Cyber security notes aktu pdf

Cyber security notes pdf aktu.

Algorithms Notes For Professionals Computers are linked to each other through networks. Networks allow computers to share resources, such as hardware and software, and information. Networks can be classified in a number of different ways. One way is by their size: large networks may cover the entire world while small networks might cover an
office building or a home. Another way is by the type of connection between nodes: wired connections usually use metal wires and fiber optics, while wireless connections use radio waves or infrared light. Networks can also be classified according to the type of data they carry: computer-to-computer data transfers would include email messages or
web browsing, while computer-to-phone data transfers might include text messages or phone calls. The most common type of network is a computer network, which use wired or wireless connections to allow multiple computers to share resources. Wireless networks are typically classified by the frequency and bandwidth of their signals: 2.4-2.5 GHz
networks can support up to approximately 100 users, while 5 GHz networks can support up to approximately 10,000 users depending on their setup. Medium Access Sub Layer is a layer of the OSI model that deals with data access. It is responsible for getting the data to the application. This layer is also responsible for establishing and maintaining
connections with remote devices. The Medium Access Sub Layer is also called as the MAC sublayer. It is an essential part of any network protocol stack as it handles both connection establishment and data transfer between two devices in a network. MAC sublayer is a layer of the OSI model that deals with data access. It is responsible for getting the
data to the application. Computer Network Quantum his layer is also responsible for establishing and maintaining connections with remote devices. .The Medium Access Sub Layer is also called as the MAC sublayer. It is an essential part of any network protocol stack as it handles both connection establishment and data transfer between two devices
in a network. The Medium Access Sub Layer is also called as the MAC sublayer. It is an essential part of any network protocol stack as it handles both connection establishment and data transfer between two devices in a network. Computer Network Quantum MAC sublayer is a layer of the OSI model that deals with data access. It is responsible for
getting the data to the application. This layer is also called as the MAC sublayer.The following are the most commonly used protocols of the MAC layer:ARPANET, Ethernet, Wi-Fi Extensible Network Protocol (W-MANET), Multi-Link PPP, TCP/IP.The Media Access Control (MAC) layer is the second of three main layers in the OSI Protocol Suite. It is
responsible for providing functionality such as address resolution, error detection and correction, flow control, medium access control and physical addressing.[1]The following are the most commonly found devices that implement the Internet Protocol Client: A device that uses the Internet Protocol to communicate with other computers.Server: A
computer that provides services to other computers using the Internet Protocol. The term server is commonly used in reference to computer systems providing accessible web pages, file transfer, and email service, among others.Gateway: The network layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model. It provides the physical and logical addressing needed for
computers to communicate with each other. The network layer is responsible for providing addressing information, routing data, and directing data to its destination. The network layer is responsible for data-link protocol. and packet switching.The Network layer is responsible for data-link protocol and packet switching. It provides the physical and
logical addressing needed for computers to communicate with each other. Makes sure that only one computer can use each address.The network layer is responsible for data-link protocol and packet switching. It provides the physical and logical addressing needed for computers to communicate with each other. The Network layer is responsible for
providing addressing information, routing data, and directing data to its destination . This is the layer that provides you with the addresses, network routing and data-link control information. Transport Layer is the layer that sits between the Network Layer and the Transport Service. The transport layer provides a service to the upper layers, usually
called “transport services”. The transport service provides a reliable data stream from one application to another, no matter what happens in the network. It will also provide flow control and congestion control mechanisms to ensure that data packets do not overwhelm the network. .The automatic repeat request (ARQ) and the flow control
mechanisms are examples of such transport services. TCP/IP’s Transport Layer Services (TLSS) is an example of such services.In the context of telecommunications, these services are sometimes called network access services (NAS). since they provide the services needed to connect to a telecommunications network.

As such, these services are generally provided by a networking service provider.The following terms and acronyms will be used throughout this disclosure:In general, NAS have the ability to interact with an application or operating system in the same way as TCP/IP. The interaction between NAS and applications may vary depending on the
capabilities and protocols of the NAS. The application may not be aware of a NAS, rather it is unaware that there is another layer of abstraction in between itself and the hardware. In general, some applications may have additional requirements for interacting with devices that support IP protocol stacks. One example may be legacy applications that
cannot function properly when operating in an IP-centric environment.NAS The internet is all around us. It’s in our phones, our televisions, and even in the clothes we wear. But it wasn’t always like this.
Originally, the internet was just a network of computers that could only be accessed through a computer terminal.To access the internet, people had to either pay for a computer terminal or sign up for a dial-up service which has been out of business since 2003.

Application layer is the layer that is closest to the user. It provides a way for the user to interact with the system and get something done. This layer can be considered as a bridge between the network and the application. The application layer communicates with both layers below it and above it, providing a way for them to share information and
data. The lower levels of this layer are responsible for handling tasks like routing requests, managing sessions, and handling security concerns. The upper levels of this layer are responsible for interpreting commands from users, formatting responses, and communicating with other systems on behalf of users. Transmission control protocol/Internet
protocol (TCP/IP) is an application layer protocol used for internet communication.

