Ch.

2
Complex Functions & Mappings
8023010-4: ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Dr. Kamal Othman
Electrical Engineering Dept.
 Objective & Content
• Objective:
Ø We study functions from a set of complex numbers to another
set of complex numbers. As we cannot draw the graph of a
complex function, we learn the notion of mappings.
• Contents:
Ø Concepts for Complex Functions
Ø Complex functions as Mappings

UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 2

Concepts for Complex Functions
• Functions
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝒚: is an output from a set 𝑌 = {𝑦! , 𝑦" , … }. 𝒙: is an input from a set 𝑋 = {𝑥! , 𝑥" , … }.
𝑌 is called Range 𝑋 is called Domain

Function: is a rule or a machine that accepts input from

the set X and returns output in the set of Y.

Example: A real function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 #

Domain: ℛ
Range: Nonnegative ⟹ 0, ∞

UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 3

Concepts for Complex Functions
• Complex Function: is a function whose inputs and outputs are complex numbers
𝑤=𝑓 𝑧

Example:

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧# − 2 + 𝑖 𝑧
Values of 𝑓 𝑧 at different points 𝑧:
𝑓 𝑖 =
𝑖 # − 2 + 𝑖 𝑖 = −1 − 2𝑖 + 1 = −2𝑖
𝑓 1+𝑖 =
1+𝑖 # − 2 + 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 = 2𝑖 − 1 − 3𝑖 = −1 − 𝑖

UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 4

Concepts for Complex Functions
• Complex Functions have real & imaginary parts
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

Example:
𝑤 = 𝑧!
𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ! = 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖

∴ 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)

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Concepts for Complex Functions
Example: Find real and imaginary parts of the following function:
𝑤 = 𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦

Example: if 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ! & 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑦 " , find 𝑓 𝑧 at 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖:

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 ! + 𝑖 𝑥 ! − 4𝑦 "
𝑓 𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 & 𝑦 = 2
𝑓 3 + 2𝑖 = 12 − 23𝑖

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Concepts for Complex Functions
• Exponential function & Exponential Form of C

𝑒# = 𝑒 $%&' = 𝑒 $ cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑒 $ sin 𝑦

𝑓(𝑧) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)

• Examples: Find the value of 𝑒 # at the following points

a) 𝒛 = 𝟎 b) 𝒛 = 𝒊 c) 𝒛 = 𝟐 + 𝝅𝒊
𝑥 =0&𝑦 =0 𝑥 =0&𝑦 =1 𝑥 =2&𝑦 =𝜋
𝑒 ! = 𝑒 ! cos 0 + 𝑖𝑒 ! sin 0 𝑒 $ = 𝑒 ! cos 1 + 𝑖𝑒 ! sin 1 𝑒 #%&$
= 𝑒 # cos 𝜋 + 𝑖𝑒 # sin 𝜋
𝑒! = 1 𝑒 $ ≈ 0.54 + 0.84𝑖 𝑒 #%&$ = −𝑒 # ≈ −7.39

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Concepts for Complex Functions
• Polar form to Exponential form of C

𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 &(

• Examples: Find the polar & exponential forms of 𝑧 = 3𝑖

&
𝑟 =3&𝜃 = Remember:
#
Polar form:
𝜋 𝜋 𝑒 $' is periodic
z = 3 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2 Then, arg(𝑧) is not unique
Exponential form:
& 𝜃+2𝜋, 𝜃+4𝜋,…
𝑧= 3𝑒 # $

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Concepts for Complex Functions
• Exponential function properties:

𝑒) = 1
𝑒 #% 𝑒 #& = 𝑒 #%%#&

𝑒 #% #% *#&
= 𝑒
𝑒 #&
𝑒 #% + = 𝑒 +#%

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Concepts for Complex Functions
• Polar Coordinate:
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑟, 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃)

• Examples: • Examples:
Find the polar coordinates of 𝑧 ' Find 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑟 ( cos 𝜃 + 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑖 at 𝑧 = 2𝑖
& &
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑧 = 2𝑖 = 2(cos + 𝑖 sin )
# #
# #
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 =2&𝜃 =
&
#
𝑢 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟 # cos 2𝜃 & &
#
𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟 sin 2𝜃 𝑓 𝑧 = 2( cos + 4 sin 𝑖 = 4𝑖
# #

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Complex functions as Mappings
• We know that the real function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is a curve in Cartesian plane. Set of all points 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥
in 2D.
• However, the complex function 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 is a set of points 𝑧, 𝑤 in 4-D (2D for the input z & 2D
for the input w). We cannot draw a graph, so we need an alternative solution, which is mappings.

