Practice Questions

Chapter No.: 3

Chapter Title: Differentiation

Class: BSc

Subject: Mathematics-1

Course Code: 05a

Compiled By: Sir Waseem Mustafa

Cell No.: 0334 8111881

E-Mail: [email protected]
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Important Points:

3.1) What is Differentiation?

The derivative or differentiation is a measure of the instantaneous rate of change of a
function.
A good analogy can be made with the speed of a car. Imagine that a car is driving along
a straight road and that f (x) represents its distance, in meters, from the starting point at
time x, in seconds, from the start.
Let's suppose that at time x = 10, the distance f (10) from the start is 150 and that at
time x = 11, the distance from the start is 170. Then the average speed between times 10
(𝟏𝟕𝟎−𝟏𝟓𝟎)
and 11 is = 20 metres per second. However, this need not be the same as the
(𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟎)
instantaneous speed at 10, since the car may accelerate or decelerate in the time interval
from 10 to 11. Conceivably, then, the instantaneous speed at 10 could well be higher or
lower than 20. To obtain better approximations to this instantaneous speed, we should
measure average speed over smaller and smaller time intervals. In other words, we
should measure the average speed from 10 to 10 + h (where h is any smaller number)
and see what happens as h gets smaller and smaller. That is, we compute the limit of
speed or approximate value of speed as h tends to 0.
We now give the definition of the derivative. The derivative (or instantaneous rate of
change) of f at a number a (or `at the point a') is the number which is the limit of the
rate from ‘a’ to ‘a + h’ as h tends towards 0.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

3.2) Notations of Differentiation:
There is no single uniform notation for differentiation. Instead, several different
notations for the derivative of a function or variable have been proposed by different
mathematicians. The most common notations for differentiation are listed below:
dy d f(x) df
a) b) f / (x) c) d)
dx dx dx
e) f / f) Dy g) D(f(x))

Note: In this course we will use only first two.

3.3) Standard Derivatives:

In practice, to determine derivatives (that is, to differentiate), we have a set of standard
derivatives together with rules for combining these. The standard derivatives (which
you should memorise) are listed as follows:
d
1) (c) = 0 ; (Where c is any real number)
dx
d
2) (x) = 1
dx

(Topic continues on next page)

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d
3) (ax) = a ; (Where a is any real number)
dx
d
4) (x n ) = nx n−1 ; (Where n is any real number)
dx
d
5) (ax n ) = anx n−1 ; (Where a and n are any real numbers)
dx
d d d
6) (u + v) = (u) + (v) ; (Where u and v are any functions of x)
dx dx dx
d d d
7) (u − v) = (u) − (v) ; (Where u and v are any functions of x)
dx dx dx
d d d
8) (uv) = u (v) + v (u) ; (Where u and v are any functions of x)
dx dx dx
d d
[v (u)−u (v)]
9) (u⁄v) = dx [v]2 dx
d
; (Where u and v are any functions of x)
dx

d
10) (ex ) = ex
dx

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

d d
11)
dx
(ef(x) ) = ef(x) × dx
[ f(x) ] ; (Where 𝐟(𝐱) is any function of x)
d 1
12) (ln x) =
dx x
d 1 d
13) (ln f(x)) = × [ f(x) ] ; (Where f(x) is any function of x)
dx f(x) dx
d
14) (sin x) = cos x
dx
d d
15) (sin f(x)) = cos f(x) × [ f(x) ] ; (Where 𝐟(𝐱) is any function of x)
dx dx
d
16) (cos x) = −sin x
dx
d d
17) (cos f(x)) = − sin f(x) × [ f(x) ] ; (Where 𝐟(𝐱) is any function of x)
dx dx
d d
18) (𝑎[𝑓(𝑥)]) = a [ [ f(x) ] ] ; (Where a is any number & 𝐟(𝐱) is any function of
dx dx
x)
d d
19) ([f(x)]n ) = n × [f(x)]n−1 × [ f(x) ] ; (Where 𝐟(𝐱) is any function of x)
dx dx
d d
20) (𝑎[f(x)]n ) = a × n × [f(x)]n−1 × [ f(x) ] ; (Where a is any number &
dx dx
𝐟(𝐱) is any function of x)
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3.4) Optimisation:
(i) Critical points: The derivative is very useful for finding the maximum or
minimum value of a function that is, for optimisation. the derivative 𝐟 / (𝐱) may
be interpreted as a measure of the rate of change of f at x. It follows from this that
we can tell whether a function is increasing or decreasing at a given point, simply
by working out its derivative at that point.
 If 𝐟 / (𝐱) > 0, then f is increasing at x.
 If 𝐟 / (𝐱) < 0, then f is decreasing at x.
At a point c for which 𝐟 / (𝐜) = 0 the function f is neither increasing nor
decreasing: in this case we say that c is a critical point (or stationary point) of f. It
must be stressed that a function can have more than one kind of critical point. A
critical point could be a local maximum, a local minimum, or an inflexion point,
which is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

