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Pure Math 2 11 Chapter

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131 views37 pages

Pure Math 2 11 Chapter

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Hurlee Sharvaa
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We can use computers to generate beautiful images from complex numbers, such as the Mandelbrot set, shown on the left. However, complex numbers are also widely used in real-life applications. For example, they are used in the study of electrical circuits and the flow of fluids around objects, as well as, in the technology of digital cameras and mobile phones. They are also used in the design of aeroplane wings. ‘Understand the idea of a complex number, recall the meaning of the terms real part, imaginary part, modulus, argument and conjugate, and use the fact that two complex numbers are equal if and only if both real and imaginary parts are equal. Carry out operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two complex numbers expressed in Cartesian form x + iy. Use the result that for a polynomial equation with real coefficients, any non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs. Represent complex numbers geometrically by means of an Argand diagram. Carry out operations of multiplication and division of two complex numbers expressed in polar form r (cos @+ i sin) Find the two square roots of a complex number. simple terms the geometrical effects of conjugating a complex number and of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing two complex numbers. Ilustrate simple equations and inequalities involving complex numbers by means of loci in an Argand diagram, e.g. |z - al _ oA 2-3 44 V2 » oe 243V2 Work out the discriminant for a) -5x+2=0 b) 2x -7x-4=0 ©) 3x-5x-4=0, 11.1 Introducing complex numbers In PI we saw that if the discriminant, b* — 4ac, of the quadratic equation ax + bx + ¢= 0 is negative, then the equation has no real roots. This is because there is no real number which, when squared, gives a negative real number. ‘The ancient Greeks were puzzled by the fact that there was no real number which satisfies the equation 2° = —1. However, it was not until 1545 that the Italian mathematician Gerolamo: Cardano thought about the possibility of complex numbers when he solved the equation x(10 = x) = 40 to give the solutions x= 5 + V—15. Later in the 16th century Rafael Bombelli, another Italian mathematician who is generally regarded as the inventor of complex numbers, developed this concept to enable him to solve cubic and quartic equations. Before we discuss complex numbers in more detail, we introduce the symbol i which we will use to denote the non-real number ¥—1. It follows that i? = 1, Va=ia? As such, V9 = W9x=1 = V9 x Va More generally, 6° = bi. Numbers of the form bi, where bis real, are called imaginary numbers. Example 1 Solve the equation in each case. a) 2=-25 b) 4x24 484=0 ©) 2°4+20= a) x 4g _Take both square roots of -28. -_—————— Write y=25 as a multiple of | b) 4x74 484=0 82-121 << Rearrange to find the value of x2. x=+V—121 = 411i oe) +20 =4V—20 =+ J20i << Leave the value of x in exact terms. aa You may leave your answer in surd form, Complex numbers 243 @) (-i)' —e) (2). << Replace # with -1 ei Write f as a product of powers of i each of which you can replace with 1, —1, ior —i, Use It = 1 here. e) (2) =32 xi =32xitxi=32i Expand the brackets and simplify SS Use the ordinary laws of algebra to write the expression without brackets, then simplify. Exercise 11.1A 1. Which of the following equations have no real roots? a) +5x+2=0 b) 2x*- 4x +1 =0 6) +5x+7=0 d) 3x°-x+2=0 e) 2x4 5x-1=0 2. Solve the equation in each case. a) e=-4 b) 2=-100 ce) #=-13— d) = -75 3. Simplify the expression in each case. a) ® b) i on a) ©) i 4. Simplify the expression in each case. a) (-i)" b) (iy ©) (3i)* d) (-21)" 5. Write down the square roots of a) 64 b) -64 oo) -19 d) -32. 6. Solve the equation in each case. a) P449=0 — b) 242325 0) 2 49=5 d) (Sx) =-125 7. Simplify the following expressions. a) (vai) ») (vr) 9 [ EERE Introducing complex numbers 8. We wish to find two numbers, x and y, whose sum is 10 and whose product is 40. a) Write down two equations in x and y which fully describe this problem. b) Show that 2° -10x + 40 = 0. ©) Show that this equation has no real roots. At the beginning of this chapter we discussed how the mathematician Cardano solved the quadratic equation x(10 — x) = 40 to give the solutions x= 5 4-715. Our experience of solving quadratic equations by using the + Vb? —4ac formula x shows us that our answer is made up of two parts, z and Mee “The first of these expressions will always be real (provided the coefficients a, b, and c