Bi oA n a l y s i s

Version 2.2

COPYRIGHT 2004©

ADVANCED MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.

176 Waltham St., Watertown, Massachusetts 02472-4800
Tel: (617) 926-6700 800-422-AMTI Fax : (617) 926-5045
 Table of Contents
BIOANALYSIS OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................... 3

BIOANALYSIS SCHEMATIC................................................................................................................... 4

BIOANALYSIS LAYOUT .......................................................................................................................... 5

MENU OPTIONS......................................................................................................................................... 6

1.0 FILE........................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 EXIT APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 PRINT CURRENT PAGE .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 PRINT SETUP ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 SAVE AS ASCII..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 To Export Files as Text................................................................................................................. 7
2.0 VIEW...................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 STATUS BAR ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 DATA .................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 TOOLBAR ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1 ToolBar Functions...................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 GRT ................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 Zoom, Rotate, Print GRT............................................................................................................ 11
2.4.2 Configure GRT ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 NORMALIZED....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 DATA/PLOT CHOICE BAR ................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Plot Types ................................................................................................................................... 14
2.6.1.1 Gait Plots .............................................................................................................................................. 16
2.6.1.2 Normalized Gait Plots........................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.1.3 Balance Plots and COP Calculations .................................................................................................... 20
2.6.1.4 Power Plots and Power Calculations .................................................................................................... 24
2.6.2 Add a Plot................................................................................................................................... 27
2.6.3 Change the Plot Type ................................................................................................................. 27
2.6.4 Change the Platform Number of a Plot...................................................................................... 27
2.6.5 Create an overlay of different platforms .................................................................................... 28
2.7 STATISTICAL RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.7.1 Statistics Units ............................................................................................................................ 30
2.7.2 Analysis Types ............................................................................................................................ 30
2.7.3 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters During Gait.................................................... 31
2.7.4 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters During Balance ............................................. 35
2.7.5 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters for Power ....................................................... 39
2.7.6 Outputs ....................................................................................................................................... 40
3.0 PLOT .................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1 ZOOM ................................................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.1 Marking Events with the Cross hair ........................................................................................... 42
3.2 PLOT PARAMETERS ............................................................................................................................. 43
3.3 LAYOUT .............................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3.1 Plot Layout Screen ..................................................................................................................... 44
3.4 OPEN PLOT TEMPLATE ....................................................................................................................... 45
3.5 SAVE PLOT TEMPLATE........................................................................................................................ 46
3.6 DUPLICATE PLOT ................................................................................................................................ 46
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 3.7 NEW PLOT TYPE ................................................................................................................................. 47
3.7.1 Create Custom Plots................................................................................................................... 47
4.0 PAGE.................................................................................................................................................... 49
4.1 NEW PAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 49
4.2 COPY TO CLIPBOARD .......................................................................................................................... 49
4.3 CASCADE ............................................................................................................................................ 50
4.4 TILE HORIZ ......................................................................................................................................... 50
4.5 TILE VERTICAL ................................................................................................................................... 50
4.6 ARRANGE ICONS ................................................................................................................................. 51
5.0 ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................ 52
5.1 TO START AN ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 52
5.2 GAIT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 54
5.3 BALANCE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 54
5.4 POWER ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 54
6.0 UNITS................................................................................................................................................... 55
6.1 ENGLISH UNITS................................................................................................................................... 55
6.2 METRIC UNITS .................................................................................................................................... 55
7.0 EXPORTING TO TEXT FILES........................................................................................................ 56
7.1 VIEW DATA ........................................................................................................................................ 56
7.2 EXPORT PLOT DATA ............................................................................................................................ 57
8.0 PLOT SETTINGS/PARAMETERS .................................................................................................. 58
8.1 GRAPH TITLE ...................................................................................................................................... 58
8.2 X-AXIS ............................................................................................................................................... 59
8.3 Y-AXIS ............................................................................................................................................... 61
8.4 AXIS TITLES ....................................................................................................................................... 62
8.5 LINE STYLES ....................................................................................................................................... 63
8.6 HEADER INFO ..................................................................................................................................... 64
8.7 LEGENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 65
APPENDIX A - PLATFORM COORDINATE SYSTEM ..................................................................... 67

APPENDIX B - HOW TO CALCULATE THE COP 95% CONFIDENCE ELLIPSE ...................... 69

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BioAnalysis Overview
BioAnalysis is the analysis software developed by AMTI for biomechanics applications.
BioAnalysis currently has Gait, Balance and Power modules.
Each analysis module is designed and developed to provide you with an integrated, one
stop solution, for your biomechanics analysis tasks. BioAnalysis comes with an
extremely powerful and easy to use graphing tool set. You can now build fifteen fully
customizable plots per page. Overlays are a click of a button away. You can also develop
new types of plots and copy the plots to the windows clipboard.
BioAnalysis also comes with an exhaustive statistics module. Numerous parameters are
computed on the data collected and tabulated for your research and study. The statistical
parameters in each module are those most commonly used in the field of biomechanics
for their particular application.
We, at AMTI, realize that it is impossible to address every type of research and study
conducted in the field of biomechanics and sports. Our attempt, through this software, is
to make your tasks easier. BioAnalysis therefore comes with numerous methods and
techniques to export data, parameters, plots etc. For example, you may divide your data
into platforms and instruments to export. You may also export a particular channel, or the
center of pressure for a particular platform. You can even choose to export only selective
statistical parameters. In addition, you can increase the power and utility of BioAnalysis
by developing your own analysis routines, which can read your exported data.

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BioAnalysis Schematic
A good way to learn software is by understanding the philosophy and organization
behind it. BioAnalysis’ organizational scheme is as follows :
TYPE OF ANALYSIS
Gait/Balance/Power

Choose a set of Files

This forms aPage
File - 1

Platform-1 Platform-2 Platform-3 Platform-4 Instr-1 Instr-2

File - 2

Platform-1 Platform-2 Platform-3 Platform-4 Instr-1 Instr-2

File - n

Platform-1 Platform-2 Platform-3 Platform-4 Instr-1 Instr-2

Analysis

Plotting Export Statistics

Channel Plots
Single Instrument Single platform
Center of Pressure
Single Platform Multiple platforms
Ground Reaction
Single Channel Multiple data files
Torque
All Channels Export all parameters
New Plot Types
Center of Pressure Export chosen parameters
Overlays
Vertical torque Print all/some parameters
Copy to Clipboard

You should always think of your work in BioAnalysis as a Page. Every time you start a
new type of analysis, you are in fact starting a new “page”. Each page has multiple data
files, and each data file can contain multiple instruments/platforms. For example, your
files may represent different subjects within a page or study.
Once you choose the data files you would like to analyze, the application automatically
parses the data files into platform and instrument data i.e. if you collected data using four
platforms and saved them to a file “trial1.bsf”, BioAnalysis parses them into four units :
trial1>>Platform1, trial1>>Platform2, trial1>>Platform3, trial1>>Platform4. If you
connected other instruments, they will also be separated into separate units.

