WWW Britannica Com Technology Ship
WWW Britannica Com Technology Ship
WWW Britannica Com Technology Ship
Home Quizzes & Games History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography
Written by John B. Woodward , Ernest Albert John Davies , James Joseph Stilwell See All
Fact‐checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Jul 27, 2023 • Article History
Table of Contents
passenger ship
Naval architecture
The measurements of ships are given in terms of length, breadth, and depth.
The length between perpendiculars is the distance on the summer
(maximum) load waterline, from the forward side of the stem at the extreme
forward part of the vessel to the after side of the rudder post at the extreme
rear, or to the centre of the rudder stock, if there is no rudder post. The beam
is the greatest breadth of the ship. The depth is measured at the middle of the
length, from the top of the keel to the top of the deck beam at the side of the
uppermost continuous deck. Draft is measured from the keel to the waterline,
while freeboard is measured from the waterline to the deck edge. These
terms, together with several others of importance in ship design, are given in
the figure.
Hydrostatics
Britannica Quiz
In some cases a ship may be intended for cargo of such a high stowage factor
(i.e., volume per weight unit) that providing for the required internal volume
is more of a problem than providing for a specific deadweight. Nevertheless,
the problem of designing for a displacement that matches the weight of the
ship is essentially the same.
Subscribe Now
Static stability
Accurately predicting a ship’s draft is a necessary result of correctly applied
hydrostatic principles but is far from sufficient. If the many items of weight
on a ship are not distributed with considerable precision, the ship will float at
unwanted angles of heel (sideways inclination) and trim (endwise
inclination). Nonzero trim angles may lift the tips of propeller blades above
the surface, or they may increase the possibility that the bow will slam into
waves during heavy weather. Nonzero heel angles (which tend to be much
greater than trim angles) may make all human activity aboard difficult;
moreover, they are dangerous because they reduce the margin against
capsizing. In general, the avoidance of such inclinations requires an extension
of Archimedes’ principle to the first moments of weights and volumes: the
collective first moment of all weights must equal the first weight moment of
the water displaced.
static stability of a ship
The figure shows the cross section of a ship that is floating at heel angle θ,
caused by the placement of a weight (w) a certain distance (d) from the centre
line. At this angle, the upsetting moment, calculated as w × d × cos θ, is
equaled by the righting moment Δ × GZ, (Δ is the symbol for displacement,
and GZ is the distance from the centre of gravity [G] to the centre of buoyancy
[Z]). Under these conditions, the ship is said to be in static equilibrium. If w
is removed, the upsetting moment will become zero, and the righting moment
will return the ship to its upright position. The ship is therefore judged to be
stable. The moment will act in the stable direction only as long as the point M
(the “metacentre,” the point where the buoyant force intersects the midplane)
is above G (the centre of gravity of the ship and its contents). If M is below G,
the forces of weight and buoyancy will tend to increase the angle of heel, and
the equilibrium will be unstable. The distance from G to M, taken to be
positive if M is above G, is called the transverse metacentric height.
A value for metacentric height is usually found only for the zero heel
condition; hence, it is an accurate measure of stability only for small
disturbances—for example, ones that cause heeling of no more than about
10°. For larger angles, the “righting arm,” GZ, is used to measure stability. In
any stability analysis, the value of GZ is plotted over the entire range of heel
any stability analysis, the value of GZ is plotted over the entire range of heel
angles for which it is positive, or restoring. The resultant curve of statical
stability shows thereby the angle beyond which the ship cannot return to
upright and the angle at which the restoring moment is at a maximum. The
area of the curve between its origin and any specified angle is proportional to
the energy required to heel the ship to that angle.