are real). However, we have learned that the second expression might not be real; it might be imaginary and therefore expressed as bi (where b is real). This leads us to our definition ofa complex number. A number of the form a + bi, where a and bare real and i? = ~1, is called a complex number. ‘A number such as 2i is said to be imaginary, whereas a number such as 5 + 2iis said to be complex. We use the letter z to denote a complex number, z=x+ iy, where xand y are both real numbers. We can also see from the quadratic formula, provided that a, band care real, that the roots occur in pairs, one root of the form a+ bi and the other of the form a ~ bi. For example, ifone root is 3 + 2i then the other root will be 3 ~ 2i. Pairs of complex numbers like this are referred to as complex conjugates ofeach other. ‘The complex conjugate of a + bi is a ~ bi, where and b are real numbers. ‘The complex conjugate of a complex number zis denoted by z*. Complex numbers | 225) cary Example 3 Solve the equation 22*- 2+ 3 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, b+ Vb? tac 2a Set YEP = 4x23 Substitute a = 2, b =-1 and c Ded formula. =< Simplify the expression. Here we leave the answer in the form a + bi, but we could separate the two values and write ve, 23, Siand = - Si 4 44 or Alternatively, completing the square, 2z2-z+3=0 a{2-22)+3=0 Exercise 11.1B 1. Express each of the following complex numbers in the form a + bi. a) 541 b) 4-6 9 -2+ 40 2. Write down the complex conjugate of the following. a) 4-21 b) -S+i 9-71 d) 31-6 Introducing complex numbers . Write down the conjugate of the complex number in each case. a) z=10412i b) 2 =3-3i ©) z=5i d) 7=8 |. Find whether the following equations have real or complex roots. a) ¢-62+7=0 b) Sz 4z+2=0 ) F4+82=0 d) 4+3z-32=0 ©) 4c 45c43e1 f) l-2=4+¢ . Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula. a) 2-4245= b) 4274 2¢41=0 o) 2¢-92-3=0 d) 2-z-37=0 e) Sz-32'=1442 f) 102? + 52+ 20=15 g) a+iz-1=0 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square. a) 2-2z+3=0 b) 374624 10-0 o) 22-82+7=0 @) 92-272+3=0 ©) (+1)? 22427 =3 f) 2(z+6)=-10 g) 2-2iz-5=0 . Solve iz? +z + 2i=0. (You may leave your answers in the form 2, where p is a real number and q is an imaginary number.) Complex numbers |e 11.2 Calculating with complex numbers We are about to see that when adding, subtracting, and multiplying complex numbers we use the normal rules of algebra. ‘The division of complex numbers is carried out in a similar way to that of dividing surds. Suppose we have two complex numbers, z, = a + biand z,= ¢+ di We add them in the following way: 2,+2,=(a+bi) + (c4di)=(a40)+ (b+ di ‘To add two complex numbers we add their real parts and add their imaginary parts. We subtract them in the following way: 2,-2,= (a+ bi) — (c+ di) =(a—0) + (b- di To subtract two complex numbers we subtract their real parts and subtract their imaginary parts. We multiply them in the following way: (a+ biN(c + di) 1c + bei + adi + bdi? (ac ~ bd) + (be + ad)i ‘To multiply two complex numbers we use the normal rules of algebra and simplify the answer using # = -1. We divide them in the following way: (ac + bd) +(bc —ad)i esd = est), (e Cre ‘To divide two complex numbers we multiply the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the complex conjugate of the denominator. Calculating with complex numbers Example 4 ‘The complex numbers z, and z, are given by z, = Find z, +22, ~Zy Zz, and =, ? % +2iandz,=3+4i. +2i4344i ~~ Add the real parts and the imaginary parts separately. +61 5 + 2i)- (3+ 4i) Use brackets 2s you would when subtracting one algebraic expression from another, +2i-3-4i ee <> Expand the brackets and simplify =7 426i <—————— Use? <— Miltiply the numerator and denominator by (3 ~ 4. = +213 ~4i) ~G+4NG—4i) 15+ 94121 = _ Expand the brackets and simpy, = 23=1i 9416 _@3=14i) 4, 2314 25 3525 Exercise 11.2 1. Simplify a) (2 +i) + (345i) b) (746i) + (4-21) ©) (1-3) +(-443i) 4) (6-5i)+(-3 +81) e) (-2+3i) + (3 +2i) f) (L+i)+(-2-91). 2. Simplify a) (4+3i)-(2+9 b) (5 +2i)-(G- 4i) ©) (7-i)-(-2+5i) @) (5-5i)-(-6 +31) e) (-3+6i)- (3 +4i) f) (-1-2i)- (-3- 8i). Complex numbers | 220) 3. Simplify a) 2(3 + 4i) +3(5 +i) b) 2(1 ~ 6i) - (4-23) ©) 3(1 -3i) + 2(-4 -3i) d) 5(6 + 5i) + 2(-3 + 81) e) 6(2-3i) -3(3+5i) f) 444i) ~3(2 +71). 4. Express in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. a) (5412 +i) b) (3 +215 -4i) ) i(7-i) d) (3-4i)(-1 +21) e) (-1+6i)(2 +21) f) 3(1-3i)(-4 431) 5. Express in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. 