English Text Types

The Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Papers 1 and 2 require students to write in various
genres, or text types. These include Newspaper report, Magazine article, Journal, Interview, Speech,
and Formal letter. Here are some suggestions to help students improve their writing for these exams.
NEWSPAPER REPORT
Language features to keep in mind:

● Five W’s: Who, What, When, Where, Why
● Third Person
● Past tense (usually)
● Direct Speech: speech reproduced exactly as it was spoken, in inverted commas
● Reported Speech: He told us not to do that.
Format:
Unlike other accounts of events, which are usually chronological, news reports generally follow this
order:
1. Summary of recent event
2. Background to event
3. Return to immediate situation
4. Response of those involved
5. Look ahead to near future
Some suggestions:
● Include a headline, a summary of the report in note form
● Make your headline short
● The first sentence should sum up the story
● Write in 3rd person, past tense
● Break it up into short paragraphs
● Use both direct and reported speech
● Be objective and formal
● Keep opinions and personal reactions out
○ It is known, Was reportedly, It was reported, It is also believed, According to, It is thought
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
● Purpose: Discursive (asks you to investigate a topic; to gather, read and evaluate evidence; and
to present a position on your topic based on the evidence gathered)
● Structure: A balanced range of views on a topic; the writer’s opinion may be stated at the end,
but no view is conclusive)
● Style: Quotations and reported speech are often included to convey the views of relevant experts
or interviewees
● Voice: More colloquial and indicative of personality rather than other types of response, but still
professional
Some suggestions:
● Include a catchy title
● Write a dramatic opening (hook)
● Use sub-headings
● Personal/anecdotal style
● Repetition to keep the reader engaged
● Humor and idioms
● Rhetorical questions
● Varied sentence structures
JOURNAL ENTRIES
● Journal is a record of events that occurred in the writer’s life.

● It may be their emotions, ideas, or beliefs.
● The purpose of writing a journal is to reflect, it is a personal piece of writing and the response to
a question should be subjective.
● Rhetorical questions: asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to
get an answer.
● Emotive language: language evoking an emotional reaction
● Anecdotes: short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.
● Humor: amusing or comic
● Idioms: group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of
the individual words (Under the weather, Spill the beans, Break a leg, It’s the best thing since
sliced bread).
● Colloquial language: informal, everyday spoken language, usually with emphasis on geographic
region (Wicked good, soccer vs football, truck vs lorry, bloke)
What to include:
● Date of entry
● First person writing
● Use of the past tense when recounting events that have happened before writing about them
● Recounting events that have happened and references to time
● Focusing on key moments
● Personal feelings
● Thoughts/ feelings/actions for the future
How to write a journal entry
● Write the date and day at the left hand side of the page.
● Write from a first person point of view; use of the word ‘I’ in your writing.
● Self-reflective tone. It should be a recollection of memory; thinking back on something you’ve
done or seen.
● Your journal should only reflect on incidents or observations that happened recently.
● Your thoughts and viewpoints should be expressed with emotive language, giving the reader
more insight into feelings.
● Past or future tense, depending on whether writing about recent events or anticipating future
events or situations.
● Rhetorical questions increase the reader’s curiosity and improve your work.
INTERVIEW
Genre Features:
● Purpose: Informative
● Structure: The interviewer asks three questions (the question bullet points given) and each is
answered relatively in about half a page of full sentences; paragraphs not necessary.
● Style: As this is a spoken genre, the interviewee can speak somewhat informally, using
contractions, but must use full and linked sentences for fluency and a range of vocabulary for
interest.
● Voice: The personality of the interviewee, as inferred from the passage, should be evident from
their responses to the questions.
get an answer.
● Humor: amusing or comic
● Idioms: group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of
the individual words (Under the weather, Spill the beans, Break a leg, It’s the best thing since
sliced bread).
● Colloquial language: informal, everyday spoken language, usually with emphasis on geographic
region (Wicked good, soccer vs football, truck vs lorry, bloke)
SPEECH