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 BioAnalysis Layout
After you choose the files you want to analyze, you will start working in the analysis
main screen. Your main screen is divided into five distinct areas.
• Main Menu
• Tool Bar
• Plot area
• Current Plot Number descriptor
Plot Area
• Data/Plot choice Bar Main Menu

• Status Bar

Tool Bar

Data/Plot
Status Bar Current Plot Number
choice bar
Descriptor

Analysis Main Menu Options

• File
• View
• Plot
• Page
• New Analysis
• Units
• Help

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Menu Options
1.0 File

1.1 Exit Application

Exits the application, closing all the graph pages

1.2 Print Current Page

Sends the current page to a printer. You can
define the printer to which you send your output
to by clicking Print Setup.

1.3 Print Setup

Defines the printer for printing graphs in
BioAnalysis.

1.4 Save as ASCII

Allows you to export a binary file to a delimited
text file. Choose whether or not to include the
header.

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1.4.1 To Export Files as Text:
To open the Export dialog box select File from the Main Menu. Then select “Save As
ASCII” and the following dialog box will appear:

Export an individual file or all files as delimited text files:

1. Select to export a single file or all files. “Export all files” will convert all the files in
the page to ASCII files. The file name will remain the same, but the extension will be
changed to “txt.” When exporting a single file, you can define your own file names
and extensions.
2. Select Delimiters by clicking the check box next to the delimiters of your choice.
Delimiters are useful for dividing the exported data into columns for use in spread-
sheet programs. The following delimiters can be inserted between columns of data:
• Comma ( , )
• Semi - Colon ( ; )
• Space ( )
• Colon ( : )
3. Select Header if you want to include the header in the file you are exporting. The
BioSoft binary file contains a header with hardware/trial information.

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BA8
2.0 View
2.1 Status Bar
Hide/Show the status bar. The status bar,
at the bottom of the graph window,
shows you the parameters of the current
plot.

2.2 Data
Clicking Data will bring up the raw data
display window. Data is divided into
platforms and instruments. From here,
view the Center of Pressure or Channel
data for the platforms, or export the data
displayed.

2.3 ToolBar
Select toolbar to hide/show the tool bar.

In your main screen, the tool bar contains the most common utilities. It is good to get into
the habit of using the buttons in the tool bar because they are faster than accessing them
through the main menu. The most “common” tasks on the tool bar are as follows:

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2.3.1 ToolBar Functions

Export complete file as ASCII

Print Page

New Plot Page

Zoom the current plot

Copy current page to windows clipboard

Parameters of the current plot (Background color, Titles, Fonts etc.)

Create a new type of plot

Redefine the layout of the plots in a page

Output the current plot data to a file (export a channel data)

About BioAnalysis

Help. First Click this, then click anything on the screen for help on it

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2.4 GRT
You can view one platform’s
ground reaction torque in 3D.
Clicking on this menu item brings
up a window with controls for
manipulating the image.

To optimize your screen to view the GRT, set your screen color depth to at least 16 bits:
1. Right click on any empty space on your Windows 95/98 desktop
2. Click Properties
3. Select the Settings Tab
4. Choose 16 bits (high color or true color for color depth)

2.4.1 Zoom, Rotate, Print GRT

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• Zoom in :
Hold down the SHIFT key. Then, with the left mouse button down, move the cursor
from BOTTOM to TOP.
• Zoom out :
Hold down the SHIFT key. Then, with the left mouse button down, move the cursor
from TOP to BOTTOM.
• Rotate about horizontal axis : (screen horizontal)
Hold down the LEFT mouse button. Then, move the cursor from BOTTOM to TOP
or TOP to BOTTOM for two directions of rotation about the horizontal axis.
• Rotate about vertical axis : (screen vertical)
Hold down the CONTROL key. Then, with the left mouse button down, move the
cursor, LEFT to RIGHT or RIGHT to LEFT to rotate the image about the screen’s
vertical axis.
Printing GRT :
Unfortunately there is not a direct method for printing the GRT image. However, there is
an indirect method:
1) Place the image in the desired orientation
2) Press ALT + PRINT SCREEN to copy the active window to clipboard
3) Start the Paint Program.
4) In Paint, choose EDIT, then PASTE from the menu.
You now have a copy of the bitmap. You can also paste this image into any application
that lets you paste a bitmap into it. You can print from Paint.

2.4.2 Configure GRT

To configure the GRT image, double click anywhere on the screen.

Zoom: (1 to 100) acts like a multiplication

factor for the vector length
Vector Rate: the number of vectors drawn
on the screen. A rate of 100 implies that a
vector is drawn for every data set, a rate of
50 implies that a vector is drawn for every
other data set. The default is 50.
2.5 Normalized

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 If you are in the Gait analysis module
the Normalized selection will be a
choice on your view menu. Selecting
this will allow you to view appropriate
gait plots as foot contact time and
normalized body weight. It will also
cue the Statistical Results screen to
create normalized statistics. The time
between heel strike and toe off on a
gait platform will be considered
contact time. When appropriate all statistical outputs will be normalized to body weight
and contact time.

2.6 Data/Plot Choice Bar

Hide/Show the Data/Plot Choice Bar.

Data/Plot Choice Bar:

The data/plot choice bar helps you add plots and data to your page. This tool bar
contains most of the tools required for building your “Plot Page”. You can change the
plot type, create overlays, change the data of a plot, create new plots etc.

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2.6.1 Plot Types
BioAnalysis automatically graphs the various parameters in gait, balance, and power that
are most often used in their respective fields. When you start the analysis module, Fz vs.
Time for platform one is the default plot. The lower left side of the page has a list of all
the plot types automatically calculated by BioAnalysis. For axis conventions, see
“Platform Coordinate System” in Appendix A.