(ii) Nature of Critical Point (s), (1’st Method, Sign Change Rule): We can decide
the nature of a given critical point by considering what happens to the
derivative 𝐟 / in a region around the critical point. Suppose, for example, that c is
a critical point of f and that 𝐟 / is positive for values just less than c, zero at c, and
negative for values just greater than c. Then, f is increasing just before c and
decreasing just after c, so c is a local maximum. Similarly, if the derivative 𝐟 /
changed sign from negative to positive around the point c then we can deduce
that c is a local minimum. At an inflexion point, the derivative would not change
sign: it would be either non-negative on each side of the critical point, or non-
positive on each side.
Thus a critical point can be classified by considering the sign of 𝐟 / on either side
of the point.

(iii) Nature of Critical Point (s), (2’nd Method, 2’nd Derivative Rule): There is
another way of classifying critical points. Let's think about a local maximum
point c as described above. Note that the derivative 𝐟 / is decreasing at c (since it
goes from positive, through 0, to negative), so the derivative of the derivative 𝐟 //
is negative at c. We call the derivative of 𝐟 / the second derivative of f, and denote
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
it by 𝐟 // (𝐱) or 𝟐 and this method is also called 2’nd derivative test and we can
𝒅𝒙
define it as follows:
 If 𝐟 / (𝐚) = 𝟎 and 𝒇// (𝐚) < 𝟎, then x = a is a local maximum of f;
 If 𝐟 / (𝐛) = 𝟎 and 𝒇// (𝐛) > 𝟎, then x = b is a local minimum of f;
 If 𝐟 / (𝐜) = 𝟎 and also 𝒇// (𝐜) = 𝟎, then we cannot conclude the nature of
point and we apply Sign Change Rule.
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3.5) Difference between Local and Global Critical Points:

Maxima and Minima are points where a function reaches a highest or lowest value,
respectively. There are two kinds of extrema (a word meaning maximum or
minimum): Global and Local, sometimes referred to as "Absolute" and "Relative",
respectively.
A Global Maximum is a point that takes the largest value on the entire range of the
function, while a Global Minimum is the point that takes the smallest value on the
range of the function.
On the other hand, Local Extrema are the largest or smallest values of the function in
the immediate vicinity.
All Extrema look like the crest of a hill or the bottom of a bowl on a graph of the
function. A Global Extremum is always a Local Extremum too, because it is the
largest or smallest value on the entire range of the function, and therefore also its
vicinity. It is also possible to have a function with no extrema, global or local: y = x is a
simple example.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

3.6) Curve Sketching:
Another useful application of differentiation is in curve sketching. The aim in
sketching the curve described by an equation y = f(x) is to indicate the behaviour of
the curve and the coordinates of key points.
Given the equation y = f(x) of a curve we wish to sketch, we have to determine key
information about the curve. The main questions we should ask are as follows.
i) Where it crosses the x-axis: The curve crosses the x-axis at f(x) = 0. Thus we
solve the equation f(x) = 0.
Note: This may have many solutions or none at all.
ii) Where it crosses the y-axis: The curve crosses the y-axis at the single point
where x = 0
iii) Finding the critical points: For critical point or points, we solve the equation
𝐟 / (𝐱) = 𝟎.
iv) The natures of the critical points: This means determining whether each one is
a local maximum, local minimum, or inflexion point, and the methods for doing
this have been discussed.
v) Limiting behaviour: We have to determine what happens to f(x) as x tends to
infinity and as x tends to minus infinity; in other words, we have to ask how f(x)
behaves for x far to the right on the x-axis and for x far to the left on the negative
side of the axis.
(Topic continues on next page)
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As far as the last point is concerned, there are two standard results here which are
useful.
First, the behaviour of a polynomial function is determined solely by its leading term,
the one with the highest power of x. This term dominates for x of large absolute value.
A useful observation is that if n is even, then 𝒙𝒏 → ∞ as 𝒙 → ∞ and also as → −∞ ,
While if n is odd, 𝒙𝒏 → ∞ as 𝒙 → ∞ and 𝒙𝒏 → −∞ as 𝒙 → −∞

