have to.") We won't have to get a permit
to enter the national park.
REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to"

"Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. "Do not have to"
suggests that someone is not required to do something.
Examples:
● You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
● You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
Ex. 1. Choose the right option
1. I must / have to visit my friend. it is her birthday.
2. Sam has to / must wear uniform at school.
3. You don’t have to/ have to go to the supermarket. i’ll do it.
4. You don’t have to / mustn’t swim in this part of the river. it is very dangerous
5. You must / don’t have to drink a lot of water in hot weather.
6. I can / mustn’t swim very fast.
7. She doesn’t have to / can’t bring an umbrella. it isn’t raining.
8. I have to / must tidy my room this weekend.
9. We have to /mustn’t arrive late at school.
10. He can / have to speak italian
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with must – mustn’t / have to – don’t have to.
1. I -------- eat junk food if I want to be healthy.
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2. I -------- be careful during the exam. Otherwise I can’t be successful.
3. We -------- cross the street when it is red.
4. My mother -------- get up too early. Because she doesn’t work.
5. I -------- inform my boss that I will be late to work.
6. My father always reminds me that I -------- study more.
7. You -------- wear school uniform in this school. It is not necessary.
8. You -------- make noise at night.
9. You -------- be careful while you are driving.
10.We -------- cut the trees if we want to earn money.
11.I -------- get up early today. I have a meeting at eight o’clock.
12.I -------- leave home as soon as
possible or I will be late to school.
13.I -------- make a cake today as it
is my son’s birthday.
14.We -------- clean the house after
the party. Otherwise my mom will
be angry.
15.They -------- type the letters today. Because they have enough time to
finish them.
Ex. 3. Make sentences by using “must – mustn’t or have to – don’t have to”.
1. I’m very tired. I ……………………………………. ( go home-have a rest)

2. Today is Saturday. I ……………………………………. ( get up-early)
3. The baby is sleeping. We ……………………………………. ( be quiet )
4. The boss is angry with me. ……………………………………. ( be careful )
5. She has a project. She ……………………………………. ( finish – in time )
6. We ……………………………………. ( obey-the rules )
7. My mother doesn’t let me go out. So, …………………………. I ( stay-at home )
8. I have a car. So, …………………………………….I ( buy-another one )
9. I have some guests today. So ………………………. ( do housework and cook )
10.You ……………………………………. ( bully on - friends )
Ex. 4. Choose the right answer.

1-...................to go to school on holidays?
must you have can you have do you have
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2-Sally is ill. she ................stay in bed.
can has to mustn’t
3-Judith ................pay for her holidays. It is a present from her boyfriend.

mustn’t don’t have to doesn’t have to
4-Mum.............I stay out late tonight?

have can has
5-You.................play loud music. It is too late.

mustn’t must can
6-You..............wait outside. It is raining.

mustn’t can’t have to
Ex. 5. Rewrite the following words in rhyming pairs. (Two of them do not strictly
rhyme but have the same vowel sound)
aching bill breaking(X2) die butterflies chance corner crime flaking for
grin in overkill pantomime places romance score spaces warmer
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
…………………………….. ……………………………..
exComplete the lyrics with the words from exercise above.
Empty …………………… - what are we living …………………………

Abandoned …………………… - I guess we know the ……………………
On and on
Does anybody know what we are looking for?
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Another hero - another mindless …………………………
Behind the curtain, in the …………………………
Hold the line
Does anybody want to take it anymore?
The show must go on

The show must go on
Inside my heart is …………………………
My make-up may be …………………………
But my smile still stays on
Whatever happens, I’ll leave it all to …………………………

Another heartache - another failed …………………………
On and on
Does anybody know what we are living for?
I guess I’m learning
I must be ………………………… now
I’ll soon be turning round the ………………………… now
Outside the dawn is …………………………
But inside in the dark I’m ………………………… to be free
The show must go on

The show must go on, yeah
Ooh, inside my heart is …………………………
My make-up may be …………………………
Yeah oh oh oh
My soul is painted like the wings of …………………………

Fairy tales of yesterday will grow but never …………………………
I can fly, my friends

The show must go on
I’ll face it with a …………………………
I’m never giving …………………………
On with the show
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I’ll top the …………………………
I’ll …………………………
I have to find the will to carry on
On with the show
On with the show
Now listen to the song and compare your answers.
Find the words or expressions in the lyrics which have a similar meaning to the
following.
a) a big smile …………………………

b) accepting that you cannot win …………………………
c) be the most important actor in the show …………………………
d) completely stupid …………………………
e) empty, deserted …………………………
f) falling off in small thin pieces …………………………
g) accept a difficult situation and try to deal with it …………………………
h) having a strong desire …………………………
i) know the real facts of a situation, esp. the unpleasant ones (realize the difficulties
of life) …………………………
j) morning light is just beginning to appear …………………………
"The Show Must Go On", written primarily by Brian May, chronicles the effort of
Freddie Mercury continuing to perform despite approaching the end of his life. It was
released as a single just six weeks before Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a
complication of AIDS (November 1991). Due to Mercury's deteriorating health at the
time, the video is mainly just clips of old Queen videos and a few live performances,
but it is so cleverly edited and spliced together that it works as a video of its own.
Should
"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also
be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
● When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in
Potsdam. recommendation
● You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
● I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
● By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation
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Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart
below to learn how "should" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = 1. = Present 2. = Past 3.
Future = Future
1. People with high 1. Sarah shouldn't smoke ought to
cholesterol should eat so much. It's not good for
low-fat foods. her health.
2. Frank should have eaten 2. Sarah shouldn't have
low-fat foods. That might smoked so much. That's
should
have prevented his heart what caused her health
recommendation,
attack. problems.
advisability
3. You really should start 3. Sarah shouldn't smoke
eating better. when she visits Martha
next week. Martha hates
when people smoke in her
house.
I should be at work before NO NEGATIVE FORMS be
9:00. supposed
We should return the video to
before the video rental store
closes.
"Should" can also express
should
something between
obligation
recommendation and
obligation. "Be supposed
to" expresses a similar idea
and can easily be used in
the past or in negative
forms.
1. Susan should be in New 1. Susan shouldn't be in ought
York by now. New York yet. to,
2. Susan should have 2. Susan shouldn't have be
arrived in New York last arrived in New York until supposed
should
week. Let's call her and see yesterday. to
expectation
what she is up to. 3. Susan shouldn't arrive
3. Susan should be in New in New York until next
York by next week. Her week.
new job starts on Monday.
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Ex. 1. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t.
1 If someone doesn’t speak your language very well, you ____________ speak fast;
you ___________ speak slowly and carefully.
2 If you need a pen, you ____________ say ‘Give me that pen’; you ___________ say
‘Could I borrow your pen, please?’
3 If people want to live until they’re very old, they ___________ eat a lot of fruit and
vegetables; they ___________ eat a lot of cakes and chocolate.
4 In a big city you __________ be careful with your money; you ___________ leave
your bag on a chair in a restaurant.
5 When you’re driving, you ____________ drive for hours and hours without
stopping; you __________ stop and walk round every two hours.
6 When people are travelling by plane, they __________ drink lots of water; they
__________ wear uncomfortable clothes.
Ex. 2. Give advice with the expressions from the box. Use you, he, she, we, they
should or shouldn’t.
take medicine / take up swimming / worry about it
eat so much sweets / do little jobs or go babysitting /ask your teacher to explain
it again / study harder / watch too much television / practise a lot / get up earlier
1. We are often late for school.

_______________________________________
2. My friends laugh at me because I don’t have expensive clothes.
_______________________________________
3. My mother has got a terrible headache.
_______________________________________
4. I don’t understand how to give advice in English.
_______________________________________
5. My brother gets very bad marks at school.
_______________________________________
6. We’re going to write a Maths test tomorrow.
_______________________________________
7. My sister can’t swim and she wants to go to Greece next summer.
_______________________________________
8. I always feel tired.
_______________________________________
9. My friends love eating and they’re very fat.
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_______________________________________
10.I want to buy some new clothes but I haven’t got any money.
_______________________________________
Ex. 3. Giving advice
1. I want to quit smoking. What should I do?
2. I won 100,000 dollars and I don't know how to spend it. What should I do?
3. I gained a lot of weight in last few years. I want to lose at least 10kg. What
should I do?
4. I have just lost my job. I haven't told my husband/wife yet. How should I tell
him/her?
5. I found a wallet which had 2,000 dollars in it. Should I spend it?
6. My son doesn't want to go to school. He says that his teacher and all other
students hate him. What should I do?
7. My child wakes up very often in the middle of the night. He sleeps usually
during the day. I haven't had any good sleep for weeks. What should I do?
8. I have a headache. What should I do?
9. I hate working. What should I do?
10.I feel sad. What should I do?
Ex. 4.Problem page