For gait analysis, the standard plots are:

• Fx vs. Time

• Fy vs. Time

• Fz vs. Time

• Mx vs. Time

• My vs. Time

• Mz vs. Time

• Center of Pressure

• Vertical Torque

• Fz Normalized

• Note: If View, Normalized is selected, the time axis of plots will be

normalized between heal strike and toe-off (100% of the contact time).

For balance analysis, the graphs include:

• COP Avg. as Origin
• COP FP Coords
• Radius Vs. Time
• 95% Ellipse
• Time vs. Area
• FFT-COPX
• FFT-COPY
• Fx vs. Time
• Fy vs. Time
• Fz vs. Time
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 • Mx vs. Time
• My vs. Time
• Mz vs. Time

For power analysis, the standard plots are:

• Net Force
• Velocity
• Power
• Work

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2.6.1.1 Gait Plots
⇒ Fx vs. Time is a plot of the force along the x axis against time. For example:

⇒ Fy vs. Time is a plot of the force along the y axis against time. For example:

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⇒ Fz vs. Time is a plot of the force along the z axis against time. For example:

⇒ Mx Vs Time, My Vs. Time, and Mz Vs. Time are plots of the moment about the x, y,
and z axes, respectively against time.

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⇒ The Vertical Torque Vs. Time is a plot of the moment along the vertical axis along a
period of time. This vertical torque takes into account the moment along the z axis
(the output of channel 6), in addition to all forces (Fx, Fy) applied at distances
(COPx, COPy) resulting in moments.
VerticalTo rque = Mz + Fx * (COPy ) − Fy * (COPx )

⇒ The COP graph represents the x coordinate plotted against the y coordinate of the
center of pressure. (see balance plots for equations) An example of the center of
pressure in gait is shown below:

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⇒ The Fz-Normalized Graph is both foot contact time, and body weight, normalized.
Contact time is measured from heel strike to toe off, with toe-off representing 100
percent. The Fz force is normalized to body weight. For this plot to operate correctly,
the subjects’ body weight must have been entered in the Subject Setup section of
Biodaq before acquisition was taken.

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2.6.1.2 Normalized Gait Plots
⇒ If the View Normalized selection has been chosen the Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz, and
Vertical Torque plots will appear stride normalized. The stride in this case is
considered to be the time between heel strike to toe off with toe off representing 100
percent. Biosoft uses an auto mark feature to determine the toe off and heel strike
coordinates. If your plots appear inaccurate consult section 3.1 "Zoom" of this
manual to learn how to overide BioSoft’s coordinate selections with your own.

2.6.1.3 Balance Plots and COP Calculations

⇒ The COP graph represents the x coordinate plotted against the y coordinate of the
center of pressure. COP Avg. as Origin is a plot of the center of pressure using the
average coordinate (x, y) as the center of the plot. This differs from COP FP Coords
because this plot shows the center of pressure as it appears on the force platform. In
BioAnalysis, the center of pressure is calculated using:

⎡ (My + (Zoff * Fx )) ⎤
COP ( x ) = ⎢
⎣ Fz ⎥⎦ * (− 1)

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 ⎡ (Mx − (Zoff * Fy )) ⎤
COP ( y ) = ⎢ ⎥⎦
⎣ Fz

where:
COP(x) = The x coordinate of the center of pressure
COP(y) = The y coordinate of the center of pressure
Zoff = The vertical offset from the top plate to the origin of the force
platform(a negative #)
Fx = The force along the x axis
Fy = The force along the y axis
Fz = The force along the z axis
Mx = The moment about the x axis
My = The moment about the y axis
Mz = The moment about the z axis

An example of a plot of the center of pressure is as follows:

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⇒ 95% Ellipse is a plot showing an ellipse that encloses ninety five percent of the center
of pressure data. See the appendix E for 95% Ellipse Calculations.

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⇒ Fx vs. Time, Fy vs. Time, Fz vs. Time, are plots of a force, along the x, y, and z axes
respectively, Versus time. For the axes conventions see Platform Coordinate System
in the appendix. Mx vs. Time, My vs. Time, Mz vs. Time are plots of a moment, about
the x, y, and z axes respectively, Versus time.

⇒ FFT-COPX is a plot of the Fast Fourier transform of the x coordinate of the center of
pressure.
⇒ FFT-COPY is a plot of the Fast Fourier transform of the y coordinate of the center of
pressure.
⇒ Radius Vs. Time is a plot of the radius against time where the radius is defined as the
distance from the average center of pressure to the actual center of pressure.

Radius = (COPx − COPavgx ) 2

+ (COPy − COPavgy )
2

where: COPx= x coordinate of the center of pressure

COPy= y coordinate of the center of pressure
COPavgx= x coordinate of the average center of pressure
COPavgy= y coordinate of the average center of pressure

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An example of a Radius Vs. Time Plot is as follows:

⇒ Area vs. Time is a plot of the area of the 95% confidence ellipse. From this plot, you
can see whether or not the area of the 95% confidence ellipse changes.

2.6.1.4 Power Plots and Power Calculations

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The Power module uses the measurement of the vertical force (Fz) in addition to the
subjects weight (including any objects they are holding) to determine the net force
acting on the body. By applying Newton’s second law (F=MA) the acceleration of the
body is calculated using the vertical force (Fz) and body mass. Vertical velocity is
subsequently determined by integrating the acceleration. From the vertical velocity, the
software computes the power output and work functions.

Note: This model is only for short duration lifting actions. Do not analyze data
streams longer than a few seconds... The vertical velocity calculation is a double
integration that results in a cumulative error. For the first few seconds the error is
negligible, however, over a long trail the error can accumulate resulting in large errors.
See the example power plots in the software for more detail.

The equations used to calculate the net force, velocity, work, and power are:

NF j = F j − Wt

j
NFi
Vj = ∑ * dT
i =1
Wt
g

Pj = F j *V j

j
W j = ∑ Pi * dT
i =1

where:
g = acceleration due to gravity;
dT = sampling interval;
Wt = weight of the subject (including items they carry);
Fj = the jth Fz datum during the test;
NFj = net (unbalanced) force acting on the center of mass of the subject
(including the items they carry) at the time of the jth datum;
Vj = vertical velocity (positive upward) of the center of mass of the
subject (including the items they carry) at the time of the jth datum;
Pj = Power Associated with Fj ;
Wj = cumulative work done by Fz through the jth datum.

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An example of net force and velocity plots are as follows:

An example of work and power plots are as follows:

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2.6.2 Add a Plot

1. Enable Add next type as separate plot

2. Select the plot type for the new plot.
3. Click Yes when asked if you want a new plot.
At this point, a new plot will be added.