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

3.7) Marginals:
We now turn our attention to economic applications of the derivative. In economics, if q
measures the quantity being produced, then gradients are usually referred to as
Marginals. So, for instance, the rate of change of Cost with respect to the amount
produced would be the Marginal Cost and so on.
This Cost is often called the Total Cost, and we shall often use the corresponding
notation TC. The cost TC (0) of producing no units (which is generally positive since a
firm has certain costs in merely existing) is called the Fixed Cost, sometimes denoted
FC. The difference between the cost and the fixed cost is known as the Variable Cost,
VC.
Other important measures are the Average Cost, denoted by AC = TC/q and the
Average Variable Cost, AV C = V C/q. We have the relationship TC = FC + V C:
We can also define the Marginal Cost function is the derivative of the total cost
function TC and is denoted by MC.
Similarly, if TR(q) is the total revenue function, then its derivative is called the
Marginal Revenue, denoted MR.
We can summarise the above discussion as follows:

i) FC = TC (0)
ii) TC = FC + V C
iii) AC = TC/q or TC = AC * q
iv) AVC = VC/q or VC = AVC * q
v) TR = p * q,
Note: We put the value of p in terms of q from demand equation
vi) For break-even points; we take, TR = TC
vii) AR = TR/q or TR = AR * q
𝐝 𝐝
viii) 𝐌𝐑 = (𝐓𝐑) and ix) 𝐌𝐂 = (𝐓𝐂)
𝐝𝐪 𝐝𝐪
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3.8) Profit Maximisation:

The Profit abbreviated as ∏ is the total revenue minus the total cost, ∏ = 𝐓𝐑 − 𝐓𝐂,
which is in terms of q (quantity) only.
To find which value, or values, of q give a maximum profit, we look for critical points
of ∏ by solving
∏/ (𝐪) = 𝟎
Suppose the critical value of quantity is 𝐪∗ , now for maximum profit we substitute
this value in original expression of profit.
Maximum Profit = ∏(𝐪∗ )
We also have to verify that profit is maximum and for that we take 2’nd derivative of
profit and substitute the value (𝐪∗ ) in this expression and this value should be negative,
symbolically it is as follows:
∏// (𝐪∗ ) < 𝟎

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

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Exercise:
Differentiate the following with respect to x.

Q 1) y = 3x 2 + 4x − 1 Q 2) y = 2x 3 + 5x 2 − 4x + 9
5 1
6 1
Q 3) y = 3
− +3 Q 4) y = 2x 2 − 4x 2 − 6x + 8
x x

6 (1−x)(4x−1)
Q 5) f(x) = 4x 2 √x − Q 6) f(x) =
√x √x

Q 7) f(x) = (1 − x + x 2 )3 Q 8) f(x) = √x 2 + 2x + 2

1 2
Q 9) g(x) = √1 + √x Q 10) g(x) = (x 2 − 3x + 4) (1 − x)
2

1−2 sin x
Q 11) g(x) = 2 sin x + 3 cos x Q 12) g(x) =
cos x

𝐱+𝐞𝟐𝐱
Q 13) y = sin x cos 3x Q 14) y =
𝐞𝐱

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Q 15) y = ln(√x 2 + 1 − x) Q 16) y = 2x

Q 17) y = x x Q 18) y = x sinx

2
Q 19) y = (cosx)x Q 20) y = x 3 + e3x
3x+5 1
Q 21) y = Q 22) y = ln(3x 2 ) + 3x +
x2 +3x+2 √1+x

3 Y
Q 23) Q = 0.85 √L2 + 3L Q 24) C = 425 + 1.2 ln ( )
Y+2

4
Q 25) P = + 5 ln(Q) Q 26) y = ln[(sin 2𝑥)(√𝑥 2 + 1)]
√Q

Determine the intervals along which each of the following curves is increasing or
decreasing.