Five people - Tim, Andrew, Ken, Paul, and Jenny - have written to the problem page
of a magazine. Find who wrote each letter by matching the problem letters with the
advice.
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Writing: Think of a real or imaginary problem and write a short letter asking for
advice. Then read the letter the teacher gives you and write a reply. Use should /
shouldn’t and the phrases in bold
Mood
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker
towards the action expressed by the verb from tge point of view of its reality.
In moden English we distinguish three moods:
1) Indicative Mood
2) Imperative Mood
3) Subjunctive Mood
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The Indicative Mood
The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is
presented as a fact.
Ex. We went home early in the evening.
The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i.e. a condition the
realization of which is considered possible.
Ex. If it rains, I will stay at home.
If my mother is free, she will help with my homework.
The Imperative Mood
The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern English

imperative mood has only one form which coincides with the infinitive without the
particle to. It is used in the second person (singular and plural).
Ex. Be quiet and hear what I tell you.
Please put the papers on the table.
In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the
verb to be.
Ex. Hush! Don’t make noise!
Don’t be angry.
The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the
request more emphatic.
Ex. Now, do sing again for us.
The Subjunctive Mood
The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is
presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood
is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts.
The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples below,
the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is noticeable in the
he-form of the verb.
Examples:
● You try to study often. you-form of "try"

● It is important that you try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" looks the
same.
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● He tries to study often. he-form of "try"
● It is important that he try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" is noticeable
here.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive Mood
The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following verbs:

to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)
Examples:
● Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the
month.
● Donna requested Frank come to the party.
● The teacher insists that her students be on time.
Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:

It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
● It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.

● It is important she attend the meeting.
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● It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike
to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive
The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.

Negative Examples:
● The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.

● The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during
business hours.
● I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples:
● Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.

● Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.
● We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.
Continuous Examples:
● It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
● It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.
● I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.
Should as Subjunctive
After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express
the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is
most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."
Examples:
● The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
● Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.
The use of Subjunctive Mood
1. Simple sentences
In simple sentences the Subjunctive Mood is used:
1) To expess wish
Ex. May success attend you!
Be happy and live long!
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2) To espress an unreal wish:
Ex. If only he were free!
3) In oaths and imprecations:
Ex. Confound these flies! (Будь они прокляты, эти мухи!)
4) In some expressions:
Ex. Be it so!
God forbid!
2. Complex sentences
The Subjunctive Mood is used in conditional sentences to expess an unreal condition
(in the subordinate clause) and unreal consequence (in the principal clause).
Conditionals
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might
have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the
conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in
sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the
unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something
that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a
main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if".
Conditional Usage If clause Main clause verb tense

sentence type verb tense
Zero General truths Simple Simple present

present
Type 1 A possible condition Simple Simple future

and its probable result present
Type 2 A hypothetical Simple past Present conditional or

condition and its Present continuous
probable result conditional
Type 3 An unreal past Past perfect Perfect conditional

condition and its
probable result in the
past
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Mixed type An unreal past Past perfect Present contditional
condition and its
probable result in the
present
Zero conditional
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and
the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general
truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional
sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing
the meaning.
If clause Main clause
If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.
First conditional
The first conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is
real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In
these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the
simple future.
If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.
Second conditional
The second conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a
situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional
is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional
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sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present
conditional.
If + simple past present conditional or present

continuous conditional
If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure
this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.
If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.
Third conditional
The third conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that
is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is
expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its
probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect,
and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect

continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but
neither of those things really happened)
OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.
Mixed conditionals
The mixed conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that
is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is
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expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and
its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause
uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect

conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would happen. (but this
thing didn't happen so that thing isn't
happening)
If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put
it outside.
Ex. 1. Match the parts of the sentences to make one in zero conditional.
1. If you heat water, a. it produces greenhouse gases
2. If people don't eat or drink, b. the sea level rises
3. If I am late, c. they become extinct
4. If you have a toothache, d. the greenhouse effect gets worse.
5. When factories use fossil fuels, e. it boils.
6. When you burn oil, f. you save up energy
7. When people cut down trees, g. my father takes me to school.
8. When icebergs melt, h. it is deforestation
9. If you use air conditioning i. you visit the dentist

wisely,
10. If people don’t protect animals, j. eventually they die.
Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps with the first conditional sentences.
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1. If you _________ (squeeze) an orange, you ___________ (get) orange juice.
2. You _______ (put) on some more weight if you _______ (eat) too much sugar.
3. If I ________ (study) a lot, I ________ (pass) the year.
4. If you __________ (press) that button, the machine _________ (stop) functioning.
5. If you __________ (not / apologise), she ___________ (not / forgive) you.
6. If you __________ (wash) the dishes today, I __________ (dust) the house.
7. What __________ (happen) if I _________ (press) this button?
8. If there ___ (not / be) enough water in the next few years, many people ___ (die).
9. If we __________ (not / recycle), we __________ (put) our own survival at risk.
10. It ________ (be) damaged if you _________ (press) it too much.
11. If you _____ (touch) the dog, it ______ (bite) you.
12. Students _________ (get) good marks if they ________ (study) regularly.
Ex. 3.Fill in the blanks with either zero or first conditional.
1. There ____________ (be) difficulties in the traffic if it snows.

2. You will see London Eye if you ____________ (visit) London.
3. If you ____________ (go) to the disco tomorrow, you will dance a lot.
4. If you ____________ (not / go) out, please be sure to rent some up-dated films.
5. I won’t go to the party if it ____________ (rain).
6. If you _____________ (sit) in the sun, you get burned.
7. If I _____________ (be) even 5 minutes late for work, my boss shouts at me.
8. If you _____________ (speak) too loud, I am able to hear you.
9. If babies _____________ (not / sleep), they become too easily upset.
10. My friend Laura will be too disappointed if she ____________ (fail) the driving
test.
11. What will you do if she _____________ (refuse) to go out with you?
12. I will give you a candy if you ______________ (behave) yourself.
Ex. 4. Fill in the gaps so as to build correct second conditional sentences.

1. If I __________ (be) you, I ___________ (study) for the final exam.
2. If my parents __________ (be) rich, I __________ (not / need) to work so much.
3. If Sara ___________ (have) a good handwriting, I could understand her texts!
4. If my computer __________ (function) properly, I __________ (use) it more often.
5. You __________ (be) healthier if you __________ (eat) less red meat.
6. If we __________ (eat) more vegetables, our body __________ (be) healthier.
7. If you ________ (tidy) up your bedroom every day, it ________ (not / be) in a mess.
8. I __________ (not / do) the chores myself if I __________ (have) more money.
9. We could stay in Tom’s house, if he ___________ (live) in a big house.
10. There ______(be) confrontation if the two opposite cheerleaders ______ (appear).
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Ex. 5. Match the parts of the sentences to make one in the second conditional.
1. If I won the lottery, a. if it didn’t rain.
2. If I were in Brazil, b. I wouldn’t do that.
3. They wouldn’t work any more c. I would travel around the

world.
4. We could go out d. if you were me?
5. What would you do e. if they won the lottery.
6. If I were you f. I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
Ex. 6. Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the given verb in zero, first
and second conditionals.
1. If you …………(boil) water, it ……………( turn) to steam.

2. If I ………. (be) an astronaut, I ……………..(take) the photos of Turkey
from space.
3. If you ………… (put) a stone in the water, it …………..(go) down.
4. If you ……………(put) oil into water it ………………….(float)
5. If there …………..(be) no water on earth, we ………………….(not, exist).
6. If you ……………….(be) a bird, where …………..you ………….( fly) to?
7. Anna …………………..(pass) the test if she ………(study) hard enough.
8. If you ……………..( heat) ice it ……………..(melt)
9. I ……………….(not, do) that if I ………………….(be) you.
10.If he ………………….(get) any worse I…………………. (take) him to the
doctor's.
11.If the snow ………………….(get) any worse we………… (have ) stop
walking.
12.If ice (melt), it ……………………(turn) to water
Ex. 7. Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional.
- not met you/my life different.

If I hadn’t met you, my life would have been different.
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1. -not wake up early/not arrive.
________________________________________________________________.
2. -live here/see that literature was...
________________________________________________________________.
3. -visit Seville/buy a souvenir.
________________________________________________________________.
4. -study English/not do this exercises.
________________________________________________________________.
5. -arrive soon/ not miss it.
________________________________________________________________.
Ex. 8. Match the 2 halves of the sentences. Remember third conditional’s form.
1) If I hadn’t met my best friend, a) If we had got up early,

2) we wouldn’t have arrived late b) If they had turned on the TV,
3) they wouldn’t have seen that c) I would have come sooner.
advert.
4) If they had started 2 years d) If they had better players,
before,
5) If I had known that you were e) If he hadn’t been talking on the
here, phone.
6) they would have won the match. f) they would have spoken better.
7) If he had seen the sign, g) my life would have changed in
many ways.
8) The police wouldn’t have given h) he would have stopped the car.
him a ticket.
Ex. 8.Write the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets and
using one of the words in the box instead of ‘if’:
unless as long as provided (that) providing (that ) on condition that
1. I (not phone) again tonight if there isn’t anything urgent.