544i = 2 a) Sar b) r d) a 9-31 2i 2-v3i 9 oa 9 ia » i 6. The complex number z is given by z = V2 i. a) Express z’ in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. b) ‘The complex conjugate of zis denoted by z*, Express the following in the form, x+ iy, where x and yare real. ) z+2 ii) 2(¢-z*) ii) Szz* ma 7. ‘The complex numbers z, and z, are given by z, = 5 ~ 12i and z Express the following in the form x + iy where x and y are real. a) z+2, b) zz, © 2z, a= 8. Express the following in the form x+ iy, where «and y are real. a) (2-iP b) (2-iF «) (2-iy d) (2-1 9. Ifz,= 1+ 2iand z, = 2 ~ 3i, express the following in the form x + iy where x and y are real. 1 Lya b) > a) 2+, y a * 10. Express in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. Le 2 =1 1 1,2 i 1-f ») 345i 9 1+2i 4 at+ib o 443i 4-31 IL u=a+ib Find the real part and the imaginary part of a) 2 b) uw 9 8-(Wry. 12, Express in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. ’) 1 Sos tisind 8) (0056+ ising} cos0 + isin cos) isin Calculating with complex numbers 11.3, Solving equations involving complex numbers We can order real numbers by placing them on a number line, but because complex numbers have both a real part and an imaginary part, we cannot order them in the same way. Iftwo real numbers are equal they would occupy the same position on the number line, For two complex numbers to be equal, their real parts must be the same and their imaginary parts must be the same. So if for example x-+ iy = 5 ~2i, it follows that x = 5 and y = -2. ‘Two complex numbers are equal if both the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts are equal. Example 5 a) Find the value of the real number p such that p + (2 ~ 3i)(1 + Si) is an imaginary number. 'b) Find the values of the real numbers xand y such that 4(x + iy ) = -2y - 3ix - 5(3 +21). a) p+(2-Si)(1+5i)=p + (2—3i+ 101-15) <——— Expand the brackets and simplity =p+7iti7 =(p+17)+7i Write in the form 2° + iy p+i7=0 pen Equate the real partto 0 and solve to find p b) 4x+ diy =-2y-3ix- 15-101 4x+ diy =(—2y— 15) +(-3x—10i = coltect the real parts and the imaginary Comparing real parts, 4x = -2y- 15 parts on the RHS. Comparing imaginary parts, 4y = ~3x ~ 10 4x+2y=-15 () a ‘Solve the simultaneous equations. 3xt4y=-10 (2) 2 x equation (1) ~ equation (2): 5x=-20 xa-4 Substituting x = -4 into equation (1): 4x44 2y=-15 y=05 1S Complex numbers Example 6 ‘The complex number 3 + 2i is a root of the quadratic equation 2 ~ (5 + 2i)z + a + bi=0, where a and b are real. a) Find the values of a and 6. b) Explain why the two roots are not complex conjugates of each other. a) Asz=3+ 2iisaroot, (3 + 2i)* - (5 + 2i)(3 + 2) +a + bi=0 (9 + 125+ 4%) - (15 + 161442) +a+bi=0 <————— Expand and then simply. > Substitute for z in the equation. ~6-4itatbi=0 ~6+a+(-446)i=0 Compare the real part on the LHS. with the real part on the RHS, and ~6+a=Oand -44+b=0 ~~ similarly compare the imaginary a=6,b=4 pats. b) ‘The coefficients of the quadratic equation z*~ (5 + 2i)z +a + bi=0 are not all real so the roots will not be complex conjugates. We have seen that the square roots of a negative number can be expressed as aarez imaginary numbers, that is, the solutions of 2 avai. ‘We can use the method of comparing real parts and imaginary parts to find the square roots of a complex number, « + bi. Example 7 demonstrates how we do this. Example 7 Find the square roots of the complex number 7 ~ 24i. ‘To find the square roots, solve the equation 2 =7~24i, where z =x + iy, where xand y are real. (ety) e724 <—— Substitute x + iy tor z, 2+ 2ayi PP = 7-241 <> Expand the bracket and simply 224 Dxyi - P= 7 — 24 we-y=7 (1) —— ‘Compare real and imaginary parts to get simultaneous equations, 2xy=-24 (2) D> Continued on the next page Solving equations involving complex numbers From (2) y a and substitute for y in equation (1): ye feeP _______Bliminate one variable to get a quartic lea equation in eal ae Solve the equation to get the possible values of x. x 7x2- 14420 (? - 16) +9) =0 3° = 16 or x2 = -9, but xis real so.x= +4 only. Substitute x = 4 and x = —4 into (2): yo Bay 2 Find the corresponding y values. =4Ay=-30rx=-4y=3 The square roots of 7 -24i are 4 -3iand -4 +i. ae Exercise 11.3A 1, Find the square roots of the following. a) ~400 b) -60 ©) 344i a) 344i e) 5412 f) 214201 g) -21- 201 h) 35-121 i) 361 2. a) Find the square roots of 3 - 4i. b) Hence, solve the equation z+ (2 + i)z + 2i=0. 3. Solve the equation z+ 22* = 15. lve the equation z+ 22* = 15 4, Express the square roots of i and ~iin the form x + iy, where x and y are real. 5. Solve the following equations. a) 2=251 b) ~16i o) 32412=0 6. Find the real numbers a and b which satisfy the equation (2 + 3i)(5 + bi) = a+ 11, 7. ‘The complex number z is defined by ti zHI=a Express z in the form x + iy, where xand y are real, 8. Solve the equations, expressing your solutions in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. a) zit lL b) 2=ic+1 9. Solve the equation (4 + 5i)z - (1 + i)z* = 15 + 7i, expressing z in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. 