Q 27) y = x 2 Q 28) f(x) = 2x 2 − 7x + 5

Q 29) y = −x 2 + 4x + 9 Q 30) y = x 3
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Find the x-coordinates of the critical points of the following and classify the nature of
each point (that is, determine whether the point is a local maximum, local minimum or
inflexion).

Q 31) y = x 2 − 5x + 1 Q 32) f(x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 11x – 6

16
Q 33) y = x 4 − 8x 2 + 2 Q 34) y = x +
x

Sketch the graph of the following using differentiation:

Q 35) y = x 2 – 6x + 5 Q 36) y = x 2 + 4x + 3

Q 37) y = x 2 − 2x + 3 Q 38) y = 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 1

Q 39) A firm has total cost function 𝐓𝐂(𝐪) = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓𝐪 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝐪𝟐 . Find the fixed
cost FC, and the marginal cost MC. What is the marginal cost when the output is 100? What
is the marginal cost when the output is 10000?

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 40) A firm is a monopoly with cost function 𝐓𝐂(𝐪) = 𝐪 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝐪𝟐 . The demand
equation for its product is 𝐪 + 𝟐𝟎𝐩 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎. Work out
(a) The inverse demand function; (b) The profit function;
(c) The optimal value q and the maximum profit; (d) The corresponding price.

Q 41) Assume that the price/demand relationship for a particular good is given by
𝐩 = 𝟏𝟎– 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝐪 Where p is the price ($) per unit and q is the demand per unit of time. Also
assume that the fixed costs are $100 and the average variable cost per unit is 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐪.
(a) What is the maximum profit obtainable from this product?
(b) What level of production is required to break even?
(c) What are the marginal cost and marginal revenue functions?

Q 42) The demand function relating price p and quantity x, for a particular product, is given
by 𝐩 = 𝟓𝐞𝐱𝐩(−𝐱⁄𝟐); Find the amount of production, x, which will maximise revenue from
selling the good, and state the value of the resulting revenue. Produce a rough sketch graph of
the total revenue function for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.

Q 43) Suppose you have a nineteenth-century painting currently worth $2000, and that its
value will increase steadily at $500 per year, so that the amount realised by selling the
painting after t years will be 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐭. An economic model shows that the optimum time
to sell is the value of t for which the function 𝐏(𝐭) = (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐭)𝐞−𝟎.𝟏𝐭 is maximised.
Given this, find the optimum time to sell, and verify that it is optimal.
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𝟐𝟎
Q 44) A monopolist’s average cost function is given by 𝐀𝐂 = 𝟏𝟎 + + 𝐐 Her demand
𝐐
equation is 𝐏 + 𝟐𝐐 = 𝟐𝟎; where P and Q are price and quantity, respectively. Find
expressions for the total revenue and for the profit, as functions of Q. Determine the value of
Q which maximises the total revenue. Determine also the value of Q maximising profit.
𝟑𝟎𝟎
Q 45) A firm’s average cost function is given by − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝐐 and the demand function is
𝐐
given by 𝐐 + 𝟓𝐏 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎, where P and Q are quantity and price, respectively. Supposing that
the firm is a monopoly, find expressions for the total revenue and for the profit, as functions of
Q. Determine the value of Q which maximises the total revenue and the value of Q which
maximises profit.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 46) The demand function for a monopolist is 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝐏. Find expressions for TR,
MR, and AR. Evaluate TR, MR, and AR.at 𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓. Calculate the value of Q for which
𝐀𝐑 = 𝟎.

Q 47) The output for a firm over time is given by the function,
𝐭 𝟑 𝐭 𝟐 𝟑𝐭
𝐐= − + + 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟑𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
Determine the years (t) in which output is at maximum and a minimum.
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Questions from Past Papers:

Q 48) (Paper-2003, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-2)

Suppose that c is some fixed positive number and let f be the function 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐜𝐱 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐱
(defined for x > 0). Find the minimum value of 𝐟(𝐱) for x > 0. Use your result to show that
for all positive numbers x, 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 ≤ 𝐜𝐱 + 𝐥𝐧(𝟏⁄𝐜) − 𝟏

Q 49) (Paper-2003, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-2)

The function 𝐟(𝐱) is defined for x > 0 by 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐧(√𝟐𝐱). Find the minimum value of
𝐟(𝐱).