__________________________________________________________________
2. I (give) them a hand only if they promised to help me in return.
__________________________________________________________________
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3. If he has enough money to go out and enjoy himself, he (not care) about anything
else.
__________________________________________________________________
4. He would probably have gone on wrestling if he (not have) any health problems.
___________________________________________________________________
5. If we (have) enough rainfall this spring, our crops will be as good as last year’s.
___________________________________________________________________
6. I wouldn’t bother him if it (be) necessary.
___________________________________________________________________
7. We won’t worry if our customers (be) satisfied.
____________________________________________________________________
8. She would get married only if she (meet) a millionaire candidate.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. If you (change), you will have a lot of problems in life.
_____________________________________________________________________
Ex. 8. Fill the gaps with the correct verb form in all the conditionals.
1. I don’t think she’s worried about us. If she (be) ....................... worried, she (phone)
........................... or something.
2. I have an appointment at 3.30 tomorrow. If I (manage) ....................... to finish
before 4.30, I (do) ................................ the shopping on my way back.
3. Tom missed his flight. He (get) ....................................... to the airport on time if he
(not oversleep) ...................................................
4. If I (have) ..................................... such a large house as yours, I (invite)
........................... all my friends for the weekend.
5. If the child (not be playing) ........................................................ with matches, he
(not burn)........................................ himself. Now he’s in hospital.
6. She’s so shy. If she (talk) ............................. to people, she (make)
..........................friends.
7. So, you’re seeing Terry tonight. If he (ask) ................................ you about me, (not,
tell) ............................... him I’m going out with John.
8. If a machine (be) ............... properly maintained, it (fail, never) ...............................
9. We (invite) ............................................ him if we (know).........................................
his address, but he never gave it to us.
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10. Unless I (have) ....................... a problem, I (bother, never) ................................ my
friends.
Non Finite forms of the verb

Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb complements. They may
function as subjects or objects in a sentence.
Gerund
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that
names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a
gerund.
Spelling
● Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking
● For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding
● For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying
● For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is

stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin >
beginning. However: enter > entering(last syllable is not stressed)
Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
1. Jogging is a hobby of mine.

Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
1. Daniel quit smoking a year ago.

Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
1. I look forward to helping you paint the house.
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Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to
gerunds.
Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:
1. Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in
meaning:
1. Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.

2. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
1. He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
2. He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed
with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as:

an object following the verb:
1. Jim always forgets to eat
a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
1. To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb:
1. You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun:
1. Tara has the ability to succeed.
Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:
1. Do you want to call your family now?
Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
1. I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.
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2. He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in
meaning:
1. Will you continue working after you give birth?
2. Will you continue to work after you give birth?
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in meaning:
1. He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
2. He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some
coffee.)
Some common verbs followed by a gerund (note that phrasal verbs, marked here
with *, always fall into this category):
acknowledge She acknowledged receiving assistance.
* accuse of He was accused of smuggling contraband goods.
Admit They admitted falsifying the data.
Advise The author advises undertaking further study.
Anticipate He anticipates having trouble with his supervisor.
Appreciate I appreciated having a chance to read your draft.
Avoid He avoided answering my question.
Complete I finally completed writing my thesis.
Consider They will consider granting you money.
Defer She deferred writing her report.
Delay We delayed reporting the results until we were sure.
Deny They denied copying the information.
Discuss They discussed running the experiments again.
Entail This review procedure entails repeating the test.
* look after He will look after mailing the tickets.
* insist on He insisted on proofreading the article again.
Involve This procedure involves testing each sample twice.
Justify My results justify taking drastic action.
Mention The author mentions seeing this event.
* plan on They had planned on attending the conference.
Postpone The committee has postponed writing the report.
Recall I cannot recall getting those results before.
Resent He resented spending so much time on the project.
recommend She recommends reading Marx.
Resist The writer resists giving any easy answers.
Risk She risks losing her viewing time.
Sanction They will not sanction copying without permission.
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Suggest I suggest repeating the experiment.
* take care of He will take care of sending it to you.
Tolerate She can't tolerate waiting for results.
Some common verbs followed by an infinitive:
Afford We cannot afford to hesitate.

Agree The professors agreed to disagree.
Appear The results appear to support your theory.
Arrange They had arranged to meet at noon.
Beg I beg to differ with you.
Care Would you care to respond?
Claim She claims to have new data.
Consent Will you consent to run for office?
Decide When did he decide to withdraw?
Demand I demand to see the results of the survey.
Deserve She deserves to have a fair hearing.
Expect The committee expects to decide by tomorrow.
Fail The trial failed to confirm his hypothesis.
Hesitate I hesitate to try the experiment again.
Hope What do you hope to accomplish?
Learn We have learned to proceed with caution.
Manage How did she manage to find the solution?
Neglect The author neglected to provide an index.
Need Do we need to find new subjects?
Offer We could offer to change the time of the meeting.
Plan They had planned to attend the conference.
Prepare He was not prepared to give a lecture.
Pretend I do not pretend to know the answer.
Promise They promise to demonstrate the new equipment.
Refuse She refused to cooperate any longer.
Seem Something seems to be wrong with your design.
Struggle We struggled to understand her point of view.
Swear He swears to tell the truth.
Threaten The team threatened to stop their research.
Volunteer Will you volunteer to lead the group?
Wait We could not wait to hear the outcome.
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Want She did not want to go first.
Wish Do you wish to participate?
Following a preposition (gerund only)
Gerunds can follow a preposition; infinitives cannot.
Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?

He was fined for driving over the speed limit.
She got the money by selling the car.
A corkscrew is a tool for taking corks out of bottles.
Note: Take care not to confuse the preposition "to" with an infinitive form, or with an
auxiliary form such as have to, used to, going to
He went back to writing his paper. [PREPOSITION + GERUND]
I used to live in Mexico. [AUXILIARY + VERB]
I want to go home. [VERB + INFINITIVE]
Following an indirect object (infinitive only)
Some verbs are followed by a pronoun or noun referring to a person, and then an
infinitive. Gerunds cannot be used in this position.
Some common verbs followed by an indirect object plus an infinitive:

Ask I must ask you to reconsider your statement.
Beg They begged her to stay for another term.
Cause His findings caused him to investigate further.
Challenge Wilkins challenged Watson to continue the research.
Convince Can we convince them to fund our study?
Encourage She encouraged him to look beyond the obvious.
Expect They did not expect us to win an award.
Forbid The author forbade me to change his wording.
Force They cannot force her to reveal her sources.
Hire Did the department hire him to teach the new course?
Instruct I will instruct her to prepare a handout.
Invite We invite you to attend the ceremony.
Need They need her to show the slides.
Order He ordered the group to leave the building.
Persuade Can we persuade you to contribute again?
Remind Please remind him to check the references.
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Require They will require you to submit an outline.
Teach We should teach them to follow standard procedures.
Tell Did she tell him to make three copies?
Urge I urge you to read the instructions before you begin.
Want I do not want you to have an accident.
Warn Why didn't they warn me to turn down the heat?
Ex. 1.Gerunds and Infinitives

Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
1. She likes to get up early in the morning. (likes / dislikes)

1. 1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)
2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10.You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to
pick up)
Ex. 2. Put the verbs between brackets into the correct verbal forms (gerund + to
infinitive + invinitife without to). also put the pronouns into the correct forms.
N N
SENTENCE ANSWER
O O
1. He gave up (1. gamble). 1.
2. Stop (2. argue) and start (3. work).
2
3. It is difficult to get used to (4. eat) with
chopsticks.
4. He is thinking of (5. leave) his job and (6. go) to 3
America.
5. I wish (7. see) the manager. 4
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6. Don’t forget (8. lock) the door before (9. go) to
bed. 5
7. I prefer (10. drive) to (11. be driven).
6
8. Would you mind (12. lend) me $5? I forgot (13.
cash) a cheque. 7
9. An instructor is coming (14. show) us how (15.
use) the scuba. 8
10. I suggest (16. telephone) the hospital before (17.
ask) the police (18. look) for him. 9
11. He expects me (19. answer) by return but I have 10

no intention of (20. reply) at all.
12. I tried (21. explain) to him but he refused (22. 11
listen) and went on (23. grumble).
12
13. He postponed (24. make) a decision till it was too
late (25. do) anything. 13
14. Imagine (26. have) (27. get up) at 4 am every
day! 14
15. There is no point in (28. remain) in a dangerous
place if you can’t do anything (29. help) the
people who have (30. stay) there. 15
16. Please forgive me for (31. interrupt) you but
would you mind (32. repeat) that last sentence?
17. He keeps (33. ask) me the time and I keep (34. 16
tell) him (35. buy) himself a watch.
17
18. I’d rather (36. earn) my living by (37. scrub)
floors than (38. make) money by (39. blackmail) 18
people.
19
19. You’ll never regret (40. do) a kind action.
Put the verbs into the correct column.
Afford allow can’t stand delay deny deserve

Determine enjoy expect instead of intend involve
Like pretend promise reject swear would like
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Gerund Infinitive
Use the appropriate verb in the correct form in the sentences!
1. Dan ________________ ___________________ (read) science fiction.