The transport layer is the first layer in the network model and provides reliable, flow-controlled connections between systems on the same network. The most important characteristic of this layer is that it guarantees reliable delivery of data over a connection in order to ensure that packets will not be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of
order.Computer Network Quantum The transport layer is the first layer in the network model and provides reliable, flow-controlled connections between systems on the same network. The most important characteristic of this layer is that it guarantees reliable delivery of data over a connection in order to ensure that packets will not be lost, dupl
icated, or delivered out of order. The transport layer is the first layer in the network model and provides reliable, flow-controlled connections between systems on the same network. The most important characteristic of this layer is that it guarantees reliable delivery of data over a connection in order to ensure that packets will not be lost, duplicated,
or delivered out of order. Quantum computers are a new technology that is revolutionizing the way we compute.
The most important thing to know about quantum computing is that it uses quantum bits, or qubits, to represent information.

Qubits are more powerful than regular bits because they can be in two states at once and can also interact with one another. This means that quantum computers are able to process information using a different set of rules than what we’re used to. A quantum computer can be made of many qubits, but for now Quantum computers are typically
limited to a few. The reason for this is that the current technology is not safe enough to hold as many as needed.I n fact, scientists at Google’s research lab in Zurich have recently released a paper outlining their research into how they could scale up to 100 ,000 qubits. The researchers developed a new way to control their qubits, which means that
they could scale up to 100,000 without issues. Google’s quantum computer was successful in performing calculations (such as predicting the probability of rain next week) that were too overwhelming for a normal computer to handle. Computer Network Quantum Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) has released the syllabus of all the
courses on its official website. The syllabi that are available are for the academic session 2020-2021. The syllabus of 2021-2022 will be uploaded shortly after the admission notifications for this session are available. Knowing the syllabus is very important as it helps students to prepare for the examination well. Also, the syllabus provides detailed
information about specific weightage and topics covered in each subject.To get the latest updates on the syllabus for the 2021-2021 session, students are advised to keep checking the websites. More detailed information and links for AKTU syllabus are provided below: Name of the University Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) Official
Website Syllabus Uploaded Academic Session (2020-2021) Syllabus Available For all the courses Syllabus Link Check here Latest Updates 2021: AKTU Syllabus News Link Revised Model of AICTE has been updated Click List of MOOCs courses for BTech students are available now Click List of books suggested by AICTE has been uploaded Click How
to download the AKTU syllabus?The AKTU syllabus is available online in pdf format. Students have to download them from the official website of the university.

The steps for which are as follows: Visit the official portal AKTU: aktu.ac.in Click on the tab labelled Academics and a drop-down menu will appear. Select Syllabus from the list. On clicking, students will be directed to the Syllabus page. Select the required syllabus that is provided year-wise. Here you can find the links to different courses. Click on
the required course and the syllabus in pdf format will appear. Students can download it by clicking on the download icon from the top-right corner.AKTU Syllabus: Printed DetailsThe syllabus that is provided by AKTU has elements which are as follows: Name of the course Academic session to be covered Semester Subject name Evaluation scheme
for each semester Unit objectives Course Outcomes Topics (Units) to be covered Books or references Weightage of each section AKTU Syllabus 2020-2021 Programs Syllabus Link Mechanical Engineering (Automobile) Click Mechanical Engineering (Aeronautical) Click Information Technology Click Computer Science Enagineering Click Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Click Civil Engineering Click Chemical Engineering Click Environmental Engineering Click Agricultural Engineering Click Food Technology Click MCA (3rd Year) Click Bachelor of Pharmacy -2nd Year Click Bachelor of Pharmacy-4th Year Click BHMCT Click MBA (Integrated) Click MBA (Tourism Management) Click Bachelor
of Architecture Click Master of Technology (Electronics Design and Technology) Click Master of Integrated Technology (Computer Science and Engineering) Click About the University:Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) is a public university at Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Established in May 2000, this university was
previously known as Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU). AKTU is an affiliating university with more than 800 colleges affiliated to it. The university has about 4,00,000 students enrolled in its various colleges. AKTU offers UG and PG courses in engineering, technology, computer science and business administration. Ques. Where can I get the
AKTU syllabus for 2021? Ans. The syllabus for all the courses of AKTU is available on its official website. Ques. When can I get the updated AKTU syllabus of all the courses? Ans. The updated syllabus of AKTU is released each year just after the application submissions are over. Ques. Has the AKTU syllabus for 2021 been released? Ans. No, the 2021-
2022 syllabus for all the courses are yet to be released by the university. Ques. What information can I get from the syllabus published by AKTU? Ans. The syllabus published for each course not only includes topics to be covered but also the actual weightage in examination and total credit points associated with each section.