2.6.3 Change the Plot Type

1. Clear Add next type as separate plot.

2. Click on the plot you want to change.
3. Select a different plot type from the list on the lower left of the Data/Plot
choice bar.

2.6.4 Change the Platform Number of a Plot

⇒ Single Plot:
1. Click on the plot you want to change
2. Select a different platform from the Data/Plot choice bar

⇒ All Plots:
1. Enable Apply Platform to All Plots.
2. Select a different platform from the Data/Plot choice bar.

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2.6.5 Create an overlay of different platforms
⇒ Single plot
1. Click on the plot you want to change
2. Click Overlay (You will be presented with a list of all platforms)
3. Select a platform to appear on your plot
4. Click Add (>>)
5. To remove an unwanted platform click Remove (<<)
6. Click OK

⇒ All Plots
1. Enable All plots
2. Click Overlay (You will be presented with a list of all platforms)
3. Select a platform to appear on your plot
4. Click Add (>>)
5. To remove an unwanted platform click Remove (<<)
6. Repeat 3-4 until all the desired platforms are selected
7. Click OK

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2.7 Statistical Results
Every analysis module in BioAnalysis
comes with a statistical module. Clicking
on Statistical Results brings up a window
with different options for doing a
statistical analysis on the data collected.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

BioAnalysis calculates the most common parameters for Gait, Balance and Power.

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2.7.1 Statistics Units
The units of the statistical parameters are determined in the main screen of BioAnalysis.
Note: Before using statistical analysis, check to be certain that the different events
marked in the zoom screen (e.g. Heel Strike, Mid Stance etc.) are correct.

2.7.2 Analysis Types

⇒ Individual
Choosing this option lets you do a statistical analysis on a single file and single
platform. You can choose the file and platform from a list provided at the bottom of
the screen (View File)

⇒ Selective
Choosing this option lets you do a statistical analysis on selected files and platforms:
1) Choose Selective Under Analysis
2) Enable the boxes next to the platforms you want to analyze (a checked box
means it is enabled)
3) Click Recompute to evaluate.

The statistical results shown will now have four values : Min, Max, Avg. & SD
Min : The minimum value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
Max: The maximum value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
Avg.: The average value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
SD : Standard deviation of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis

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 ⇒ All
Choosing this option lets you do a statistical analysis on all the data units present in
the set:
1) Select All under Analysis
2) Click Recompute to evaluate.
The statistical results shown will now have four values : Min, Max, Avg. & SD.
Min : The minimum value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
Max: The maximum value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
Avg.: The average value of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis
SD : Standard deviation of the parameter of all the data units chosen for analysis

2.7.3 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters During Gait

Note: The following definitions will alter slightly if View, Normalized has been selected.
The time units, where appropriate, will be presented as percent stride. Fz, where
appropriate, will be represented as percent bodyweight.

Gait Parameter Definition

Heel Strike (HS) (sec) Point in time when the heel hits the ground at
the beginning of the stance phase.

Toe Off (TO) (sec) Point in time when toe is lifted off the ground
at the end of the stance phase, thus starting the
swing phase.

Stance Time (sec) Point in time between Heel Strike (HS) and toe
off (TO) (i.e., time when foot is in contact with
the ground).

Fz Max (lbs), (N) Maximum Force Along the Vertical Axis.

Fz max @ Time (sec) Time at which the maximum vertical Force

occurs.

Fz Avg (lbs), (N) Average force on the vertical axis.

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 Gait Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

Fz Impulse Fz max

(t=0 to Fz max)
∫ ( Fz )dt
0 The area under the Force (z-axis)
Vs. Time curve from 0 to Fz maximum.
(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)

Fz Max Deceleration (MD) (lbs), (N) The force corresponding to the maximum
deceleration (MD) on the Force (z-axis) Vs
time plot (see figure following this chart).

Fz Max Deceleration @ Time (sec) The time at which the maximum deceleration
(MD) on the Force (z-axis) Vs Time plot
occurs.

Fz Max Deceleration Impulse (lb⋅sec), MD

(N⋅sec) ∫ ( Fz)dt
0 The area under the Force (z-axis) Vs.
Time curve from 0 to the maximum
deceleration.

Fz Mid Stance (lbs), (N) The force corresponding to Mid Stance (MS)
on the Fz Vs Time plot. (see figure following
this chart).

Fz Mid Stance Time (sec) The time at which Mid Stance (MS) on the
Force (z-axis) Vs Time plot occurs (see figure
following this chart).

Fz Mid Stance Impulse (lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec) MS

∫ ( Fz)dt
0 The area under the Force (z-axis) Vs.
Time curve from 0 to Mid Stance.

Fz Max Accl. (lbs), (N) The force corresponding to the maximum

acceleration (MA) on the Fz Vs Time plot (see
figure following this chart).

Fz Max Accl. @ Time (sec) The time at which the maximum acceleration
(MA) on the Fz Vs Time plot occurs.

Gait Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

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Fz Max Accl. Impulse MA

(t=0 to Maximum Accl.)

∫ ( Fz)dt
0 The area under the Force (z-axis) Vs.
Time curve from 0 to the maximum
(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)
acceleration.

Fy Max. (lbs), (N) The maximum force along the Y-axis.

Fy Max. @ Time (sec) The time at which the maximum force along
the Y-axis occurs.

Impulse: t=0, Tfymax Fy max

(Fy maximum impulse)

∫ ( Fy)dt
0 The area under the Force (y-axis)
Vs. Time curve from 0 to Fy maximum.
(t=0 to Fy maximum)

(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)

Fy Min.(lbs), (N) The minimum force along the Y-axis.

Fy Min @ Time (sec) The time at which the minimum force along
the Y-axis occurs.

Impulse: t-0, Tfymin Fy min

(Fy Minimum Impulse)

∫ ( Fy)dt
0 The area under the Force (y-axis)
Vs. Time curve from 0 to Fy minimum.
(t=0 to Fy minimum)

(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)

Fy Avg (lbs), (N) The average force along the Y-axis.

Fx Maximum (lbs), (N) The maximum force along the X-axis.

Fx Maximum @ Time (sec) The time at which the maximum force along
the X-axis occurs.

Impulse: t=0, Tfxmax Fx max

(Fx Maximum Impulse) ∫ ( Fx)dt

0 The area under the Force (x-axis)
(t=0 to Fx maximum) Vs. Time curve from 0 to Fx maximum.
(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)
Fx Min (lbs), (N) The minimum force along the X-axis.
Gait Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

BA33
Fx Min @ Time (sec) The time at which the minimum force along
the X-axis occurs.