2. Mandy has ________________ ___________________ (take) care of our
dog.
1. The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and ________________
___________________ (hike) more than fifty miles through rugged
mountainous terrain.
2. She ________________ ___________________ (be) a student in order to get
a student discount.
3. The child ________________ ___________________ (steal) the piece of
candy.
4. We fully ________________ ___________________ (pay) you for all the
work you have done for us.
5. She ________________ ___________________ (submit) her application
until just one week before the deadline.
6. They ________________ ___________________ (arrive) much earlier, but
their plane was delayed in Paris.
7. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack ________________
___________________ (be) fired.
8. Karen and Neil ________________ ___________________ (try) that new
dance club downtown. It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in
the world.
9. I ________________ ___________________ (complain) all the time.
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10.Our teacher won't ________________ ___________________ (use)
dictionaries during the test.
11.He ________________ ___________________ (go) fishing.
Use the correct form.
forget
● Oh no! I ________________ ___________________ (turn) the iron off after
using it. We need to go back home, so I can turn it off.
● He'll never ________________ ___________________ (see) the Rolling
Stones in concert!
remember
● Did you ________________ ___________________ (unplug) the iron before
we left the house?
● I know I've met her before. I ________________ ___________________
(meet) her at John's party last summer.
stop
● We ________________ ___________________ (get) something to eat at a
little diner just next to the freeway.
● She ________________ ___________________ (read), closed the book, laid
it on the table, and turned off the light.
Gerund and Infinitive test
Complete the sentences using verb + Infinitive or verb + -ing form.
a) They love _________ (watch) thrillers.

b) She prefers _________ (listen) to music rather than _________(watch) TV.
c) Do you like _________(go) to the cinema?
d) I prefer _________(walk) by the seaside.
e) They enjoy _________(play) golf in summer.
f) What do they like _________(do) in the evening?
g) I hate _________(get) up early every day!
h) He loves _________ (take) photos.
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i) We like _________ (windsurf) but we prefer _________(sail).
j) My brother decided _________(not practise) water polo.
k) Some people prefer _________(stay) home rather than _________(go) out.
l) I can´t stand _________(deal) with rude people.
m) They are all able _________(speak) several languages.
n) She didn’t deny _________ (miss) school today.
o) We are good at _________(play) tennis.
p) Before _________(refuse) he should think twice.
q) was it necessary for him _________(go) there himself?
r) The students ought to _________(follow) the school rules.
s) _________ (paint) is one of her hobbies.
t) She enjoys _________(text) her friends.
u) Do you want _________(travel) with me to Rome?
v) Teenagers hate _________(be) controlled.
w) Can you avoid _________(interrupt) me now?
x) It’s bad for his health _________ (drink) so much.
y) Try _________(not forget) the doctor’s name.
z) She’s glad _________(meet) her friend after such a long time.
Participle
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed.
The termverbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based
on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they
function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of
participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past
participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -neas in the
words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, seen, and gone.
● The crying baby had a wet diaper.

● Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
● The burning log fell off the fire.
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● Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s)

and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect
object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as:
Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack.

Removing (participle)
his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle)
Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin.

walking (participle)
along the shoreline (prepositional phrase as adverb)
Children interested in music early develop strong intellectual skills.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying children.

interested (in) (participle)
music (direct object of action expressed in participle)
early (adverb)
Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Lynn.

Having been (participle)
a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)
Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close
to the noun it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated.
● Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. *

● Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.
In the first sentence there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action
expressed in the participle carrying. Certainly foot can't be logically understood to
function in this way. This situation is an example of a dangling modifier error since the
modifier (the participial phrase) is not modifying any specific noun in the sentence and
is thus left "dangling." Since a person must be doing the carrying for the sentence to
make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers to a person must be in the place immediately
after the participial phrase, as in the second sentence.
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Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed
after the phrase.
● Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.

● Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.
If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set
off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
● Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.

● The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.
Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no
commas should be used:
● The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special
award.
● The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.
If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the
phrase if it modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly
follows the word it modifies.
● The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
● Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
(The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)
Points to remember
1. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne (past)
that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
2. A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or
complement(s).
3. Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or
pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly
stated.
4. A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
o a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
o b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element
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o c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it
modifies.
Put in the verbs in brackets as participles present participle or past

participle into the gaps.
1. He saw his friend ________________ (go) out with Sue.
2. The bus crashed into the blue car ______________ (drive) down the hill.
3. Peter hurt his leg _______________(do) karate.
4. The umbrella _____________(find) at the bus stop belongs to John Smith
5. The people _____________(dance) in the street are all very friendly.
6. I heard my mother ____________(talk) on the phone.
7. My uncle always has his car ______________(wash).
8. We stood _______________(wait) for the taxi.
9. __________ (look) down from the tower we saw many people walking in the
streets.
10.The people drove off in a _____________(steal) car.
The Adverb
Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify
nouns (here: girl) or pronouns (here: she).
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify
verbs (here: drive), adjectives or other adverbs.
adjective adverb
Mandy is a careful girl. Mandy drives carefully.
She is very careful. She drives carefully.
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use
the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
2. Form
Adjective + -ly
adjective adverb
dangerous dangerously
Careful carefully
Nice nicely
Horrible horribly
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Easy easily
electronic electronically
Irregular forms:
adjective adverb
Good well
Fast fast
Hard hard
If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly:
● happy – happily
but:
● shy – shyly
If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly:
● terrible – terribly
If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly:
● safe – safely
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs:
● adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
● nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
● verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
3. Use of adverbs
● to modify verbs
The handball team played badly last Saturday.
● to modify adjectives
It was an extremely bad match.
● to modify adverbs
The handball team played extremely badly last Wednesday.
● to modify quantities
There are quite a lot of people here.
● to modify sentences
Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.
4. Types of adverbs
Adverbs of manner: quickly tenderly, quietly, fast, hard, kindly

Adverbs of degree little, much, quite, very, too, how much, very, rather
Adverbs of frequency: often, sometimes, always, never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever
Adverbs of time: now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, then, since, the day after
tomorrow, late, the day before yesterday
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Adverbs of place: here, there, outside, where, nowhere
5. How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb?

John is a careful driver. – In this sentences we say how John is – careful. If we want
to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday – we have to use
the adverb:
● John did not drive carefully yesterday.
Here is another example:
● I am a slow walker. (How am I? → slow → adjective)
● I walk slowly. (Ho do I walk? → slowly → adverb)
6. Adjective or Adverb after special verbs
Both adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind the change
in meaning.
Here are two examples:
adjective adverb
The pizza tastes good. Jamie Oliver can taste well.
(How is the pizza?) (How can Jamie Oliver taste?)
Peter's feet smell bad. Peter can smell badly.
(How are his feet?) (How can Peter smell?)
Do not get confused with good/well.
● Linda looks good. (What type of person is she?)
● Linda looks well. (How is Linda? – She may have been ill, but now she is fit again.)
● How are you? – I'm well, thank you.
One can assume that in the second/third sentence the adverb well is used, but this is
wrong – well can be anadjective (meaning fit/healthy), or an adverb of the adjective
good.
Ex.1 Divide adverbs into three columns:
yesterday, always, fast, here, easily, last year, now, usually, often, there, everywhere,
sometimes, carefully, tomorrow, seldom, beautifully, badly, once, somewhere, away,
perfectly, somehow, abroad, sometime, sweetly, today, out, late, early.
How? Where? When? How often?

(adverbs (adverbs (adverbs (adv.oOf
of manner) of place) of time) frequency
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Ex.2. Find the adjectives in the first sentence and fill in the blanks with the
corresponding adverb.
Начало формы
1. James is careful. He drives __________________

2. The girl is slow. She walks __________________
3. Her English is perfect. She speaks English __________________
4. Our teacher is angry. She shouts __________________
5. My neighbor is a loud speaker. He speaks __________________
6. He is a bad writer . He writes __________________
7. Jane is a nice guitar player. He plays the guitar __________________
8. He is a good painter . He paints __________________
9. She is a quiet girl. She does her job __________________
10.This exercise is easy. You can do it __________________
Ex.3. Rewrite each sentence with the adverb of frequency (in brackets) in its
usual position
Начало формы
1. Have you been to London? (ever) ______________________________
2. Peter doesn't get up before seven. (usually) ______________________________
3. Our friends must write tests. (often) ______________________________
4. They go swimming in the lake. (sometimes) ______________________________
5. The weather is bad in November. (always) ______________________________
6. Peggy and Frank are late. (usually) ______________________________
7. I have met him before. (never) ______________________________
8. John watches TV. (seldom) ______________________________
9. I was in contact with my sister. (often) ______________________________
10.She will love him. (always) ______________________________
Ex. 4. Complete the sentences by changing the adjectives in brackets into adverbs.
1. We lost the football match 4-2 yesterday. I don’t think we played _______ (bad) …
… but the other side played really _______ (good).
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2. You drive quite _______ (dangerous). I won’t be surprised if you have an accident
one day!
3. “You’re late!” said Olga _______ (angry). “Where have you been?”
4. The teacher spoke so _______ (quiet) that the class couldn’t hear her.
5. This is a very important question. Please think _______ (careful) before you answer.
6. In 1483, King Richard III of England _______ (secret) killed his two young
nephews.
7. The hungry cat looked _______ (greedy) at the chicken on the dinner table.
8. When I broke my leg, my friend Pam _______ (kind) offered to do the shopping for
me.
9. Paulo Coelho is one of my favourite novelists. I think he writes_______ (beautiful).
Ex. 5. Adverb or Adjective?