10. Given that (a - 3i)° = 16 - bi, where a and b are real, find the values of a and b. Complex numbers 7 We now turn our attention to solving polynomial equations involving solutions which may be complex numbers. We saw earlier in this chapter that if one root of a quadratic equation with real coefficients is complex then the other root will be its conjugate. We now extend this result to any polynomial with real coefficients. If z= x+ iy isa root of a polynomial equation with real coefficients, then 2* = x~ iy is also a root of the polynomial equation, where z* is the complex conjugate of z. ‘This result means that the number of complex roots of a polynomial equation with real coefficients will always be even. Example 8 Given that 2 +i is a root of the equation z’ - z* - 7z + 15 = 0, find the other two roots. Since one complex root is 2 +i and the coefficients of the equation are all real, the conjugate 2 - iis alsoa root, [z- (2 +i] [z- (2 —i)] isa factor. Write down the product of the known factors, 2-(Qtiz-(2-i)z+ (2 +i)(2-i) Z-4z+ (442i-2i-7*) << Mattipty out and simpiity. 2-424 Sisa factor. To find the third root (which must be real), 2-2—Tz+ 15= (linear factor) x ( Oand -1<@< 1. As we saw in section 1.4, complex numbers expressed in Cartesian form (x + iy) can be plotted on an Argand diagram. We can also represent complex numbers in polar form. ‘This is more commonly called modulus-argument form when it is being used with complex numbers. ‘The modulus of a complex number z, written as |z|, is the length of OP, where P is the point representing the complex number on an Argand diagram. ‘The argument ofa complex number z, written as arg(z), is the angle (@ radians) between the line @= 0 and OP. Axe +y? and tane=~. x Also, x= rcos @and y= rsin 8. Hence, From the diagram we see that x + iy = rcos @ + irsin @= r(cos @+ isin @). 1{cos 0 + isin 8) Any complex number can be expressed in Cartesian form as z= x-+ iy or in modulus-argument form as z= (r, 0). Use r= afr" +y° and tan @ = 2 to convert from Cartesian to modulus-argument form. Use x= reos @and y = rsin 8 to convert from modulus-argument form to Cartesian form. rex, Re Pu, 6) 7 » ot x onc Complex numbers | 22) Example 10 a) ‘The complex numbers z, and z, are defined by z, = 1 + iand z,=-2 - 4i, Find the modulus and argument of z, and z,. b) ‘The complex numbers z, and z, are defined by z, Write z, and z, in the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers. a) gl=VP +P =V2=141Bs.f) arg(z,) = tan” (i)=2 = 0.785 (3 5) lel =VQ@y + (4) = 20 = 4.47 (3 sf) arg(z,) = -(2- tan” ‘(3)) 2.03 (3 sf.) 5 + 4.331 fh b) = Z+isint)=24 ) z,=5(cos + isin) =$ = 5m + j sin 22) = =-l i 2,=2cosSE + isin 52) = V3 + i= -1.73 +i Exponential form is similar to modulus-argument form. A complex number is said to be in exponential form when it is expressed in the form re", where r is the modulus and is the argument. ‘The derivation of this form is beyond the Cambridge International 9709 syllabus. For example, the following are all different forms for the same complex number: (1) 144 Cartesian form (or real-imaginary form) @ (3, l= V2 (cost + ising) polar form (or modulus-argument form) (3) Ve"! exponential form. BY Polar form and exponential form ‘A complex number written in the form re, where ris the modulus and Gis the argument, is said to be in exponential form, ei Expressing a complex number in the form r(cos 0+ i sin 0 us to multiply or divide two complex numbers more easily. can help ‘To show why this is, consider the two complex numbers (r, 8) 1,(cos 0, + isin @,) x r,(cos@, +i sin @,) 2,= (7,8) =r(cos®, + isin®) and < (cos0, + isin®). BxS, = rr,(cos 0, +i sin 8,)(cos 0, + i sin@,) = ryr(cos @, cos 8, + i sin 8, cos 8, + isin 8, cos, +? sin 8, sin 8) = rr{(cos 0, cos @, ~ sin 8, sin @,) + i(sin 8, cos 8, + sin 8,cos @,)) = r,r,(cos(@, + 6,) +i sin(0, + ,)) So, to multiply two complex numbers in polar form, we multiply their moduli and add their arguments. Ifz, = (ry @) and z, 1, Oy then z, z,=(F, Fy 0, +0). A special case of this can be used to find powers of a complex number. Ifz=(r, 0), then z" = (r", 18), One advantage of writing a complex number in exponential form is that much of our work can be written more concisely. For example, the proof above can be rewritten as 0% x re =rreire) Similarly, if we use this notation to divide two complex numbers, fet LB inn nee So, to divide two complex numbers in polar form, we divide their moduli and subtract their arguments, ry 8), then = ? z, ‘This proof using z, = (r,, 8.) = r,(cos@, +isin @,) and z, = (ry 8) = r,(cos 0, +isin 8) is left as an exercise, Complex numbers Example 11 ‘The complex numbers zand w are defined by z= 2+ 2iand w=—1+ V3i. Find the modulus and argument of a2 be go ew d% a) z=(2V2,4) Witz in modulus-argument form. #-(22), 264} |2]=8 arg(2) = (5 | Use (r, 6)? = (r?, 26) and simplify. De (ea). 