Impulse: t=0, Tfxmin Fx min

(Fx Minimum Impulse) ∫ ( Fx)dt

0 The area under the Force (x-axis)
(t=0 to Fx minimum) Vs. Time curve from 0 to Fx minimum.
(lb⋅sec), (N⋅sec)
Fx Avg (lbs), (N) The average force along the X-axis.
Torque Max (in⋅lb.), (N⋅cm) The maximum vertical torque.
Torque Max @ Time (sec) The time of the maximum vertical torque.
Torque Min (in⋅lb), (N⋅cm) The minimum vertical torque.
Torque Min @ Time (sec) The time at which the minimum vertical torque
occurs.
Torque Avg (in⋅lb), (N⋅cm) The average vertical torque.
COP: Heel Strike X (in), (cm) The X coordinate of the COP at Heel Strike.
COP: Heel Strike Y (in), (cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at Heel Strike.
COP: Toe Off X (in), (cm) The X coordinate of the COP at Toe Off.
COP: Toe Off Y (in), (cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at Toe Off.
COP: Min Along Y-Axis X (in), (cm) The X coordinate of the COP at the minimum
point along the Y-Axis.
COP: Min Along Y-Axis Y (in), (cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at the minimum
point along the Y-Axis.
COP: Max Along Y-Axis X (in), (cm) The X coordinate of the COP at the maximum
point along the Y-Axis.
COP: Max Along Y-Axis Y (in), (cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at the maximum
point along the Y-Axis.
COP: Excursion Along Y-Axis (in), The COP’s total distance traveled in the Y
(cm) direction.
COP: Min Along X-Axis X (in), (cm) The X coordinate of the COP at the minimum
point along the X-Axis.
COP: Min Along X-Axis Y (in), (cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at the minimum
point along the X-Axis.
Gait Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

COP: Max Along X-Axis X (in),(cm) The X coordinate of the COP at the maximum
BA34
 point along the X-Axis.
COP: Max Along X-Axis Y (in),(cm) The Y coordinate of the COP at the maximum
point along the X-Axis.
COP: Excursion Along X-Axis The COP’s total distance traveled in the X
(in),(cm) direction.
COP: Avg X (in), (cm) The COP’s average distance in the X direction.
COP: Avg Y (in), (cm) The COP’s average distance in the Y direction.
COP: Length (in), (cm) The length of the total distance traveled by the
COP.
COP: Max Velocity (in/sec), (cm/sec) The maximum velocity traveled by the COP.
COP: Avg Velocity (in/sec), (cm/sec) The average velocity traveled by the COP.

Max
Deceleration Max
Acceleration

Mid Stance

Heel Strike
Toe Off

2.7.4 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters During Balance

Balance Parameter Definition

BA35
COP-X Avg (in), (cm) • The average position of the x
coordinate of the center of pressure.

• The displacement along the x axis (x) is

calculated for each frame. These
numbers are added together and then
divided by the total number of frames
(N).
N

∑x
i =1
i
AVGx=
N

COP-Y Avg (in), (cm) • The average position of the y

coordinate of the center of pressure.

• The displacement along the y axis (y)

is calculated for each frame. These
numbers are added together and then
divided by the total number of frames
(N).
N

∑y
i =1
i
AVGy=
N
COP-X Max (in), (cm) The maximum coordinate of the COP
along the x-axis.

COP-X Min (in), (cm) The minimum coordinate of the COP along
the x-axis.

COP-Y Max (in), (cm) The maximum coordinate of the COP

along the y-axis.

COP-Y Min (in), (cm) The minimum coordinate of the COP along
the y-axis.

Balance Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

Standard Deviation- X COP The standard deviation of the COP along

the x-axis.

BA36
 1
∑
N
SDx = i =1
( xi − AVGx) 2
N

Standard Deviation- Y COP The standard deviation of the COP along

the y-axis.

1
∑
N
SDy = i =1
( yi − AVGy) 2
N

Avg. Displacement along X (in), (cm) Average displacement of the x coordinate

of the COP.
N

∑ x − AVG
i =1
i x
DISPavgx =
N

Avg. Displacement along Y (in), (cm) Average displacement of the y coordinate

of the COP.
N

∑y
i =1
i − AVG y
DISPavgy =
N
Avg. Radial Displacement (in), (cm) The radial displacement (ri) is calculated
for each frame. These numbers are added
together and then divided by the total
number (N) of frames.
N

∑r
i =1
i

RDavg = where: ri= xi 2 + yi 2

N

Standard Deviation - Radial Disp. The standard deviation of the radial

displacement of the COP.

1 N

∑ (r − RDavg )
2
SDrad= i
N i =1

where: ri= xi 2 + yi 2

Balance Parameter, cont. Definition, cont.

Correlation Coefficient The correlation coefficient of X and Y.

BA37
 1 N
cov( x, y ) ∑ xi * yi
N i =1
Cc = =
SDx * SDy SDx * SD y

95% Ellipse Slope

SD- Major Axis of 95% Ellipse Standard Deviation along the major axis.

SD- Minor Axis of 95% Ellipse Standard Deviation along the minor axis.

95% Ellipse Area (in2), (cm2) Area of the 95% confidence ellipse.

95% of the data lies within the area of this

ellipse.

Avg Velocity (in/sec), (cm/sec) The total length of the COP’s path (L) is
calculated. This number is then divided by
the total number of frames (n) and the total
L
change in time (Δt). Vavg =
n * Δt
Length (in), (cm) Total length (L) of the COP’s path.
n
L=∑ (xi − xi −1 )2 + ( yi − yi −1 )2
i=2

BA38
2.7.5 Definitions for BioSoft’s Statistical Parameters for Power

Note: The equations for the net force, velocity, work, and power are located on BA21.