Q50) (Paper-2003, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-8a)

A firm is a monopoly for the good it produces. Its average variable cost function is

𝐀𝐕𝐂 = 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟒 and it had fixed costs 1. The demand equation for its good is given by

𝐪 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝐩, where p is the price. Find the production level q that gives the maximum profit,
and find the maximum profit.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 51) (Paper-2004, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-2)
𝟐
Find the value of x that maximizes the function 𝐟(𝐱) = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝐱)𝐞−𝐱

Q 52) (Paper-2004, Zone-A, Section-B, Question-8a)

𝐥𝐧(𝐪𝟐 +𝟏)
A firm has average variable cost 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟐𝐪 + and fixed costs of 9. Find the total cost
𝐪
function and marginal cost function.
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Q 53) (Paper-2004, Zone-A, Section-B, Question-9a)

𝟒𝟎 𝐪𝟐
A monopolist’s average cost function is + 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝐪 + where q is the quantity produced.
𝐪 𝟐
𝟓
The inverse demand function for the good is 𝐩 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝐪. Find an expression for the profit
𝟐
in terms of q and determine the value of q that maximizes the profit.

Q 54) (Paper-2004, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-2)

𝐱
Find the maximum value of the function 𝐟(𝐱) = (𝟏 + 𝐱)𝐞− ⁄𝟐

Q 55) (Paper-2004, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-8a)

𝐞𝐪 𝟏
A firm has average variable cost 𝐪𝟐 + 𝐪 + − and fixed costs of 11. Find the total cost
𝐪 𝐪
function and the marginal cost function.

Q 56) (Paper-2004, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-9a)

𝟑 𝟑𝟎
A monopolist’s average cost function is 𝟗 + 𝐪 + Where q is the quantity produced. The
𝟏𝟎 𝐪
𝟒
demand function for the good is 𝐪 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝐩. Find an expression for the profit in terms of q
𝟑
and determine the value of q that maximizes the profit.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 57) (Paper-2005, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-2)
The function f is defined, for 𝑥 ≥ 0, by 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐞√𝐱 − 𝟐√𝐱. Find the critical point of f and
show that it is a local minimum. What is the minimum value of f(x)?

Q 58) (Paper-2005, Zone-A, Section-B, Question-8a)

A firm is a monopoly and it has fixed costs of 5 and average variable cost function
𝐪𝟒 − 𝐪 − 𝟓𝐪𝟐 . The demand equation for the good it produces is 𝐩 + 𝐪 = 𝟐𝟎, where p is the
selling price. Find an expression for the firm’s profit, as a function of q, and determine the
production level that maximizes the firm’s profit.

Q 59) (Paper-2005, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-2)

A firm produces a good from a raw material that costs 1 dollar per unit. Using r units of raw
material, the firm can produce 𝐫 ∝ units of its good, where ∝ is a fixed number such that
𝟎 < ∝ < 𝟏. The selling price of the good is 2 dollars per unit. Show that the maximum profit
the firm can achieve is
𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ 𝟏
𝟐 (𝟏−∝) ∝ (𝟏−∝) ( − 𝟏)
∝
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Q 60) (Paper-2006, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-2)

A monopoly experiences a demand q for its product that is related to its price by 𝐪𝐩𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔.
The cost to the company of supplying q units is 𝐪𝟐 . Determine the price and quantity when the
firm maximizes its profit.

Q 61) (Paper-2006, Zone-A, Section-B, Question-9(b))

An antique, currently worth $10, is appreciating in value according to the formula
𝐕(𝐭) = 𝟏𝟎𝐞𝟐√𝐭 The ‘present value’ of the money obtained by selling the antique t years from
now is 𝐏 = 𝐕(𝐭)𝐞−𝟎.𝟏𝐭. Find the value of t that maximizes P(t).