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Complex functions as Mappings
• In order to understand the concept of Mapping, let’s consider this simple example in a real
function.

• Example: 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+2
0
𝑥-axis
(Input)

2
0 2
𝑦-axis
(Output)

A Graph in 𝑥𝑦-plane. Mapping from 𝑥-axis to 𝑦-axis.

0,2 , 1,3 , 2,4 , … In this example, it is a translation for two units.

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 If w = f (z) is a complex mapping and if S is a set of points in the
z-plane, then we call the set of images of the points in S under f the
image of S under f , and we denote this set by the symbol S ! .∗
Complex functions as Mappings
If the set S has additional properties, such as S is a domain or a curve,
then we also use symbols such as D and D! or C and C ! , respectively, to
Mapping denote
in complex
the functions is the
set and its the under
image transformation from
a complex z-plane toThe
mapping. w-plane
notation f (C)
is also sometimes used to denote the image of a curve C under w = f (z).

y v

S′
S w = f (z)

x u

(a) The set S in the z-plane (b) The image of S in the w-plane

Figure 2.1 The image of a set S under a mapping w = f (z)

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 S
S
R
x b
2
t
Complex functions as Mappings
60 Chapter 2 Complex Functions and Mappings
a
s
w
planes. Clearly, such an illustration would give no insight into how points in h
Mapping in complex the z-plane
functions is are
themapped onto points in from
the transformation the w-plane
z-planeby to
f . w-plane
(a) The half-plane S
v
s
Example: Find the image of the half-plane 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) ≥ 2 under the complex mapping 𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧 and represent
w = iz the
EXAMPLE 1 Image of a Half-Plane under w = iz s
mapping graphically.
y Find the image of the half-plane Re(z) ≥ 2 under the complex mapping
v w = iz
𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
and represent the mapping graphically.
𝑤 = −𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 S′
𝑤 = −𝑦 + 𝑖2 I
Solution Let S be the half-plane consisting of all complex points
2i z with o
S
Re(z) ≥ 2. We proceed as illustrated in Figure 2.1. Consider first the vertical o
x boundary line 𝑢 x𝑥,=𝑦 2 =of −𝑦
S shown in color in Figure 2.2(a). For any point z on u r
2
this line we𝑣 have
𝑥, 𝑦 z==𝑥2=+ 2iy where −∞ < y < ∞. The value of f (z) = iz a
at a point on this line is w = f (2 + iy) = i (2 + iy) = −y + 2i. Because the
set Since
of points
𝑥 ≥w2= , &−y
−∞ + 2i,
< 𝑦−∞
<∞ < y < ∞, is the line v = 2 in the w-plane,
we conclude that the vertical line x = 2 in the z-plane is mapped onto the
Then −∞ < 𝑢 < ∞ & 𝑣 ≥ 2
𝑥≥2 horizontal line v = 2 in the w-plane by the mapping(b)wThe =image, S′, of the half-plane S
iz. Therefore, the
OR from (a)
the The
line half-plane
𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖𝑦Swhere −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞ F
vertical line shown in color in Figure 2.2(a) is mapped onto the horizontal line
Figure 2.2 The mapping w = iz s
shown in black in Figure 2.2(b) by this mapping.
w
w = iz Now consider the entire half-plane S shown in color in Figure 2.2(a). This
UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 14 I
set can be described by the two simultaneous inequalities,
t
 y
4 EX