Power Parameter Definition

Max. Net-Force (lbs), (N) Maximum value of the net force

Time @ Max. Net-Force (sec) Time at which the maximum net force
occurs

Min. Net-Force (lbs), (N) Minimum value of the net force

Time @ Min. Net-Force (sec) Time at which the minimum net force
occurs

Max. Velocity (in/sec), (cm/sec) Maximum value of the velocity

Time @ Max. Velocity (sec) Time at which the maximum velocity

occurs

Min. Velocity (in/sec), (cm/sec) Minimum value of the velocity

Time @ Min. Velocity (sec) Time at which the minimum velocity occurs

Max. Work (in⋅lb), (Nm) Maximum value of work

Time @ Max. Work (sec) Time at which the maximum work occurs

Min. Work (in⋅lb), (Nm) Minimum value of work

Time @ Min. Work (sec) Time at which the minimum work occurs

Max Power (in⋅lb/sec), (Nm/sec) Maximum value of power

Time @ Max Power (sec) Time at which the maximum power occurs

Min Power (in⋅lb/sec), (Nm/sec) Minimum value of power

Time @ Min Power (sec) Time at which the minimum power occurs

BA39
2.7.6 Outputs:

⇒ This allows you to output to a file or a printer.

⇒ All : Choose to export/print all the statistical parameters
⇒ Selection : Choose only a selected few statistical parameters to export/print

Delimiters
When exporting statistics to a text file, a delimiter (space, comma, colon, tab, etc.) is a
tool used to separate columns of data.
Header
You can choose whether or not to include the titles of the columns of data. This way,
BioAnalysis lets you append values to a previous statistical file.
If you are starting a new statistical file you probably want to export the column names.
Every other time you add data to the file you do not have to use a header. This way you
can build a statistical file across data sets.
BioAnalysis does not check to verify if the data chosen to be appended to an existing
statistical file makes sense or not. This responsibility is left to the user (see Plot Zoom).
The order of exported columns is always is preserved. Therefore enabling/choosing the
same parameters for export will preserve the column numbers.

Print
Prints the currently displayed parameters and values to a printer. If you have chosen
“Selection” in Outputs, only the selected parameters are printed. If All has been chosen
then all the parameters of all the files loaded are printed.
Title
Allows you to make a custom title for your printed report.

BA40
3.0 Plot

3.1 Zoom
Clicking this option lets you zoom into
the current plot:
1) Click on the plot you would like. A
rectangle should enclose the plot of
choice
2) Click Plot, Zoom. The zoom window
differs in form and function
according to the type of plot you are
zooming in on.

Zoom Plot Screen

The zoom screen allows you to enlarge a particular plot, mark events, and identify the
coordinates of events.

BA41
Balance Analysis- The zoom screen balance analysis lets you look at specific x and y
coordinates. There is a scroll bar, located below the graphing area, which controls a
cross-hair for identifying the (x, y) coordinates of each point on a plot. Hold down the
left mouse button on the scroll bar and drag it left or right to travel along the plot. You
can see the x and y values on the right hand of the screen.
Gait Analysis with View, Normalized On - The zoom screen only allows you to view the
plot. For other functionality you must turn View, Normalized off.
Gait Analysis with View, Normalized Off - The zoom plot screen depicted above is for
the Fz vs. Time gait plot with View, Normalized turned off. This particular zoom screen
allows you to mark events critical to calculating Gait Analysis’s Statistical Results (See
section 3.1.1 below for instructions). The events are heel strike (HS), maximum
deceleration (MD), Mid Stance (MS), maximum acceleration (MA), and toe off (TO).
This zoom screen also lets you determine specific x and y coordinates. If the zoom plot is
not Fz vs. Time but some other gait plot such as Fx vs.Time etc. you will not be able to
mark events.

3.1.1 Marking Events with the Cross hair

If using the Fz vs. Time plot in Gait Analysis you will be able to mark events with the
cross hair. The scroll bar, located below the graphing area, controls a cross-hair for
identifying the (x, y) coordinates of each point on the plot. Hold down the left mouse
button on the scroll bar and drag it left or right to travel along the plot. You can see the x
and y values on the right hand of the screen.
⇒ The events you will want to mark are :
• Heel Strike (HS)
• Maximum Deceleration (MD)
• Mid Stance (MS)
• Maximum Acceleration (MA)
• Toe Off (TO)

Note: BioAnalysis will have already located these events on your plot. In some cases,
(i.e. if the channel is noisy) the events may not be marked properly. It is necessary to
check the event labels, and make any appropriate changes because the Statistical
analysis uses these values in preparing the summary.
⇒ To remove the previously marked events and mark new points:
1. Click Clear
2. Look at the bottom left of the screen for the list of events the software is looking
for. The current event is shown.
3. Move the cross hair to the point which represents the event

BA42
 4. Right click the plot area or click the Mark button. You will see a symbol
corresponding to the event you have chosen.
Heel Strike

Max Deceleration

Mid Stance

Max Acceleration

Toe Off

5. Repeat Steps 2-4 until you have marked all the points.
6. Click Done

⇒ To Print: Click Printer

⇒ To Add/Remove the legend: click on the button labeled legend.
⇒ Restore Restores the markings to their original state.

3.2 Plot Parameters

All the graphs and plots in BioAnalysis
are customizable. First select Parameters
from the Plot menu. The Plotting
Parameters dialog box will appear. See
section 8.0 for more information.

BA43
3.3 Layout
BioAnalysis provides you with a default
layout grid for the plots on your page. To
change the layout of your plots in the
page select this option. The Plot Layout
dialog box will appear.

3.3.1 Plot Layout Screen

All plots in a page are laid out by default. You have the freedom to define the size and
placement of each plot on a page.
Every plot on a page is defined by four values: The x coordinate and y coordinate of a
point in the bottom left corner, and the height and width of the plot.
BA44
All the values are normalized to the page height and width (not considering the area
occupied by header). Therefore, all the values are less than or equal to one. For example
if you define the width of the plot to be one, the plot will occupy the whole width of the
page. Your plot origin should be defined as an offset from the origin at the bottom left
corner.
Changing plot layout parameters :
In the spread sheet shown, double click the value you would like to change. Make any
appropriate changes. You will not be able to enter a value greater than one into any of
these columns.

Preview
You can preview your settings by clicking the Preview button. This shows you how the
plots will look on the page with the settings you defined. If you do not like your settings,
click the Reset button to return back to the original values.
To make the software implement the changes, click on the OK button. If you do not want
to use the values you provided, click Cancel and you will exit without making the
changes.

3.4 Open Plot Template

You can open a template file that has
predetermined settings for a page. These
settings will be applied to the data
currently chosen for analysis. Separate
the template files for different kinds of
analysis. Do not use settings for a gait
analysis template on a balance analysis
and vice-versa.

BA45
3.5 Save Plot Template
Save your settings to a template file. This
template can later be applied to other plot
pages.

3.6 Duplicate Plot

Choosing this option duplicates a Page
along with its data files. This is a quick
method of starting a new plot page.