3% Al = (108, 32) <——— Use (r, = (r°, 36) and simply. [2|=16V2, arg(e) = = Find w? and use your answer for 2 from part (a). Use (r,, 8) x (r,, 8) =(r, 7 8, + 8) Write argiz) so it lies between —zrand 7. &, Use 0,- 4) and simplify, ‘We now turn our attention to understanding the geometrical effect of multiplying and dividing two complex numbers. If we take a complex number, say z, = (r,, 0,), and multiply it by a second 2h complex number z, = (r,, @,), then as z,z, = (r,, 0.) x (r, 8) = (r, 7,8, +) ‘we see that the effect of multiplying one complex number by another is equivalent to multiplying the modulus of z, by the modulus of z,. ‘This is equivalent to an ‘enlargement’, centre the origin and scale factor (r,) equal to the modulus of z,. Using the same result, we can see that we add the argument 9] ofz, to the argument of z, ‘This is the equivalent of a rotation (anticlockwise) about the origin through an angle (6,) equal to the argument of z,. Polar form and exponential form ‘The combined effect of these two aspects results in what is offen referred to as a spiral enlargement. Dividing one complex number by another can be interpreted in a similar way, though the enlargement scale factor will be and the rotation will be clockwise by an angle @,. ® Exercise 11.5 1. Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers. a) 1 b) -1 ©) +i d) 1-i e) 3i f) 54121 ») Vi3-6i h) Syl Find the modulus and argument in each case. a) z b) zt Qo 2 2 ge hy) o+2 3. 224431 a) Find i) [2] ii) [2 iti) |2. b) Find i) age ii) arg? iti) arg’, 4. Write the following complex numbers, <, in the form x + iy. b) |el=5, arg(2) = ©) lel=4arg(2) = 5 = = 1 x ©) [|= 10, arg(e) = 4 f) |el=dearg()=-4 h) le =6, arg(e) = 2 i) |e]=7,arg(z)=0 5. Show, ona sketch of an Argand diagram, the points representing the complex numbers in question 4. sbi Find the modulus and argument of 6. z=14i, a) wz b) 2 ©) iz d) 7. Write the following complex numbers in the form x + iy. a) et bye? 9 4c" 8. Express in the form re”. a) 1+i b) 3 o) -1+2i @) 7i ©) 648i g) V2 -V2i h) V25-i) Complex numbers | 7) Br 9% Itz, = {eos +isin 4, = {cos +isin and z= {cosy +isi find, in modulus-argument form, a) 22, b) 22.2, gH ad) 2 10. The complex numbers z and w are defined by la] =3,arg(z) = 4 and |v = 2, argv) = €. Find the modulus and argument of a 2 b) 2 oz ae ©) w ) 2? 8) (ew) hy) = yt ) wew wow yo. . . we 11. The complex number zis given by z= x + iy. Prove algebraically that a) ztz*=2Re(z)—b) z= Im(z)i_— ©) |Re(z)| < |z| 12, Illustrate each of the results from question 11 on a separate sketch of an Argand diagram. 11.6 Loci in the Argand diagram In this section we will see how we can illustrate simple equations and inequalities involving complex numbers as loci in an Argand diagram. In particular we will consider the locus of z (where zis a variable complex number) in the following three cases, taking into account how the locus changes if the = sign is replaced by an inequality sign. Case 1 Iz—z,| where z, is a known complex number and r is real za] is the modulus (or length) of z— z,- In section 11.4 we saw that zz, can be Im, represented as the vector joining the point z, to the point representing z. So |z- z,| =r represents the locus of a point z such that 2 moves so that its distance from a fixed point 2, isalways r. zlies ona circle, centre z,, radius r. If|z~z\| =r, then zlies ona circle, centre z,, radius . We can also see that if |z~ z,| r, then z lies anywhere outside a circle, centre z,, radius r. Loci in the Argand diagram Example 12 a) Sketch an Argand diagram and show all the points which represent the complex numbers z that satisfy the equation |z- 1 +i] =2. b) ‘The points in an Argand diagram representing 2 + Si and —6 + iare the ends of a diameter of a circle. Find the equation of the circle, giving your answer in the form |z— (a + bi)| = k. a) [z-G-i)]=2 <> Write the equation in the form |z ~ z,| =r. zlies ona circle, centre 1 ~ iand radius 2. Use the result that the mid-point of the tine joining (x, y,) and (x, ) is given by : aaa and that the length of b) The centre of the circle is given by G+) i+) yyy, fa 2 2 i ‘The radius of the circle is given by the line joining (x, y,) and (x, y,) is given by Hee 30-5 VO O The equation of the circle is |z~ (-2 + 3i)| = 2V5. Example 13 Sketch an Argand diagram and shade the region whose points represent the complex numbers z which satisfy both the inequality |z ~ (2 + 3i)| < 2 and the inequality |z~ 4] > 3. |z- (243i) s2 lies inside or on the circumference ofa circle, centre 2 + 3i and radius 2. \z-4]>3 lies outside a circle, centre 4 + 01 and radius 3. The set of points which satisfies both conditions lies in the shaded region and on the part of the circle, centre 2 + 3i, which is shown with a solid line. Complex numbers Case 2 Iz z||= lz—z,| where z, and z, are known complex numbers Here the locus of z is such that its distance from the fixed point z, is equal to its distance from the fixed point z,.z will therefore lie on the perpendicular bisector (or mediator) of the line joining z, and z,. 