Complex functions as Mappings

3
2 C Fi
1 an
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2 So
–3 th
Mapping in complex functions is the the transformation from z-plane to w-plane –4
1.
(a) The vertical line Re(z) = 1 u(
2.2 Complex
Example: Find the image of the vertical line xFunctions as Mappings
= 1 under the complex mapping 𝑤 = 𝑧# 61
and represent the C,
mapping graphically. of
𝑤 = 𝑧 ! = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ! w = z2
𝑤 = (𝑥 ! −𝑦 ! ) + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦
y 𝑤 = (1 − 𝑦 ! ) + 𝑖 2𝑦 v
4 EXAMPLE 2 Image of a Line under w = z 2
4 an
! 3
3 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑦
2 C Find the image of 𝑣the 𝑥, 𝑦vertical
= 2𝑦 line x = 1 under the complex
C′ 2
mapping 2w = z for
1 and represent the mapping graphically. 1 pa
x u
–4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 Since 𝑥 = 1, & −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞ –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 eq
–2 Let C
SolutionThen be" the set of points on the vertical line x = 1 or, equivalently,
𝑦 = where −∞ < 𝑣 < ∞ –2 to
–3 the set of points z = 1 + iy𝑣 with
!
! −∞ < y < ∞. We proceed as in Example –3
–4 𝑢 = 1 −2.1, the real and imaginary parts of w =–4 z 2 are
1. From (1) of ∴Section
2
𝑥 line
(a) The vertical = 1 Re(z) = 1 u(x, y) = x2 −𝑢y&2 𝑣and v(x, y) = 2xy, respectively. For a (b)
are dependant point z = 1of+
The image iytheinparabola
C is
OR on the line 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖𝑦 where −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞ C, we have With y) = 1values
different
u(1, 2
− y ofand 𝑣, y) = 2y. This implies
𝑢 &v(1, u=that
Parametric !" vthe
2
1– Equations:imageare used when first
of S is the set ofthen
points w = u + iv satisfying the simultaneous
C’ is parabola equations:
variable (e.g., x) and second variable (e.g., y) Si
w = z2 Figure 2.3 Therelated
are not directly mapping = z 2but are
wother
to each on
u = 1 − y2 (3)term (e.g., t).
both related through a third
v in
UQU-EE 4 and Dr. Kamal Othman v = 2y (4) 15
2.3
3 co
C′
 If x(t) and y(t) are real-valu
set C consisting of all points
parametric curve or a com

Complex functions as Mappings valued function of the real v

parametrization of C.

Properties of curves in the

• Parametric Curves in the Complex Plane: tiable, smooth, simple, and clos
Parametric Curve: curves in the complex plane. T
the complex integral and will b
It is the set C consisting of all points 𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑎 < 𝑡 < 𝑏
Two of the most elementa
Parametric equations or Parametrization of C: Parametrizations of these curve
The real-valued functions of a real variable 𝑡, i.e., 𝑥 𝑡 & y 𝑡 . parametrizations in the Cartesia
parametrizations directly by us
y example, suppose that we wish
complex plane containing the po
z1 − z0 represents the vector or
z1 z in color in Figure 2.4. If z is an
The line is an example of z1 – z 0 inspection of Figure 2.4 indicate
parametric curves z0 vector z1 − z0 . Therefore, if z is
a real number t such that z −z0
a parametrization z(t) = z0 + t
x the line. Note that if we restri
the points z(t) range from z0 t
UQU-EE Figure
Dr. Kamal 2.4 Parametrization of a line
Othman line segment from z160 to z1 . On
[0, ∞], then we obtain a param
Complex functions as Mappings
• Common parametric curves in the complex plane
1. Line:
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑧! 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑧" 𝑡 −∞<𝑡 <∞
2. Line segment:
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑧! 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑧" 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
3. Ray:
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑧! 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑧" 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 < ∞

4. Circle:
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑧! + 𝑟 cos 𝑡 + 𝑖 sin 𝑡 = 𝑧! + 𝑟𝑒 $) 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 17

Complex functions as Mappings
• Image of a Parametric Curve under a Complex Mapping

𝑤 𝑡 =𝑓 𝑧 𝑡 , 𝑎 ≤𝑡≤𝑏

j
• Examples: Find the image of the line segment from 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑖 under the complex mapping 𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧

𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑧! 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑧" 𝑡
𝐶 ∵ 𝑧! = 1 & 𝑧" = 𝑖
∴ 𝑧 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑖𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
The image C’:
𝑤 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑖 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑖𝑡 𝐶′

𝑤 𝑡 = −𝑖 1 − 𝑡 − 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑧-plane 𝑤 𝑡 = 𝑤! 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑤" 𝑡 𝑤-plane

∴ 𝑤! = −𝑖 & 𝑤" = −1
UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman 18
 Summary
• Concepts for Complex Functions
• Complex functions
• Exponential function & form
• Polar coordinates
• Complex functions as Mappings
• Mapping concept
• Parametric curves & equations

PRACTICE: Exercise 2.1 & 2.2

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 Any Questions?

20
UQU-EE Dr. Kamal Othman