BA46
3.7 New Plot Type
BioAnalysis lets you define new plot
types for your analysis. For example, you
can plot Fx, Fy, and Fz versus time. When
you select New Type, the Custom Plot
dialog box appears and you can define a
custom plot. You can define a maximum
of ten custom plots.

3.7.1 Create Custom Plots

BioAnalysis allows you to make up to ten custom plots per page in addition to some pre
defined plot types. When creating a customized plot, remember :
⇒ Define custom plots sequentially (custom-2 plot before custom-3 plot)

⇒ You must provide a title for your custom plots to represent your plot in the plot type
bar. For example, if plotting Fx, Fy and Fz on the y-axis and Time on the x-axis, you
could title the plot “Forces vs. Time.”

⇒ You may define multiple channels/types for the y axis, but only one for the x-axis.

To create a customized plot:

BA47
1. Select new plot type

2. Choose the X-Axis Channel data type

3. Click all the appropriate Y-Axis data types

4. Give the plot a title

5. Click OK

6. Select your plot name from the plot type window at the bottom left of the
screen

BA48
4.0 Page
4.1 New Page
Choose this option to start a new analysis
page for the same kind of analysis. For
example, if you are currently in gait
analysis, choosing this option lets you start
another gait analysis window with a
different set of data files.

4.2 Copy to Clipboard

You can copy a BioAnalysis Page
(graphing window) to the Windows
clipboard. You can then paste this into
any application that accepts a bitmap
image (i.e. MS Word, WordPerfect,
Excel, Paintbrush, etc.).

When copying to the clipboard, use the Clipboard Setup to customize the format of an
export.
Format :
Choose the format of the plot you want to export to the clipboard: This depends on which
BA49
application you are exporting into. Some applications like MS Word accept multiple
formats. There are other applications which cannot insert a Window Metafile. Try
different formats if you are unsuccessful.
Enabling Monochrome exports the plot to the clipboard in a monochrome format.

4.3 Cascade
This option lets you arrange all the
graphing windows in a cascade fashion
(one behind the other).

4.4 Tile Horiz

This option lets you arrange all the
graphing windows horizontally. Each
window takes up the whole width of the
screen. The total height of your screen is
shared between all the active graphing
pages equally.

4.5 Tile Vertical

This option lets you arrange all the
graphing windows vertically. Each
window takes up the whole height of the
screen. The total width of the screen is
shared equally by all the active graphing
pages.

BA50
4.6 Arrange Icons
All the icon graphing windows
(minimized) are arranged in an orderly
fashion in the main screen of
BioAnalysis.

BA51
5.0 Analysis
5.1 To Start an Analysis:
1. Click Analysis if you do not have a file open yet,

Or New Analysis if you already have a file open.

2. Click Gait, Balance or Power to start a new analysis:

3. Select a set of data files in the Data Files Choice window. The right half of the
window shows all the files chosen for analysis.
a) Add a file to the list for analysis by highlighting the file, and then clicking the
Add >> button. Right clicking on the file also adds the file to the set.
Currently you can choose the following files for analysis :
⇒ BioSoft ( <file>. bsf) files

⇒ Accusway Files ( <file> . swn ) files

⇒ Bedas-2 Files ( <file> . bds ) files

b) Remove a file from your set by highlighting the file, then click Remove <<.
Right clicking on the file also removes the file from the set.

BA52
 Note:
⇒ You can only add fifty files for each analysis

⇒ You can add a file several times

⇒ Your analysis does not start until you choose at least one file

4. Once you have chosen all the files needed for your analysis, click OK to start analysis.

BA53
5.2 Gait Analysis
Choosing Gait will start the gait analysis module of
BioAnalysis. All the plots, statistics and analysis tools
inside this module are only for gait analysis. After selecting
Gait, you will have to choose the data files on which to
perform gait analysis (currently a maximum of 50). Then,
you can analyze the file using tools available in the software.

5.3 Balance Analysis

Choosing Balance will start the balance analysis module
of BioAnalysis. All the plots, statistics and analysis
tools inside this module are for balance analysis. After
selecting Balance, choose the data files for balance
analysis (currently a maximum of 50). You can then
analyze the file using the tools available in the software.

5.4 Power Analysis

Choosing Power will start the power analysis module

of BioAnalysis. Power is currently the only Sports
module available. All the plots, statistics and analysis
tools inside this module are for power analysis. After
selecting Power, choose the data files for power
analysis (currently a maximum of 50). You can then
analyze the file using the tools available in the software.

BA54
6.0 Units
6.1 English Units
You can define English units as the
units of operation in BioAnalysis.
This is the only place where you
can define your units of operation.
Now, all the Plots, the Statistical Analysis, and Exporting will be in English units.

6.2 Metric Units

You can define Metric units as the
units of operation in BioAnalysis.
This is the only place where you
can define your units of operation.
Now, all the Plots, the Statistical Analysis, and Exporting will be in Metric units.

BA55
7.0 Exporting to Text Files
7.1 View Data

Clicking Data will bring up the raw data

display window. Data here is divided into
platforms and instruments. From here,
view the Center of Pressure or Channel
data for the platforms, or export the data
displayed.

View Data is a screen that lets you view channel/cop data in a spread sheet-like format.
Data is displayed as belonging to a platform or instrument. The units of the data are
determined in the main screen.
First, choose the platform (whose data you want to see) from the list provided at the
bottom of the screen. You can only chose to view one platform at a time.
View type :
BA56
 Plt. Dat : Platform data
Instr Data : Instrument data
COP : Center of Pressure data

Export what you see :

You can export the data you are viewing to a delimited text file.
1. Choose the type of delimiters between the columns of the text file (a space is
the default)
2. Click on the Save button to export the data to a file.

7.2 Export plot data

BioAnalysis lets you export a single
channel of data to a delimited text file.
Then you can import this channel into a
spread sheet or other analysis program.
When you select Output ASCII the
windows Save As dialog box will
appear. You can then choose the
destination folder and file name.

BA57
8.0 Plot Settings/Parameters
To change the plot settings or parameters select “Plot” from the Main Menu, then
“Parameters”. The Plotting Parameters dialog box will appear. You may also right click
on a plot and the Plotting Parameters dialog box will appear. This option allows you to
change the properties of the x and y axes, the plot titles, legends and the line styles of a
plot.

8.1 Graph Title

Title: Title of the plot

Font: Font of the title
Color: Color of the title
Size: Size of the Font for the graph’s title
Style: Bold, Italic, Underline styles of the title (depressed means applied)
Plot Background Color: Color of the plot background

BA58
8.2 X-Axis
Allows you to change the range, labels, grid, and ticks of the x axis.