1. He left the room (slow/slowly).
2. Jane works (hard/ hardly).
3. He is a (nice/nicely) man.
4. The sun is shining (bright/brightly).
5. Smoking is (bad/badly) for your health.
6. She is always dressed (smart/ smartly).
7. He shouted (angry/angrily) at me.
8. The room is (comfortable/comfortably).
9. Dick smiled (sad/sadly).
10. You should drive (slow/slowly).
Ex. 6. Which of the sentences is right?

1 a) My friend John runs fast.
b) My friend John fast runs .
2. a)Did you go to the cinema last night?
b) Did you last night go to the cinema?
3.a) I always come here with my dog.
b) I come here always with my dog.
4. a) We went to London yesterday.
b) We went yesterday to London.
5. a) You are a much tall man.
b) You are a very tall man.
6. a) Why did you come back late?
b) Why did you come back lately.
7. a) It froze hardly yesterday.
b) It froze hard yesterday.
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Ex.7. Reading
Read the text and underline the adverbs.
Mary's Hobbies and Interests

Mary has a lot of hobbies and interests. She usually gets up early so she can run before
work. She doesn't often have time to ski, but she occasionally goes on Saturdays
during the winter.
Mary often rides a horse at a stable near here home. She sometimes goes after work,
but she usually goes horseback riding on Sundays. She loves music. She always goes
to choir practice on Wednesday evenings and sings in church on Sundays. She doesn't
have much extra money, so she rarely goes to concerts in the city. She seldom watches
TV because she likes doing things outside. She usually goes to the gym if it's raining
outside. She isn't often alone because she has a lot of friends. She occasionally does
something alone, but she usually does her activities with one of her friends. She's a
happy woman!
Now tell about your hobbies and interests.
The preposition
The preposition is a secondary part of speech that denotes the relations between
objects and phenomena. It shows relations between a noun, a pronoun and other
words. As to their morphological structure prepositions are divided into the
following groups:
● Simple prepositions: in, on, at, for, with, to, from, etc.
● Derivatives: behind, below, across, along, into, onto, etc.
● Compound: inside, outside, within, without, etc.
● Composite: because of, in front of, in the middle of, in accordance with,
according to, etc.
According to their meaning prepositions are divided into:
1. Prepositions of Place (where?): in, on, at, below, under, between, in front of,
near, etc.
Examples: 1. I was born in Kyrgyzstan. - Where were you born? - In

Kyrgyzstan.
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2. Ormon lives in Bishkek. Where does Ormon live? – He lives in Bishkek. He
works at the Demir Bank. – Where does he work? - He works in Demir Bank.
3. There is a Supermarket next to our house. What is there next to your house?
– There is a Supermarket next to our house.
2. Preposition of Time (when?): in, on, at, from, to, after, before, etc.
Examples: 1. Ann gets up at 6 o’clock every day.
1. When does Ann get up every day? - At 6 o’clock. 2. I was born on April 27 in
1998.
When were you born? – I was born on April 27 in 1998.
What day of the week were you born? – I was born on Friday, at 5 a.m.
3. Preposition of Direction: (where to?): to, from, into, onto, out of, etc;
Examples:
1. Where do you go after classes? – I go to the library. 2. Where do you go

after? After I go to the computer room. 3. Where are you coming from? –
I’m coming from the BHU.
Exercises
1. Read the sentences and underline the prepositions of place, time and
direction.
1. I was born in Kyrgyzstan. But my niece and nephew were born in America.2.
Altynbek lives in Chicago but Bermet lives in Seoul. 3. I was born in Spring and
my brother Sadyrbek was born in Winter. 4. Kyle works at the State Department
and mark works for the United Nations. 5. There is a yard with nice flowers in
front of our house and there is a fruit orchard behind our house. 6. What is there
next to the BHU? – There is “Narodnyi” supermarket next to the BHU. 7. When
are you free? – I’m free on Saturday and Sunday. 8. Where do you go on the
weekends? – I usually go to the park on the weekends.
2. Write questions using prepositions of time, place and directions and ask
your partner.
1. When were you born? 2. Where were you born? 3. When did you leave
school?
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2. Where do you go in summer? Where do you go on weekends?
3. When are you free in the morning or in the afternoon?
4. Do you want to go the cinema this week? Are you planning to do shopping?
When?
3. Read the text and underline the prepositions in it.
The Smell of Soup and the Sound of Money
One day a hungry beggar stopped by an inn to ask for food. The innkeeper gave
the beggar a piece of bread and sent him away. Hoping to find more food, the
beggar stopped by the kitchen of the inn. He smelled the fragrance of soup
coming from the stove and took a deep breath. Just then, the innkeeper walked
in the door. He was angry, and said to the beggar, “You must pay if you take
more food! I cannot give you more.” “But I only smelled the soup. I did not eat
it,” replied the beggar. “Then you must pay for the smell of the soup!” said the
innkeeper. ‘But no one pays for the fragrance of a flower or rain in the wind! I
will not pay for the smell of your soup!” shouted the beggar.
They argued and argued but found no solution. Finally, they took the problem to
the mosque to turn to Nasriddin. They explained the problem. Nasriddin listened
and then said to the innkeeper, “So you want the beggar to pay you for the smell
of the soup? I will pay you instead!”
Taking two coins out of his pocket, he dropped them together so they clinked.
“There,” he said to the innkeeper. “You have now been paid for the smell of
soup with the sound of money. Go on your way and do not bother me again with
such ridiculous matters.”
Answer the questions:
1. Where did the beggar stop? Why?
2. Why did the innkeeper want money?
3. Did the beggar give him money? Why?
4. Where did they go to solve the problem?
5. Did Nasriddin solve the problem? How?
6. Write a moral of this story.
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4. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions above.
in at for of to on under by up
1. Feeling very sleepy on a hot afternoon, Nasriddin lay _____ the ground _____ a
walnut tree. He slept there. When he woke ____ he saw some walnuts on the
grass. 2. Hoping to find some food a beggar stopped ____ the kitchen _____ the
inn. 3. You must pay ____ the smell ____soup shouted innkeeper. 4. Looking up
_____the tree he noticed small nuts on the branches. 5. Finding no solutions
they went _____ the mosque. 6. So the problem was solved ____ the mosque.
The Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of speech which denotes connection between objects

and phenomena. It connects the parts of the sentence, clauses ans sentences.
According to their morphological structure conjunctions are divided into the
following groups:
- Simple Conjunctions: and, or, but, till, after, that, so, where, when, etc;
- Derivative conjunctions: until, unless;
- Compound conjunctions: however, whereas, wherever, etc;
- Composite conjunctions: as well as, as long as, in case, for fear that, on the
ground that, for the reason that, etc;
Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both ….and, either …. or, not only ….
but, also, neither …. nor, whether …or.
Examples:
1. I like reading but my sister likes gardening. 2. My mother speaks Kyrgyz

and my father speaks Kyrgyz too. 3. On the weekends we go running or
go walking. 4. Mike opened his eyes and stared quietly at the pure sky.
2. Tome had done all his work until he met his friends. When he was eight,
he got work in another mill.
3. Aigul worked hard as well as her sister did and got a prestigious job.
Neither Tom nor his friend Sam speaks Kyrgyz. But they are trying. Tom
worked so hard as though making up the lost time.
Exercises
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1. Read the sentences and underline the conjunctions.
2. Make up your own sentences with conjunctions.
3. Play out this dialogue.
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction
joins two parts of a sentence.
Example:
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless
We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.
Form: Conjunctions have three basic forms:
Single Word: for example: and, but, because, although
Compound (often ending with as or that). For example: provided that, as long as, in
order that
Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective). For example: so...that
Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate

dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.
Position
Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.
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List of Conjunctions
They may be small words, but conjunctions are highly functional and very important
for constructing sentences. Basically, conjunctions join words, phrases
and clauses together.
Coordinating Conjunctions
● And
● But
● Or
● Nor
● For
● Yet
● So
Subordinating ● if when ● that