Q 62) (Paper-2006, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-2)

A monopoly experiences a demand q for its product that is related to its price by 𝐪𝐩𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒.
The cost to the company of supplying q units is 𝟐𝐪𝟐 . Determine the price and quantity when
the firm maximizes its profit.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 63) (Paper-2006, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-9(b))
A depreciating asset whose initial value is A has a value at time t equal to 𝐀(𝟏 − 𝐬𝐭), where
𝐬 > 0 is its rate of depreciation. If the asset is sold at time t then the ‘present value’ of the
money raised by the sale is given by 𝐏(𝐭) = 𝐀𝐞−𝐫𝐭 (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐭), Where 𝐫 > 0 is the bank interest
rate. Find the value of t at which 𝐏(𝐭) = 𝟎 and find also the value of t when 𝐏(𝐭) has a critical
(or stationary) point. Sketch the graph of 𝐏(𝐭).

Q 64) (Paper-2007, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-2)

A firm is a monopoly for the good it produces. Its average variable cost function is 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟒,
where q is the quantity it produces, and it has fixed costs of 20. The demand equation for its
good is given by 𝐩 + 𝐪 = 𝟐𝟎, where p is the price. Find expressions, in terms of q, for the
total revenue and profit. Determine the production level q that gives maximum profit.

Q 65) (Paper-2007, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-8a)

Find the critical (or stationary) points of the function 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟑 𝐞−𝐱 . Determine the nature of
each critical point.
 P a g e | 13

Q 66) (Paper-2008, Zone- A & B, Section-B, Question-8a)

The function f is defined, for 𝐱 > 0, by 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 − 𝐱(𝐥𝐧 𝐱)𝟐 . Show that its critical (or
stationary) points satisfy the equation (𝐥𝐧 𝐱)𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 − 𝟏 = 𝟎. By solving the quadratic
equation 𝐰 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐰 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, or otherwise, find the critical points. Determine the nature of
each critical point.

Q 67) (Paper-2009, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-8a)

The function f is given, for 0 < x < 1, by 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝐱 (𝟏 − 𝐱)(𝟏−𝐱) . Show that f has one critical
(or stationary) point between 0 and 1, and that this point is a local minimum.

Q 68) (Paper-2010, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-7a)

A firm is a monopoly and it has fixed costs of 5 and average variable cost function
𝐪𝟒 − 𝐪 − 𝟓𝐪𝟐 . The demand equation for the good it produces is 𝐩 + 𝐪 = 𝟐𝟎, where p is the
selling price. Find an expression for the firm's profit, as a function of q, and determine the
production level that maximises the firm's profit.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 69) (Paper-2011, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1)

A monopoly has fixed costs of 10 and average variable cost function 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟒. The demand
equation for its product is 𝐩 + 𝐪 = 𝟐𝟎. Determine. the profit function in terms of 𝐪.
Determine the production level that maximises the profit. Sketch a graph of the derivative of
the profit function for 𝐪 ≥ 𝟎.

Q 70) (Paper-2012, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-8b)

The function f is defined for x > 1 by
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 ( ) + (𝟏 − ) 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 − )
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
Show that the derivative of f is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇/ (𝒙) = (𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 − ) − 𝐥𝐧 ( ))
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
Use this to find any critical (or stationary) points of f.
 P a g e | 14

Q 71) (Paper-2013, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-3)

Find the critical (or stationary) points of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆−𝒙 . Determine the nature of
each critical point.

Q 72) (Paper-2013, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-3)

Find the critical (or stationary) points of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 𝒆−𝒙 . Determine the nature of
each critical point.

Q 73) (Paper-2014, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1)

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 74) (Paper-2014, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1)

Q 75) (Paper-2015, Zone-A, Section-B, Question-7 (a))

Q 76) (Paper-2015, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-8 (b))

l
 P a g e | 15

Q 77) (Paper-2015, Zone-B, Section-B, Question-7 (a))

Q 78) (Paper-2016, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-7 (b))

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 79) (Paper-2017, Zone-A & B, Section-A, Question-3)
 P a g e | 16

Answers:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q 1) = 6𝑥 + 4 Q 2) = 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 −1⁄
𝑑𝑦 18 1 𝑑𝑦
Q 3) =− 4
+ Q 4) = 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 −6
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

3 3 1 1 3
5 1
Q 5) f / (x) = 10𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −2 Q 6) f / (x) = −6𝑥 2 + x −2 + 𝑥 −2
2 2