2], then z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining z, to z, ‘We can also see that if |z - z,| < |z- z,|, then z lies anywhere in the region on one side of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining z, to z, such that the distance from z to z, is less than the distance from z to z,. Example 14 a) Sketch on an Argand diagram the loci given by |z - (1 + 2i)| = 5 and |z~5 +i] b) Show that these loci intersect at the point -2 ~ 2i. a) |z-(1+2)|=5 zlies ona circle, centre 1 + 21 and radius 5. le-5-+i]= [e+ 3-5i] N= le 3450) f +3-5il. Je-Srij=|z+3-5i] [z-6 zlies on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 5 ~ ito -3 + Si. Pasa] =8\ b) The loci will intersect at -2 - 2i if z= -2- 21 a satisfies both equations. sine a8: When z= -2 - 2i, -(1+2i)| so |z~ (1 +2i)| = 5 is satisfied. Substitute When 2-2, the equation, |z-5+ i] =|-2-21-5+i] Sere =|-7-i] ‘Substitute z = -2 — 2i into each side of the equation in turn. = 150 al Also |z +3 - 5i] = i | = [1 = 73] =50 so |z—5 +i] =|z+3 —5il is satisfied. Both conditions are satisfied and so these Make a clear statement in conclusion. loci intersect at the point -2 ~ 23. BESME Loci in the Argand diagram Case 3 arg(z— ) = @ where z, is a known complex number and Qs an angle, measured in radians As we saw earlier in this chapter, the vector z~ z, can be represented by the vector joining the point z, to the point representing z. We can interpret arg(z~ z,) = @as the line joining z, to z having argument 8. ‘The locus of z is therefore a half-line, starting at z,, at an angle @ with the positive real axis. Itis called a half-line as we only want the part of the line which starts at z, but which has an infinite length. Iarg(z- z,) = 0, then the locus of z isa half-line, starting at z,, at an angle @ with the positive real axis. Example 15 a) Sketch on an Argand diagram the locus of the complex number z where z satisfies the equation arg(z + 2 ~ i) = a b) On the same diagram, shade the region whose points represent the complex number z 2n which satisfies = Sarg(z+2 5 a) arglz-(-2 + i)h= = Write in the form arg(z — z,) = @ zlies ona hling, starting st-2++h ey, and making an angle =a with the positive real axis, Draw a clear diagram. Its helpful to write a description to accompany your diagram. b)_zmay lie anywhere in the shaded region or on its boundaries. Complex numbers cry Example 16 a) Ona sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the region whose points represent the complex numbers z which satisfy the inequality |z + 4 - 4/3i] <4. b) i) Find the least value of [2] in this region, ii) Find the greatest value of arg z in this region. a) fe-(-4+4y3i)| <4 z lies on or inside a circle, centre (-4 + 4/3i) and radius 4. b) i) ‘The least value of [2 is given by the Iength OP on the diagram. OP = OC - PC 4 But OC? = 4? + (4V3) = 16 +48=64 < Use Pythagoras’ theorem on triangle OBC. So OP= OC-PC=8-4=4 Least value of [2] is 4. se P= dass ards ofthe crc ii) ‘The greatest value of arg zis given by the angh OA makes with the positive real axis. =sin1( £4) b) Osarg(z-i)< = = 2n x iy) ez ©) Esarg(e-2)<% a) -% sargie- (6 +31} <= Show, by shading on separate sketches of an Argand diagram, the region whose points represent the complex number z which satisfies the following, a) |z-6|<3 b) |e-(1+3i)/21 9 |z-3/2|e-1l a) |z- &) [e+ (+i {e-3-3i| 2|e+1l Sketch in a diagram the region described by |z -2| < 2 and a Sargz< = Sketch in a diagram the region described by |z| <3 and |2| > |z ~4l. a) Ona sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the region whose points represent complex numbers satisfying the inequalities |z | < 4 and Re(z) > Im(z), where Re(z) and Im(z) denote the real and imaginary parts of z respectively. b) Write down the greatest and least values of |z|. a) Ona sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the region whose points represent complex numbers satisfying the inequality |z - V5 - 2il < 2. b) Calculate the greatest value of [z|. ©) Calculate the greatest value of arg z. Complex numbers Summary exercise 11 ) t EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS Find the values of x and y, where xand y are 1 445i x+iy 6-31" real, if . a) Show that the two roots of the equation 2+ 2z+10=0 have the same modulus. b) Find the argument of each root of the equation 2’ + 22+ 10=0. 