Conjunctions ● if then ● though
● after ● inasmuch ● til
● although ● in order that ● unless
● as ● just as ● until
● as if ● lest ● when
● as long as ● now ● whenever
● as much as ● now since ● where
● as soon as ● now that ● whereas
● as though ● now when ● here if
● because ● once ● wherever
● before ● provided ● whether
● even ● provided that ● which
● even if ● rather than ● while
● even though ● since ● who
● if ● so that ● whoever
● if only ● supposing ● why
● than
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orrelative ● neither / nor ● as many / as
Conjunctions ● whether / or ● no sooner / than
● both / and ● as / as ● rather / than
● not only / but also ● such / that
● either / or ● scarcely / when
Ex. 1.Choose the correct option for the sentence.
1.Receptionists must be able to relay information ______ pass messages accurately.
(A) or (B) and (C) but (D) because
2.I did not go to the show ______ I had already seen it.
(A) until (B) because (C) so (D) but
3.Mary is a member of the Historical Society ______ the Literary Society.
(A) as (B) or (C) and (D) but
4.Read over your answers ______ correct all mistakes before you pass them up.
(A) or (B) and (C) because (D) while
5. Keep the food covered ______ the flies will contaminate it.
(A) or (B) and (C) until (D) though
6. ______ he is thin, he is strong.
(A) But (B) As (C) Though (D) Because
7.Susie ______ phoned ______ wrote after she left home.
(A) either, or (B) neither, nor (C) while, and (D) though, or
8.She had an unpleasant experience ______ she was in Thailand.
(A) but (B) and (C) because (D) while
9.The committee rejected the proposal ______ they did not think it was practical.
(A) or (B) but (C) though (D) because
10. John welcomed his guests ______ offered them drinks.
(A) and (B) while (C) until (D) as
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The Particle
The particle is a part of speech giving modal or emotional emphasis to other words or
groups of words or clauses. A particle may join one part of the sentence to another.
Particles have no independent function in the sentence. According to their meaning
particles fall under the following main groups:
1. Limiting particles: only, just, but, alone, solely, merely, barely, etc.
I only wanted to help you. Just wanted to say I love you. His name alone was
enough for one who was terribly susceptible to the charm of words.
2. Identifying particles: simply, still, just, yet, all, but, only, quite, even, etc;
He made plans to renew this time in places still more delightful. He just loved her.
They did not even know that Mike was married. James was silent. Soams was silent
too.
3. Negative particles: not, never.
Tom was not afraid of bungee jumping. I never cry when I am sad.
The Interjection
The interjection is a part of speech which expresses various emotions without naming
them. According to their meaning interjections fall under two main groups, namely,
emotional interjections and imperative interjections.
Emotional interjections express feelings of the speaker. They are: ah, oh, eh, bravo,
alas, etc;
1. The student rushed out the auditorium and shouted “Hurrah! I have passed the test!”
2. Alas! I can’t help you.
3. Oh, bother! Nobody can do this work on time!
4. “Dear me!”says Mr. Philip smiling with his shining eyes.
Imperative interjections show the will of the speaker or his order or appeal to the
hearer. They are: here, hush, sh-sh, well, come, now, etc;
5. Here! I’ve had enough of this. I’m going.
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Interjections may be primary and secondary. Primary interjections are not derived
from other parts of speech. Most of them are simple words: ah, oh, eh, pooh, bravo,
hush. Only a few primary interjections are composite: heigh-ho! Hey-ho! Gee-ho!
Secondary interjections are derived from other parts of speech. They are homonyms
with the words they derived from. They are: well, now, here, there, come, why, etc;
Derivative interjections should not be confused with exclamation-words, such as

nonsense, shame, good, etc; Derivative interjections may be simple: well, here,
there, come, etc;
Composite interjections are: dear me, confound it, hang it, etc;
Exercises
Interjection
An interjection is one of the eight major parts of speech, along

with verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs,prepositions and conjunctions.
Some grammarians believe that interjections are the least important part of
speech. This is because interjections are not generally required in order for the
meaning of a sentence to become clear.
An interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion. It expresses meaning or
feeling. It does not:
● relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentence
● help the reader understand the relationship between words and phrases in the
sentence
Instead, it simply conveys to the reader the way the author is feeling. Interjections are
rarely used in academic or formal writing, but are common in fiction or artistic writing.
They are usually, but not always, offset by an exclamation point (which is also used to
show emotion).
Use of Interjections
Beginning of Sentences
When people think of interjections, they commonly think of them being used at the
beginning of the sentence. Many also associate interjections with a punctuation mark
designed to convey emotion: the exclamation point.
This is often true. Interjections can and do appear in the beginning of sentences. For
example:
152
● “Yikes, I didn’t realize that there was a test on grammar today!”
● “Oh no, I can’t believe that it is snowing here again!”
In both of these sentences the interjection - “yikes” and “oh no” appear at the
beginning of the sentence. In addition, in both of the sentences, the emotion is a strong
emotion and the sentence itself ends with an exclamation point.
Middle or End of Sentences
Interjections do not always have to be at the beginning of a sentence. They can appear
in the middle, at the end, or anyplace else where the author wants to interject a bit of
feeling and emotion.
For example, in the sentence “So, it’s snowing again, huh?” the interjection is found at
the end. Here, the interjection is designed to express confusion (or perhaps dismay) at
the continued snow falling. In this sentence, the emotion wasn’t an emotion that
necessitated an exclamation point--instead, the interjection ‘huh’ turned the sentence
into a question.
The sentence “In my opinion, my gosh, this is just the smartest thing you have ever
said” the interjection is found in the middle. It designed to express or convey the
author’s emphasis on his opinion that the statement was smart. Again, no exclamation
point is required.
Stand-alone Sentence
An interjection can also be used by itself as a stand-alone sentence. For example, look
at the two sentences: “Oh gosh! I can’t believe how late it is.” The interjection “oh
gosh” is a stand-alone sentence. This is grammatically correct, although “Oh Gosh”
does not contain a subject and action that is normally required for a complete thought
to be expressed. The interjection--or the emotion felt--is the entire point of the
sentence.
Types of Interjections
There are literally hundreds, if not thousands, of interjections in the English language.
Most are designed to express strong emotions, such as love, hate, surprise, happiness,
anger, enthusiasm, disgust, boredom, confusion or unhappiness. However, this is not
always true. Some interjections can express either a mild emotion, or can be
expressions, such as “Excuse me.”
A sample list of interjections includes words such as:
● Aha ● Boo ● Crud

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● Dang ● Oops ● Uh-huh
● Eew ● Oh no ● Ugh
● Gosh ● Ouch ● Yikes
● Goodness ● Rats ● Yuck
● Ha ● Shoot
● Oh ● Uh-oh
This is by no means an exhaustive list, but is representative of the types of interjections

you may use on a daily basis.
Identifying Interjections
Now that you’ve looked at a list of interjections, practice identifying them in these ten
sentences:
1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car.
2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled.
3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it.
4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad.
5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.
6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say.
7. Boo! I scared you.
8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.
9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over.
10.Oh well, all good things must come to an end.
Interjections in Writing
Interjections are not commonly used in formal or academic writing. Because of the
function that interjections serve, there is virtually no place for them in an academic
paper that is designed to convey facts. By definition, facts should be devoid of emotion
or opinion such as the emotions conveyed by interjections.
Interjections are used most often in speech. While people don’t necessarily pause to
think about it, they use interjections all the time. This is even more true when you
consider the fact that common words used in pauses, such as “uh,” and “um” are
interjections.
154
Interjections can find their way into fictional pieces, most often in the form of
dialogue. They can also be used in informal written communication between two
people, such as letters or emails.
ecComplete the sentences with one of the interjections given below
1. "_____! You're stepping on my 5. "It's hot today." "_____?" "I said

foot."(expressing pain) it's hot today."(asking for repetition)
A. Ah A. Yow
B. Oh B. Oh
C. Ouch C. Eh
D. Hmmm D. Yeah
E. Well E. Hmmm
2. "Oh _____! Does it 6. "Lima is the capital

hurt?"(expressing pity) of..._____...Peru."(expressing
A. alas hesitation)
B. er A. hmmm
C. dear B. er
D. eh C. yow
E. hmmm D. yhup
E. hey
3. "_____, that seems
good."(expressing pleasure) 7. "_____ John. How are you
A. Ah today?"(expressing greeting)
B. Er A. Hullo
C. Hmmm B. Yeah
D. Hey C. Yow
E. O D. Er
E. Ah
4. "_____, she's dead
now."(expressing grief or pity) 8. "_____! What a good
A. Oh idea!"(expressing surprise, joy etc)
B. Er A. Hey
C. Hay B. Le
D. Alas C. Yow
E. Ah D. Hi
E. Er
155
C. Ah
10. "_____, please say D. Hm
'yes'!"(expressing pleading) E. Er
A. Le
B. Er 15. "Shall we go?"
C. Ah "_____."(expressing agreement)
D. Eh A. Er
E. Oh B. Yow
C. Hey
11. "_____! look at that!"(calling D. Uh-huh
attention) E. Ouch
A. Ho
B. Hey 16. "85 divided by 5
C. Ye is..._____...17."(expressing hesitation)
D. Yeah A. um
E. Le B. eh
C. er
12. "_____. I don't think that's a great D. ahmm
idea,."(expressing hesitation, doubt or E. ow
disagreement)
A. Le 17. "_____, what did he
B. Hey say?"(introducing a remark)
C. Er A. Ah
D. Hmm B. Yow
E. Oh C. Hey
D. Ouch
13. "_____! You're here!"(expressing E. Well
surprise)
A. Ah 18. "What do you think of that,
B. Oh _____?"
C. Er A. eh
D. Hey B. ah
E. Ahmm C. oh
D. yow
14. "_____...I don't know the answer E. le
to that."(expressing hesitation)
A. Uh 19. "_____! I've got a
B. Oh toothache."(expressing pain)
156
A. Le A. oh
B. Ah B. uh
C. Oh C. eh
D. Er D. ah
E. Ahmm E. hey
20. "_____, I don't think you're the

one that I'm trying to look
for."(expressing hesitation)
Exercise 2
Complete these sentences with suitable interjections
1. ___________ We have won the match.
2. ___________Where are you going now?.
3. ___________What a beautiful color?.
4. ___________I hear some one coming.
5. ___________What a wicked lie.
Ex. 2. Find the right interjection
1.- A: _______________ , Peter! Come and have a look at this.