get an answer.
○ ‘And ain’t I a woman?’
● Hypophora: raising and answering a question.
○ ‘There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisfied?”
We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors
of police brutality.’ -MLK
● Direct address: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” -Mark Antony, Julius Caesar
○ I have a dream that…one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will
be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers…” -MLK
● Imperatives: verb form used to give a command
○ “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.” -JFK
○ “Standing on the coastal plain, I was saddened to think of the tragedy that might occur if
this great wilderness was consumed by a web of roads and pipelines.” -Carter, Arctic
Refuge
Some suggestions:
● In the first person point of view.
● Address the audience
● Use “we” to refer to the audience at times during your speech: evokes a sense of unity rather
than division. It unites the crowd and creates a sense of oneness in them.
● Clear topic sentences with separate ideas for each paragraph. This helps your speech be
coherent.
● Informal language is OK to connect with the audience.
● Keep the sentences short so you don’t deviate from the topic. Helps the listener follow you. It
also ensures your sentence structure is perfect.
● End appropriately (thank the listeners).
FORMAL LETTER
Genre Features:
● Purpose: Persuasive or argumentative
● Structure: Begins with “Dear…” Then, 3-4 paragraphs:
○ 1. Explain why you are writing with appropriate references.
○ 2-3. Give the details of the complaint, request or case being presented.
○ 4. Ask for the desired response (e.g. for an issue to be reconsidered, or for a refund).
● End with “Yours sincerely” or “Yours faithfully.”
● For the exam, you do not need an address or date (which normally do on formal letters).
● Style: Formal in terms of sentence structure and vocabulary, in order to sound impressive and
authoritative.
● Voice: Impersonal and polite, even when expressing strong demands or opinions.
Writers effect:
Paragraph 4:
Soon he was surrounded by ancient forest, footsteps muffled by centuries of discarded leaves. Myths of
terrifying forest guardians suddenly seemed much more plausible as the endless acres of trees stood
watch, stern sentinels of the trail. The silence was spellbinding as Bo crept onwards, down an almost
subterranean tunnel of primeval greenery. Forwards, always forwards, an intruder in a magical
garden.
Paragraph 8:
Was it minutes or hours later? A sharp crack, loud as a gunshot, snapped him to attention. Ears
straining, Bo quivered, listening for ravenous forest monsters ready to devour him in one gulp; or maybe
a rogue bear or wild boar, hungry for hiker meat? Bo lifted the tent flap and peered into the gaping throat
of the darkness, ready to be swallowed.
Continuous Writing:
The author describes the forest in a way which displays its ancient, yet mystical, aura. The phrase
"centuries of discarded leaves" is used to denote the the way in which the leaves have accumulated
over a period of time, in the absence of human intervention. An alliteration is used in the phrase "stern
sentinels" to signify that the trees act as soldiers, on the lookout for trespassers. This effect is further
enhanced with the use of personification in the same phrase. "Silence was spellbinding" is another
phrase used by the writer to showcase the tranquility and stillness of Bo's surroundings. To explain that
the forest has existed long before humanity, "primeval greenery" is used to indicate the forests age and
continuity. Hence, the author clearly explains the forest in which Bo is hiking.
Later on in the passage, the author describes Bo's reaction to the sudden noise in an exaggerated
and overdramatic manner. For instance, in the phrase "loud as a gunshot", a simile is used to showcase
Bo's fear and the startling intensity of the noise. "Ravenous forest monsters" is used to denote the
imaginary creatures which Bo fears. To further enhance Bo's fear and dramatic acts, "devour him in one
gulp" is used to indicate that the creatures can wolf him down easily. This is done with the help of visual
imagery. The author uses a humorous tone in the phrase "ready to be swallowed" to indicate that Bo is
accepting his fate of being consumed. Thus, the author vividly displays Bo's behaviour following the
noise.

English Text Types

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The Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Papers 1 and 2 require students to write in various

Language features to keep in mind:

● Journal is a record of events that occurred in the writer’s life.

Language features to keep in mind:

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