𝑥+1
Q 7) f / (x) = 3(2𝑥 − 1)(1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2 Q 8) f / (x) =
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2

1 1 13
Q 9) g / (x) = Q 10) g / (x) = (1 − 𝑥) (−2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 7)
4√𝑥+𝑥 √𝑥 2 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−2
Q 11) g / (x) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Q 12) g / (x) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥+𝑒 2𝑥
Q 13) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 Q 14) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
Q 15) =− Q 16) = (𝑙𝑛 2)2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sinx
Q 17) = (1 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥)𝑥 𝑥 Q 18) = x sinx [ + (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q 19) = (cosx)x [ln(cosx) − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥] Q 20) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑝(3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 2 −10𝑥−9 𝑑𝑦 2 1
Q 21) = Q 22) = +3−
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2(1+𝑥)3⁄2

𝑑𝑄 0.85(2𝐿+3) 𝑑𝐶 1 1
Q 23) = Q 24) = 1.2 [ − ]
𝑑𝐿 3(𝐿2 +3𝐿)2⁄3 𝑑𝑌 𝑌 𝑌+2

𝑑𝑃 2 5 𝑑𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥
Q 25) =− + Q 26) = +
𝑑𝑄 𝑄 3⁄2 𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

Q 27) y increases for x > 0 and decreases for x < 0

7 7
Q 28) f (x) increases for x > and f (x) decreases for x<
4 4

Q 29) y increases for x< 2 and y decreases for x > 2

 P a g e | 17

Q 30) It is increasing for all real values of x

Q 31) At 𝑥 = 2.5, minimum.

12−√12 12+√12
Q 32) At 𝑥 = , local minimum and at 𝑥 = , local maximum.
6 6

Q 33) At 𝑥 = 0, local maximum, at 𝑥 = 2, local minimum and at 𝑥 = −2, local minimum

Q 34) At 𝑥 = −4, local maximum, and at 𝑥 = 4, local minimum

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 35)

Q 36)
 P a g e | 18

Q 37)

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 38)

Q 39) FC = 50000, the marginal cost is MC = 25 + 0:002q: The marginal cost is $25.2 if the
output is 100, but it rises to $45 if the output is 10000.

Q 40) (a) The inverse demand function is 𝒑𝑫 (𝒒) = 𝟏𝟓 – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒒

(b) The profit function is ∏ (q) =14q−0.07𝒒𝟐
(c) q = 100 is a critical point. The maximum profit is 700
(d) The corresponding price is 10.

Q 41) (a) Maximum Profit = 500

(b) The breakeven point is the (least) value of q for which 𝝅(𝒒) = 𝟎. Which has
𝟏𝟎𝟎
solutions
𝟑
(𝟔 ± √𝟑𝟎). The breakeven point is the smaller of these, which is
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑
(𝟔 − √𝟑𝟎)
(c) The marginal cost and marginal revenue functions are the derivatives of the total
cost and total revenue. Thus, 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒒 and 𝑴𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎– 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒒
 P a g e | 19

𝟏𝟎
Q 42) At 𝑥 = 2; TR is maximum and maximum revenue is . Sketching the curve between 0
𝒆
and 6, we obtain the following.

Q 43) At 𝒕 = 𝟔, value of P is maximum.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 44) 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝑸 − 𝟐𝑸𝟐 ; ∏(𝑸) = −𝟑𝑸𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝑸 − 𝟐𝟎
TR is maximum at 𝑸 = 𝟓 Profit is maximum at 𝑸 = 𝟓⁄𝟑
Q 45) 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝑸 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝑸𝟐 ; ∏(𝑸) = −𝟏. 𝟐𝑸𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝑸 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎
TR is maximum at 𝑸 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 Profit is maximum at 𝑸 = 𝟕𝟓

𝟏 𝟐
Q 46) 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎𝑸 − 𝑸𝟐 ; 𝑴𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝑸;
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
𝑨𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝑸;
𝟑
At 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓; 𝑴𝑹 = 𝟑𝟎; 𝑨𝑹 = 𝟑𝟓;
When 𝑨𝑹 = 𝟎 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎

Q 47) At 𝒕 = 𝟑, Minimum and at 𝒕 = 𝟏, Maximum.

