INEL 4201 – Introduction & Signals 2/21/2018

Course Objectives
This course teaches analysis techniques of basic electronic circuits with
diodes and transistors.

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Last Year Performance

INEL 4201 - 1er Sem. 2017-2018

69 Students 51%
53%

• A’s → 0
• B’s → 2
• C’s → 6
32%
29%

9% 9% 9%
0% 0% 3% 3% 3%

A B C D F W
Sec. 070 Sec. 080

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Electronic Systems → Chapter #1

• Signal - contains information
• Transducer – device which converts signal from non-electrical to electrical form
• Process – an operation which allow an observer to understand this information
from a signal
Process the electrical signals received from the
transducer in some predetermine manner.

Ideally Low! Ideally High!

Electrical Signal Representation
a) Thevenin Form – voltage source vs(t)
with series resistance Rs
b) Norton Form – current source is(t)
with parallel resistance Rs

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Basic Circuit Analysis → Example 1.1

a) How the output resistance of a source (Rs) limits it ability to deliver a signal at full
strength?
b) What is the relationship between the source and output when maximum power is
delivered?

Concepts: Power, Efficiency, Maxim Power Transfer

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Basic Circuit Analysis → Example 1.1

Application: maximum power

transfer for solar cells

𝑷𝑳(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
Efficiency
𝑹𝑳
• Power 𝑷𝑳 = 𝑽𝟎 ∙ 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟐
𝑽𝒔 𝟐
𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝑺

𝑷𝑳 𝑹𝑳
• Efficiency 𝜼= =
𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝑺

• Maximum Power
𝝏𝑷𝑳
=𝟎 @ 𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝑺
𝝏𝑹𝑳

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Frequency Spectrum → Chapter 1.2

... defines a time-domain signal in terms of the strength of harmonic components

Fourier Series → an expression of a periodic

function as the sum of an infinite number of
sinusoids whose frequencies are
harmonically related

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Frequency Spectrum
... of a square wave?

fundamental

harmonics

fundamental harmonics

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Analog & Digital Signals → Chapter 1.3 analog signal

• analog signal – is continuous with respect to both
discrete-time signal
value and time
• discrete-time signal – is continuous with respect to digital signal
value but sampled at discrete points in time
• digital signal – is quantized (applied to values) as
well as sampled at discrete points in time

Sampling Quantization

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Analog & Digital Signals

Are digital and binary synonymous?
No. The binary number system (base2) is
digital one way to represent digital signals.

digital and
binary
Binary Signal: a digital signal with
only 2 distinguishable levels!

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Amplifiers → Chapter 1.4

Why is signal amplification needed?
Because many transducers yield output at low power levels (mW)

• Voltage Amplifier – is used to boost voltage levels for

increased resolution
• Power Amplifier – is used to boost current levels for
increased “intensity”

⁻ Linearity – is property of an amplifier which ensures

a signal is not “altered” from amplification
⁻ Distortion – is any unintended change in output

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Amplifier Circuit Symbol • Gain in decibels…

voltage gain in decibels  20 log Av dB
current gain in decibels  20 log Ai dB
power gain in decibels  10 log(Ap )dB
Differential Input / Single-Ended Input /
Differential Output Single-Ended Output What is one main difference between an
amplifier and a transformer?
Voltage Gain
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑉 ∙ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)
An amplifier may be used to
boost power delivery!

𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝒕 − 𝑽𝒐𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝑨𝑽 ∙ 𝑽𝟏 (𝒕) − 𝑽𝟐 (𝒕) load power (PL ) voio

power gain (Ap )  
input power (PI ) vi ii
𝑽𝒐𝟏 (𝒕) = 𝑨𝑽 ∙ 𝑽𝟏 (𝒕)

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Amplifiers Power & Saturation

Exercise 1.11
An amplifier operating from a single 15-V supply provides
a 12-V peak-to-peak sine wave signal to a 1-kΩ load and
draws negligible input current from the signal source. The
dc current drawn from the 15-V supply is 8 mA. What is
the power dissipated in the amplifier, and what is the
amplifier efficiency?

• Conservation of power – the input power plus the power drawn from the supplies is equal to the output power
• Efficiency – the ratio of the output power to the total power
• Limited Linear Range – input voltage range over which the amplifier is linear
• Saturation Voltage – maximum output voltage

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V0 Saturation Voltage
Amplifiers Power & Saturation VCC

Vid

-VEE

Linear Range
• Conservation of power 𝑷𝑽𝑰 +𝑷𝑽𝑪𝑪 +𝑷𝑽𝑬𝑬 = 𝑷𝑳 + 𝑷𝒂𝒎𝒑

• Efficiency 𝑷𝑳 𝑷𝑳
𝜼= =
• Limited Linear Range 𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝑽𝑰 +𝑷𝑽𝑪𝑪 +𝑷𝑽𝑬𝑬

• Saturation Voltage

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Amplifier Circuit Model → Chapter 1.5

… is the description of the amplifier’s
terminal behavior, neglecting internal Amp.
Loading Loading
operation / transistor design

Amplifier Circuit Model

Ideal Assumptions…
• Ri = ∞ or Ri >> Rs
• Ro = 0 or Ro << RL

Input Source Load

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Cascade Amplifiers
In real life, an amplifier is not ideal an will not have infinite input impedance or zero
output impedance…
Example 1.3
… cascading of amplifiers, however,
may be used to emphasize desirable Examine system of cascaded amplifiers….
a) What is the overall voltage gain?
characteristics.
b) What is the overall current gain?
c) What is the overall power gain?

• first amplifier → high Ri, medium Ro

• last amplifier → medium Ri, low Ro
• aggregate → high Ri, low Ro

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Problem D1.49
A designer has available voltage amplifiers with an input resistance of 10kΩ, an output resistance of
2kΩ, and an open-circuit voltage gain of 10V/V. The signal source has a 10kΩ resistance and provides
a 10-mVrms signal, and it is required to provide a signal of at least 2Vrms to a 2kΩ load. How many
amplifier stages are required? What is the output voltage actually obtained?

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