Range: The maximum and minimum of x axis. Select:

• Automatic to let the software determine the max/min
• User to let the user define the maximum and minimum by manually entering
values
Ticks : Tick marks on the axis.
• Enable/Disable Show to show/hide the tick marks on the axis
• Number: The number of tick marks you want marked on the axis.
• Show-X Grid: Show/Hide the y-axis grid.
Labels: Labels are the values shown on x axis.
• Show : Enable/Disable to hide/show labels on the axis
• Every : Defines the labeling frequency of the ticks

BA59
Common To X and Y
• Axis Color: Color of the x-axis
• Grid Color: The color of the grid lines (For both x and y axis grid lines)
• Grid Style: The style of the grid lines (For both x and y axis grid lines)

BA60
8.3 Y-Axis
Allows you to change the range, labels, grid, and ticks of the y axis.

Range: The maximum and minimum of x axis. Select:

• Automatic to let the software determine the max/min
• User to let the user define the maximum and minimum by manually entering
values
Tick Marks: Tick marks on the axis.
• Enable/Disable: Show to show/hide the tick marks on the axis
• Number The number of tick marks you want marked on the axis.
• Show-Y Grid Show/Hide the y-axis grid.
Labels: Labels are the values shown on x axis.
• Show : Enable/Disable to hide/show labels on the axis
• Every : Defines the labeling frequency of the ticks
Note: The color and style are defined in the x-axis settings

BA61
8.4 Axis Titles

Allows you to change the font, titles, color, and style of your titles.

X Title : Identifies the type of data represented on the x-axis

Y Title : Identifies the type of data represented on the y-axis

Color X : Color of the x-axis title

Color Y : Color of the y-axis title

Font : Font for both the x and y axis titles

Size : Size of the titles

Automatic : Lets the software determine a size for you

User : Lets the user define a size. Drag the pointer to the left or right to decrease
or increase the size

Style : The style of the axis titles (Bold, Italic, Underline: Depressed signifies enabled)

BA62
8.5 Line Styles
Here the line style and color may be adjusted.

To change a setting:
1. Highlight the setting you wish to change

2. Click Remove Setting

3. Choose the setting whose line style you would like to change

4. Select the style (Pattern) to be used

5. Choose a color for the line

6. Click Add Setting

BA63
8.6 Header Info

The top portion of the plotting page is taken up by the page header. In “Header Info,”
Define the settings and color of the header.
Main Title: The title on top of the plotting page.

Title -1: Typically used for defining the name of the subject whose data is being
analyzed

Title -2: Typically used for defining the date data was collected on

The pull down boxes next to each title box allow you to select the color for that title.

Title -3: Typically used for defining the type of data that is collected

Header Size: Percentage of the total page the header will occupy

Font Family: The font for all the titles in the header.

BA64
8.7 Legends

Changing the layout of a legend:

In the spread sheet shown, double click the value you would like to change. Make any
appropriate changes.
The legend on a page is defined by four values: The x coordinate and y coordinate of a
point in the bottom left corner, and the height and width of the plot.

All plots are normalized. The plot’s total width and height are equal to one. You will not
be able to enter a value greater than one into any of these columns.

Show Legends: Enable/Disable to show/hide legend

Apply all: Enable to apply your changes to all plots

BA65
BA66
APPENDIX A - Platform Coordinate System
All AMTI force platforms use the same coordinate axes convention. The origin is
referenced to the center of the top of the surface of the platform. In actuality, the
origin lies a given x, y, and z offset from the center, as shown in the platform’s
calibration sheets.

The positive z-axis points down on the plate, perpendicular to the cable
connector. The positive y-axis points along the plate, both away from and
parallel to the connector. The x-axis direction is found using the y and z-axes
and the right hand rule. [If you were to stand on the platform with your back to
the connector, the positive x-axis points to the left.] The moments about the
three axes also follow the right hand rule. [If you point your thumb in the
positive direction for any of the axes, the fingers curl in the positive direction for
the moment about that axis.]

BA67
BA68
APPENDIX B - How to Calculate the COP 95% Confidence Ellipse
If using an Accusway platform:

Dz = 0;

If using an AMTI force platform:

Dz = is the distance from the top surface of the transducer to transducer

calibrated origin.
It is provided with the platforms calibration information known as the Z offset:
Zo.

Data comes from our platforms in datasets of six channels:

0 = Fx; 1 = Fy; 2 = Fz; 3=Mx; 4 =My; 5=Mz.

Fx, Fy, Fz are conditioned transducer force outputs.

Mx, My, Mz are conditioned transducer moment outputs.

1. Find Xi and Yi,

Xi =
(− Fxi × Dz − Myi )
Fzi

Yi =
(− Fyi × Dz + Mxi )
Fzi

2. Calculate platform relative Xavg and Yavg.

BA69
 X avg = ∑i =1 X i
N

Yavg = ∑i =1 Yi
N

3. Subtract averages from data to determine COP mean relative data from
platform relative data.

xi = X i − X avg

y i = Yi − Yavg

4. Calculate the standard deviation of x and the standard deviation of y.

1
σx = ∑
n
i =1
xi2
n

1
σx = ∑
n
i =1
yi2
n

5. Calculate the covariance of x and y.

1
σ xy = ∑
n
i =1
xi2 yi2
n

6. Calculate an intermediate value D.

D= (σ 2
x + σ y2 ) − 4(σ x2σ y2 − σ xy2 )
2

7. The intermediate value F

F = 3.00 from table of F statistic at a confidence level of 1 – α.

Where α = 0.05 when the sample size > 120.

8. Calculate the length of the major axis

S major = F (σ x2 + σ y2 + D )

9. Calculate the length of the minor axis

S major = F (σ x2 + σ y2 − D )

10. Calculate the area of the 95% ellipse.

BA70
 AREA = (2 × 3.1415963 × F ) σ x2σ y2 − σ xy2

11. Calculate an intermediate value

t=
(σ 2
x + σ y2 + D )
2

12. Calculate the slope of the major axis relative to x.

σ xy
m=
(t − σ y2 )
13. Calculate the slope* of the 95-percentile ellipse.

ANGLE = a tan(m )

*The slope is the angle between the x-axis and the minor axis of the ellipse.

+y
SMajor

SMinor

Angle

+x -x

-y

Figure B1: 95% Ellipse.

BA71