3 a) Show that 1, 2+ all solutions of the equation b) Hence find {4 4 ai and {a fs Lil, giving your answers in the form x-+ iy. } EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS ‘The complex number z is given by z= 1 - V5i. a) Express 2’ in the form x + iy where x and are real. b) Find the value of the real number p such that 2° ~ pzis real. 5. Two complex numbers, z and w, satisfy the inequalities |z~ 3 - 3i] <2 and |w+1+ i <1. a) Ona sketch of an Argand diagram, show the locus of the complex number zand the locus of the complex number w. b) Find the least and greatest possible values of z~ w|. 6. Show that, for any complex number z, zz* + 2(z +z") is real. } EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS a) Solve the equation 2? 5z+4=0. b) Hence solve the equation z' + 52'+4=0. a) Sketch in a diagram the locus of the complex number z described by |z+34 12%] =3v17. Summary exercise 11 b) Calculate the greatest and least values of |e| for this locus. ). a) Sketch in a diagram the locus of the complex number z described by |z ~ 5i b) Calculate the greatest and least values of [el and arg z for this locus. ). Two complex numbers zand w satisfy the inequalities |z ~3 - Sil < 2and Jw —7 103] < 2. Draw an Argand diagram and find the least possible value and the greatest possible value of |z ~ w). a) Verify that z= 1 + iis root of the equation z* — 6z° + 23z’ - 34z + 26 = 0. b) Write down another root of this equation. ©) Findall the roots of the equation 2! — 62) +232 - 342+ 26=0. . 2 ~ VSiiis a root of the equation z'+4z° - 202 + 60z+ 27 =0. Find the other roots of this equation. 3.a) Verify that z= 1 + 2i isa root of the equation 2° ~3z'+7z-5=0. b) Solve the equation completely. |. An equilateral triangle has its vertices on the circle |z| = 3. One vertex is at the point such that arg z= ©, Find the three vertices of the equilateral triangle, expressing your answers in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. . The complex number w is given by 2 + i a) Find the value of w#, expressing your answer in the form x + iy, where x and y are real. b) Verify that w! = Ww. w=- ©) i) Write wand w in modulus-argument form. ii) Explain, using an Argand diagram, why L + w+ w= 16. a) Use a sketch of an Argand diagram illustrating the addition of the two complex numbers z, and z, to show that lz, +2,| Sz] + lz.) b) Use a sketch ofan Argand diagram illustrating the subtraction of the two complex numbers , and z, to show that lz, -2,]2 lz] - lz] (2-2) G+2-3) giving your answer in the form z= x+ iy where x and y are real. b) 4) Sketch an Argand diagram showing the set of points representing the complex numbers z which satisfy arg (z-3 17.a) Solve the equation i, = Find the least value 18. i) Verify that the complex number z, = 1 + iis a root of the equation 22 - 32! + 22 +2=0, ii) Find the other two roots of this equation. i) Sketch an Argand diagram showing the set of points representing the complex numbers z which satisfy |z| = |z- 1 - il. 19, z, =~3 + 4iisa solution of the equation 2° + ez+25=0. i) Find the value of e. ii) Write down the other root of the equation. iii) Write z, in modulus argument form giving arg z, in radians correct to 2 decimal places. iv) Show, ona sketch of an Argand diagram, the points A, B, and C representing the complex numbers z,,7,*, and z, +2," Complex numbers | ea) Foo) Chapter summary Introducing complex numbers e V=1=iand therefore i? A number of the form a + bi, where a and 6 are real and i a complex number, © The complex conjugate of z= + biis 2*= real numbers =1,is called bi, where a and bare Calculating with complex numbers. © Toadd two complex numbers we add their real parts and add their imaginary parts. © Tosubtract two complex numbers we subtract their real parts and subtract their imaginary parts. © To multiply two complex numbers we use the normal rules of algebra and simplify the answer using ? = -1. © To divide two complex numbers we multiply the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the complex conjugate of the denominator. Solving equations involving complex numbers © Two complex numbers are equal if both the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts are equal. © Ifz=x+iyisa root of a polynomial equation with real coefficients, then 2* = x— iy isalso a root of the polynomial equation, where 2* is the complex conjugate of z © We can use the method of comparing real parts and imaginary parts to find the square roots of a complex number, a + bi. Representing complex numbers geometrically on an Argand diagram © ‘The position of z+, the complex conjugate of z, on the Argand diagram is found by reflecting z in the real axis. Chapter summary © z,+z,can be represented by drawing the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by adding the vectors representing z, and z,. © The points representing z, ~ z, are constructed by adding the vectors representing z, and —z, then drawing the vector representing z, ~z, from the origin. 