B: What is it?
2.- A: Careful with that box! Put it down slowly. That’s it.
B: _______________ ! That’s my toe!
3.- A: So anyway. We went on to the cinema …
B: _______________! This is a library!
4.- A: What do you think of the soup?
B: _____________! You haven’t cooked this before.
5.- A: This government has done all it can do to bring down unemployment.
B: ___________! _________ ! Rubbish!
6.- A: I’ve just bought a new car. It’s lovely. Come and see it.
B: ________! I thought you didn’t have any money.
7.- A: Are you ready? Shall we go?
B: _____________ . Coming!
8.- A: And then we had this lovely dish of raw meat and brains …
B: ______! I don’t know how you could.
9.- A: How old are you?
B: Thirteen
A: ___________. Smoking at your age.
10.- A: Excuse me – could you open the door for me?
B: Of course.
A: _________! I knew it would happen.
B: I’ll pick it up. Don’t worry.
A: Thank you.
157
11.- A: Look at this burnt in my arm.
B: Oh, _________! Does it hurt.
12.- _________ ! She’s dead now.
13.- A: What’s the capital of Peru¬?
B: The capital of Peru is … __________ …. Lima, isn’t it?
14.- A: What do you think of this wonderful dish, ___________ ?
B: Just a minute, let me taste it first.
15.- A: I think she’s so smart! She looks gorgeous!
B: _________ , you’re exaggerating a bit, aren’t you?
158
159
Appendix
Irregular Verbs List

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
Be was/were been
become became become
begin Began begun
Bet Bet bet
Bite Bit bitten
bleed Bled blown
blow Blew bled
break Broke broken
bring brought brought
build Built built
burn burnt/ burned burnt/ burned
Buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose Chose chosen
come Came come
Cost Cost cost
Cut Cut cut
Deal Dealt dealt
Dig Dug dug
Do Did done
draw Drew drawn
dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt /dreamed
drink Drank drunk
drive Drove driven
Eat Ate eaten
160
Fall Fell fallen
Feed Fed fed
Feel Felt felt
fight fought fought
Find Found found
Fly Flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze Froze frozen
Get Got got
Give Gave given
Go Went gone
grow Grew grown
hang Hung hung
have Had had
hear Heard heard
Hide Hid hidden
Hit Hit hit
Hold Held held
Hurt Hurt hurt
keep Kept kept
know Knew known
Lead Led led
learn learnt / learned learnt /learned
leave Left left
Lend Lent lent
Let Let let
light Lit lit
Lose Lost lost
make Made made
mean meant meant
meet Met met
Pay Paid paid
Put Put put
Read Read /red/ read /red/
Ride Rode ridden
161
Ring Rang rung
Rise Rose risen
Run Ran run
Say Said said
See Saw seen
Sell Sold sold
send Sent sent
Set Set set
Sew sewed sewn
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot Shot shot
show showed shown
shut Shut shut
Sing Sang sung
Sink Sank sunk
Sit Sat sat
sleep Slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt /spelled spelt /spelled
spend Spent spent
spoil spoilt /spoiled spoilt / spoiled
stand Stood stood
steal Stole stolen
stick Stuck stuck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim Swam swum
Take Took taken
teach taught taught
Tear Tore torn
Tell Told told
think thought thought
throw Threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake Woke woken
162
wear Wore worn
Win Won won
write Wrote written
Irregular Verbs poem
Я кирпичик throw-threw-thrown, Я опасность feel-felt-felt

(бросать) (чувствовать)
Он в окошко fly-flew-flown, (летать) И готов был kneel-knelt-knelt...
Меня дядя catch-caught-caught, (встать на колени)
(ловить) Ох и сильно мне попало -
К папе с мамой bring-brought-brought. Cost-cost-cost стекло немало!!!
(приводить) (стоить)
До сих пор я удивлен - Болван с Прохвостом целый день
Fling-flung-flung откуда он? Вдвоем играли в «дребедень».
(выскакивать) «Я win-won-won». — сказал Болван,
Cling-clung-clung за воротник, (выигрывать)
(цепляться) Ты lose-lost-lost, — сказал Прохвост!
Ох и вредный же старик! (проигрывать)
Я, конечно, say-said-said, (говорить) Забияки fight-fought-fought (драться)
Что разбил окно сосед, Их никто не разведет
Он меня не hear-heard-heard, Уже оба weep-wept-wept (плакать,
(слышать) хныкать)
Как на казнь меня ведет. Воспитатель sleep-slept-slept (спать)
163
Я в буфете buy-bought-bought По-пластунски creep-crept-crept,
(покупать) (ползать)
Первоклассный бутерброд, Как ребенок weep-wept-wept.
За него я pay-paid-paid, (платить) (плакать)
В классе в парту lay-laid-laid (класть) Очень многим hurt-hurt-hurt (вредить)
И совсем не think-thought-thought, Дядя Гога-обормот.
(думать) С управдомом fight-fought-fought
Что сосед его умнет. (драться)
А теперь мне очень грустно - Угрожал, что shoot-shot-shot.
Smell-smelt-smelt он очень вкусно! (стрелять)
(пахнуть) Своего же друга — Гришку
Пол метлою sweep-swept-swept, Strike-struck-struck по носу книжкой.
(подметать) (ударять)
Дом в порядке keep-kept-kept, Нос, конечно swell-swelled-swollen —
(содержать) (опухать)
Learn-learnt-learnt усердно буду Друг был очень недоволен.
(учиться) Freeze-froze-frozen в морозилке
Sew-sewed-sewn и мыть посуду (замораживать)
(шить) Своего кота Мурзилку,
Shine-shone-shone все вокруг — А однажды break-broke-broken
(сиять, блестеть) (разбивать)
Будет счастлив мой супруг. В нашем доме восемь окон.
Каждый должен know-knew-known, Объявил в семье войну,
(знать) Bind-bound-bound свою жену.
Что когда -то grow-grew-grown. (связывать)
(расти, вырастать) Draw-drew-drawn в тетрадке сына
Так давайте dream-dreamt-dreamt (рисовать)
(мечтать) Неприличную картину.
Выйти замуж без проблем! От него жена и дети
Drink-drank-drunk ужасно много Hide-hid-hidden в туалете. (прятаться)
(пить) Слух ужасный spread-spread-spread
Наш соседский дядя Гога. (распространять)
Он forget-forgot-forgotten (забывать) Будто — жулик наш сосед.
Про семью и про работу Анонимку send-sent-sent, (посылать)
И, понятно, have-had-had(иметь) Мол, steal-stole-stolen он цемент.
Он ужасно много бед. (красть)
Он такое do-did-done, (делать) Он с балкона взял за моду
Когда был смертельно пьян!!! Spit-spat-spat на пешеходов. (плевать)
164
Lean-leant-leant через перила Клад искал один чудак,
(нагибаться) Целый месяц dig-dug-dug, (копать)
И хохочет, как горилла! Find-found-found, устав вконец,
Ну, в итоге, fall-fell-fallen (падать) (находить)
Прямо с этого балкона. Металлический ларец!
Write-wrote-written на стене, (писать) И, конечно, think-thought-thought,
Ride-rode-ridden на слоне, (ездить) (думать)
А к тому же, в зоосаде Что богато заживет.
Be-was-been у львов в ограде. (быть) Он так страстно strive-strove-striven
Seek-sought-sought чего-то там (стремиться)
(искать) Все иметь и thrive-throve-thriven!
На закуску под сто грамм. (процветать)
А недавно bite-bit-bitten (кусать) Take-took-taken он топор (брать)
У подъезда тетю Виту. И сорвал с ларца запор...
Дед и бабка find-found-found Перед тем, как открывать
(находить) Go-went-gone домой поспать. (идти)
Пса породы Бассет-Хаунд. И всю ночь во сне чудак
Очень близок старикам Drive-drove-driven «Кадиллак»,
Пес become-became-become. (водить)
(становиться) Eat-ate-eaten ананасы (есть)
Give-gave-given дед ему (давать) И копченые колбасы
Дорогую бастурму - Fly-flew-flown за облаками, (летать)
Надо ж псину feed-fed-fed (кормить) Hold-held-held свой клад руками,
Чем-то вкусным на обед. (держать)
Сами сала и котлет Spend-spent-spent на ветер деньги
Старики не let-let-let. (позволять) (тратить)
Раньше бабка sit-sat-sat, (сидеть) Build-built-built себе
Knit-knit-knit себе жакет, (вязать) фазенды...(строить)
А теперь ей дед велит А когда он wake-woke-woken,
Это дело quit-quit-quit; (бросать, (просыпаться)
прекращать) То ни слова speak-spoke-spoken
Нынче бабушка и дед (говорить)
Жизнь другую lead-led-led: (вести) (ведь минуты сочтены),
Дед с улыбкой дремлет в ванне, Leave-left-left свои штаны,
Бабка dwell- dwelt-dwelt в чулане, (оставлять, забывать)
(обитать) Run-ran-run во весь опор, (бежать)
Пес в кровати lie-lay-lain, (лежать) Find-found-found лишь... свой топор!
Как эмир страны Бахрейн (находить)
165
Глянь, рогатку Баламут Steal-stole-stolen барабан, (красть)
В свой кармашек put-put-put Beat-beat-beaten, как шаман!
(положить) (колотить)
И begin-began-begun (начинать) Не поверите вы мне,
Хулиганить хулиган! Но однажды я во сне
Он подушку cut-cut-cut, (резать) Speak-spoke-spoken со Сталлоне?
Брата в ванной shut-shut-shut, (разговаривать)
(закрывать) Sing-sang-sung вдвоем с Мадонной.
Все газеты light-lit-lit, (поджигать) (петь)
Собачонку hit-hit-hit, (бить) А с актрисой Шерон Стоун
Он соседу ring-rang-rung (звонить) Leap-leapt-leapt, как будто клоун!
И, конечно, run-ran-run. (бежать) (скакать)
Он совсем не think-thought-thought, Tell-told-told об этом маме —
(думать) (рассказывать)
Что милиция придет. Мама burst-burst-burst слезами.
Как-то раз в кошмарном сне (разразиться)
Hang-hung-hung я на стене, (висеть) Украинскому Премьеру
А в другой раз see-saw-seen, (видеть) Sell-sold-sold вагон фанеры!
Будто пил я керосин! (продавать)
Что за чушь мне ночью снится- Джуди Фостер — мне она
То я fly-flew-flown, как птица, Weave-wove-woven шарф из льна.
(летать) (ткать)
То я swim-swam-swum в фонтане, Что все это mean-meant-meant,
(плавать) (значить)
Lie-lay-lain одетый в ванне, (лежать) Как все это understand,
То учительницу нашу Understood и understood (понимать)
Teach-taught-taught готовить кашу! Что за этим stand-stood-stood?
(обучать) (стоять)
То соседку-тетю Глашу Только раз был сон — как сон:
Make-made-made пить простоквашу! Я get-got-gotten миллион! (получать)
(заставлять)
А сегодня be-was-been (быть)
Просто форменный кретин:
166
Show must go on
exercise 1.Rewrite the following words in rhyming pairs. (Two of them do not strictly
rhyme but have the same vowel sound)
aching bill breaking(X2) die butterflies chance in corner crime flaking for
grin overkill pantomime places romance score spaces warmer
aching ⬄ breaking
bill ⬄ overkill
breaking ⬄ flaking
butterflies ⬄ die
chance ⬄ romance
in ⬄ grin
corner ⬄ warmer
crime ⬄ pantomime
for ⬄ score
places ⬄ spaces
Complete the lyrics with the words from exercise 1.
Empty spaces - what are we living for