Q 48) Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝟏 − 𝒍𝒏(𝟏⁄𝒄)

Q 49) Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝟏⁄𝟐

Q 50) 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝒒 − 𝒒𝟐 ; ∏(𝒒) = −𝒒𝟑 − 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒒 − 𝟏

Profit is maximum at 𝒒 = 𝟐 Maximum Profit = 19

Q 51) 𝑥 = 1⁄2
 P a g e | 20

𝟐𝒒
Q 52) 𝑻𝑪 = 𝒒𝟑 + 𝟐𝒒𝟐 + 𝒍𝒏(𝒒𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟗 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟑𝒒𝟐 + 𝟒𝒒 +
𝒒𝟐 +𝟏

𝒒𝟑 𝒒𝟐
Q 53) ∏(𝒒) = − + + 𝟐𝟎𝒒 − 𝟒𝟎 Profit is maximum at 𝒒 = 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐

−𝟏⁄
Q 54) Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝟐𝒆 𝟐

Q 55) 𝑻𝑪 = 𝒒𝟑 + 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒆𝒒 +𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟑𝒒𝟐 + 𝟐𝒒 + 𝒆𝒒

𝟐𝟏𝒒𝟐
Q 56) ∏(𝒒) = − + 𝟐𝟏𝒒 − 𝟑𝟎 Profit is maximum at 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟎

Q 57) Critical value is at 𝒙 = (𝒍𝒏 𝟐)𝟐 Minimum value of 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟐

Q 58) 𝝅(𝒒) = −𝒒𝟓 + 𝟓𝒒𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝐪 − 𝟓 Profit is maximum at 𝐪 = 𝟐

𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ 𝟏
Q 59) Maximum Profit = 𝟐 (𝟏−∝) ∝ (𝟏−∝) (∝ − 𝟏)

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 60) 𝐩 = 𝟒 and 𝐪 = 𝟏 Q 61) t = 100

Q 62) 𝐩 = 𝟖 and 𝐪 = 𝟏

Q 63) 𝐭 = 𝟏⁄𝐬 , 𝐭 = 𝟏⁄𝐬 + 𝟏⁄𝐫

Q 64) 𝐓𝐑 = 𝟐𝟎𝐪 − 𝐪𝟐 ; ∏(𝐪) = −𝐪𝟑 − 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐪 − 𝟐𝟎 Profit is maximum at 𝐪 = 𝟐

Q 65) At 𝐱 = 𝟑, Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝟎, Point of inflexion.

Q 66) At 𝐱 = 𝐞−𝟏+√𝟐 , Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝐞−𝟏−√𝟐 , Minimum.

Q 67) at 𝐱 = 𝟏⁄𝟐, Minimum.

Q 68) ∏(𝐪) = −𝐪𝟓 + 𝟓𝐪𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝐪 − 𝟓 Profit is maximum at 𝐪 = 𝟐

Q 69) ∏(𝐪) = −𝐪𝟑 − 𝐪𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐪 − 𝟏𝟎 Profit is maximum at 𝐪 = 𝟐

The Graph of the derivative of profit function ∏/ = −𝟑𝐪𝟐 − 𝟐𝐪 + 𝟏𝟔 is shown on next page:
 P a g e | 21

Q 70) Critical value is at 𝒙 = 𝟐

Q 71) At 𝐱 = 𝟔, Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝟎, Minimum.

Q 72) At 𝐱 = 𝟒, Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝟎, Minimum.

Compiled by: Sir Waseem Mustafa (0334 8111881)

Q 73) At 𝐱 = 𝟎, Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝟏, and at 𝐱 = −𝟐 Minimum.

Q 74) At 𝐱 = 𝟎, Maximum and at 𝐱 = 𝟏, and at 𝐱 = −𝟐 Minimum.

𝟐−𝟐𝐫 𝟐 𝟐
Q 75) t = , Maximum Profit is ( ) 𝐞𝟐𝐫−𝟐
𝐫 𝐫

Q 76) Maximum value is f (1) = n - 1

𝟐−𝐫 𝟐 𝟐
Q 77) t = , Maximum Profit is ( ) 𝐞𝐫−𝟐
𝐫 𝐫

Q 78) We have to show the given expressions.

Q 79) Maximum at 𝐱 = 𝐞𝐚/𝟐𝐛

The End
Good Luck