21-2 (a-0)+(b-d) © Multiplying a complex number z, by the imaginary number i is geometrically equivalent to rotating the point representing z by 90° anticlockwise about the origin. Modulus—argument and exponential forms © Any complex number can be expressed in Cartesian form as z= x + iy or in modulus-argument (or polar) form as z= (r, 8). © For modulus-argument form r>Oand -1< @< x ind tan 6 = ~ to convert from Cartesian to modulus-argument form. Complex numbers |) 2a) © Usex=rcos@ and y= rsin @ to convert from modulus-argument form to Cartesian form. © xtiy=r(cosO+ isin@) © Acomplex number written in the form re, where ris the modulus and 8s the argument, is said to be in exponential form. © Ifz, = (ry) and z, =(r4 6), then z, z, = (rr, 0, + 0). © Ifz,=(r, 0) andz,=(r, 0), then 0,- 4). Loci in the Argand diagram © Ifle—z,|=r then zlies ona circle, centre z, radius r ma © if|z~z,|=|z ~~, then z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 2, toz, % Llr-al- lem Chapter summary Complex numbers Fhe tow a cave) eo ALi) Electrifying, magnetic and damp: how complex mathematics makes life simpler Ifyou think of complex numbers in the Argand diagram, you can appreciate that the real and imaginary parts are both separate and interlinked, so it is perhaps not surprising that they should have applications in physical situations where there are separate and linked entities. In electromagnetism, the electric field and magnetic field can be represented by a single complex-valued field a + bi, where a is normally the electric field and b the magnetic field, All the devices shown in these images depend on the use of electromagnetism. One of the most spectacular applications is in Maglev trains. The Shanghai Maglev train (also known as the Transrapid) is the fastest commercial train in operation as of 2017. It operates by using magnets and electric current to levitate the train above a guide-rail and propel it forwards. With conventional trains there is alot of friction in the moving parts, but with the Maglev the resistance is almost all related to air resistance. Although a conventional train is also subject to air resistance, the higher speed of the Maglev means that air resistance is much greater. The future development of even faster trains looks possible as designers, explore the practicalities of running Maglev trains ina vacuum tube where air resistance would be removed. However, the economics of these projects means that, although technically possible, they may not become practical realities. You have met simple first-order differential equations in P3; however, physical situations involving forces are described by second-order differential equations, where the solutions sometimes require the use of complex numbers. ‘the simplest model for a standard spring is that it has no resistance (like a projectile) and so continues to oscillate indefinitely once set in motion, But the reality is that the oscillations will die away. In systems like shock absorbers, the designers want the oscillations to die away quickly, so they increase the friction in the system by putting it in a liquid rather than in air. ‘The motion of damped oscillations looks like the graph above: x = 4e"™"™ cost (shown in green) is bounded by the curves.x = 44e% shown as dotted blue lines. Changing the physical characteristics of the system can change the frequency of the oscillations and how quickly they die away, as the following diagrams illustrate. Resonance occurs where the opposite effect is seen: the amplitude of the oscillations grows rather than dies away. Sometimes this is the desired effect but more often it is destructive: feedback in amplification systems, glasses shattering if a singer exactly hits the resonant (or natural) frequency of the glass, people walking in step on. abridge, etc. ‘The Millennium Bridge in London had to be closed to the public for — alterations shortly after it opened 7 : when it was found that people walking on the bridge naturally adjusted their i walk because the bridge had a natural lateral sway - they adjusted their speed of step unconsciously to match the rhythm of the swaying motion, but this set up resonance and exaggerated the swaying motion.

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