Abandoned places - I guess we know the score
On and on
Does anybody know what we are looking for?
Another hero - another mindless crime

Behind the curtain, in the pantomime
Hold the line
Does anybody want to take it anymore?
The show must go on

The show must go on
Inside my heart is breaking
My make-up may be flaking
Whatever happens, I’ll leave it all to chance

Another heartache - another failed romance
On and on
Does anybody know what we are living for?
167
I guess I’m learning
I must be warmer now
I’ll soon be turning round the corner now
Outside the dawn is breaking
But inside in the dark I’m aching to be free
The show must go on

Ooh, inside my heart is breaking
My make-up may be flaking
Yeah oh oh oh
My soul is painted like the wings of butterflies

Fairy tales of yesterday will grow but never die
I can fly, my friends

The show must go on
I’ll face it with a grin
I’m never giving in
On with the show
I’ll top the bill

I’ll overkill
I have to find the will to carry on
On with the show
On with the show
Find the words or expressions in the lyrics which have a similar meaning to the
following.
a) a big smile → grin

b) accepting that you cannot win → giving in
c) be the most important actor in the show → top the bill
d) completely stupid → mindless
e) empty, deserted → abandoned
f) falling off in small thin pieces → flaking
g) accept a difficult situation and try to deal with it → face
h) having a strong desire → aching
i) know the real facts of a situation, esp. the unpleasant ones (realize the difficulties
of life)→ know the score
j) morning light is just beginning to appear → the dawn is breaking
168
Bibliography and used sources
1. Каушанская В.Л. A Grammar of the English Language/Грамматика

английского языка, 5-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Айрис Пресс, 2008. — 384
с.
2. Fundamentals of English grammar.Part 1, Part 2. Betty Schrampfer Azar.
Edition 3. Longman Publishing Group, 2003.
3. http://www.englishdaily626.com/conjunctions.php
4. http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/conjunctions.ht
ml
5. https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
6. http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/interjections/what-is-an-inter
jection.html
7. http://busyteacher.org/21104-gerunds-and-friends.html
8. The background is from http://www.cutecolors.com/
9. https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/future_co
ntinuous_-_a_boardgame/future-tenses-intermediate/779
10.https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/present_c
ontinuous/present-continuous-elementary/5202
11.http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/
12.http://angles3rcicle.blogspot.com/2013/02/images-to-practice-present-continuou
s.html
13.http://busyteacher.org/search.html?q=future+conyinuous
14.http://busyteacher.org/19034-testing-gerund-and-infinitive.html
15.https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/interjecti
ons/interjections-intermediate-b1/5724
16.http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs3.htm
17.http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/english-as-a-second-language/gerunds
169
18.http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/gerunds-and-infini
tives/
19.https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/
20. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/participles_sentences.htm
21.https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jGttKnppUHqeNzaXkyyz3dzB4Bd-N26B
aIBss5uFJa4/edit?hl=en_US&pref=2&pli=1
22.http://www.adme.ru/zhizn-nauka/cuperstih-dlya-zapominaniya-nepravilnyh-glag
olov-723210/
23.http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/can
-or-could
24.http://esl.about.com/od/beginnerreadingskills/a/adverbs_of_frequency_reading.h
tm
170
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General Classification of the Parts of Speech

Structural parts of speech may express relation between words or sentences or

- er: driver, gardener, reader, teacher, worker, etc.

The category of number.

1. Write plural forms of the following words:

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

1. I have a friend. I have many friends.

4. Read the text and underline the nouns.

A very outgoing person

As you can see, Aizada is a very outgoing person.

5. Writing and discussion

A very shy person

6. Reading and speaking

1. The Dog and the Meat

1. Who What does the dog find?

2. The Boy Who Cried Wolf

1. Where does Daniel go every day?

7. Reading and writing

The First TV Soap Opera

Simple Nouns Derivative Nouns Compound Nouns

Indefinite article is used with such constructions as:

The use of definite article

1. When a speaker mentioned a particular object.

3. With adjectives in the superlative degree.

4. With ordinal numerals

5. Names of the whole family

6. the only, the last.

7. With the names of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers.

8. With the names of mountain chains.

9. With the names of groups of islands.

10. The names of the following countries, towns and provinces.

11. Names of newspapers, and magazines.

12. The places of interests

13. The names of films and books

14. With the names of cardinal points

15. The names of working places

18. Musical instruments

19. The names of holidays in the calendar

Indefinite article is not used in the following cases:

2. Uncountable nouns are not used with a, an

2. Names of people, cities, towns, nationalities

4. Names of seasons, months, weeks

6. At school, at home, at work

7. Nationalities 9SECOND TIME0

1. Use the articles a, an ,the, or zero-article in the blanks.

A: What is your name? B: My name is ___________________ .

Aijamal is …….. student of ……. Bishkek Humanities University. She studies ….

A: Are you a student or a schoolboy (a schollgirl)?

8. Reading and speaking

The Tiger and the Mouse

1. Where do the mouse and the tiger live?

Read and remember the proverbs.

2. Two heads are better than one.

The superlative degree denotes the highest degree of a quality.

Example: Ann is the tallest of her three sisters.

Tom’s house is the smallest of all ours.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

2. Some adjectives have irregular forms of degree:

Adjective Comparative Superlative