SOURCES OF WATER FOR

Building Utilities DOMESTIC USE

1 – Prelim Notes
COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING
• WATER FISTRIBUTION
• PLUMBING FIXTURES
• SANITARY
• STORM DRAINAGE
• FIRE PROTECTION
• FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM

WATER CYCLE

PLUMBING
The systems of pipes, valves, fixtures and
other apparatuses of a water supply or
sewage system.

COMPONENTS AND FLOW IN

WATER SYSTEM
Treated water
return to the SUPPLY
original source WATER SUPPLY
Water Mains, The supply of purified water to a
SOURCE
Storage Tanks DISTRIBUTION community, usually includes facilities for
Lakes, Rivers, storing and distributing this water, as
Reserviors Presure, Piping
Networks reservoirs and pipelines.
WELL
A hole drilled or bored into the earth to
TREATMENT
USE obtain water, petroleum, or natural gas.
AQUIFER
Sewage Plants,
Plumbing A geological formation containing or
Natural
Purification
Fixtures conducting groundwater, esp. one
capable of providing water is useable
DISPOSAL COLLECTION
quantities to springs or wells.
ARTESIAN WELL
Sanitary and Gravity, Piping
Storm Sewers Networks A well in which water rises under pressure
from a permeable stratum overlaid by
impermeable rocks.
DRAWDOWN ACID HIGHLY
A lowering of the water surface level, as CORROSIVE, PICS
in a well, or the distance by which the UP LEAD AND
groundwater level is lowered as a result STAINS CLOTHING
of pumping.
CISTERN ALGAE BAD TASTE AND
ODOR
A reservoir or tank for storing or holding
water or other liquid, as rainwater
CARBON DIOXIDE AERATION
collected from a roof, for use when AND HYDROGEN
required. SULFATE
DAM SUSPENDED COAGULATION
It refers to the structural barrier that is MATERIAL
constructed across a river or a valley with
the aim of ensuring that water is WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
prevented from flowing. This causes
water to accumulate behind the wall AND CORRECTION
after which it is allowed to overflow after
reaching a certain height of the dam.
RESERVOIR
A natural or artificial place where water
is collected and stored for use, esp.
water for supplying a community,
irrigating land or furnishing power.

TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION

OBJECTIONABLE REASON FOR
ELEMENT TREATMENT
CALCIUM AND PRODUCES
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS RAW WATER
Water that
SULFUR BAD TASTE AND requires
ODOR, HIGHLY treatment
CORROSIVE TO before it can
PLUMBING, STAINS be used for
CLOTHING, ETC drinking.
WATER
SALT BAD TASTE, HIGHLY TREATMENT
CORROSIVE The act or
process of
IRON STAINS CLOTING
making
AND PLUMBING
FIXTURES, water more
INTERFERES WITH potable or
WATER SOFTENERS, useful by
IRON BACTERIA purifying,
AND CLOG PIPES clarifying or
softening.
PATHOGENIC UNHEALTHY AND
GERMS UNSANITARY
DOMESTIC COLD WATER
SUPPLY
The Domestic Cold Water Supply of the
plumbing system consists of the piping
and fittings which supply cold water from
the building water supply to the fixtures,
such as lavatories, bathtubs, water
closets and kitchen sinks. This is also
known as Water Distribution System.

ELEMENTS OF WATER SUPPLY

AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. WATER SERVICE OR HOUSE SERVICE
2. WATER METER
3. DISTRIBUTION MAIN OR HORIZONTAL
MAIN
4. FIXTURE BRANCHES
5. RISER
SERICE TAP CONNECTION
6. VALVES AND CONTROL
7. STORAGE TANKS DETAIL
WATER (STREET) MAIN WATER TOWER
A water supply pipe for public or A tower into which water is pump to
community use controlled by public height sufficient to maintain a desired
authority. pressure for distribution to customers or
WATER SERVICE PIPE for firefighting.
The pipe from the water main, water WATER MAIN
meter, water supply system or other A main pipe or conduct through which a
approved source of water supply, tithe public or community water system
building or structure served. conveys water to all service connections.
WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE CORPORATION STOP
A pipe which conveys potable water A valve controlling the flow of water or
from the building supply pipe to the gas from a main to a service pipe.
plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in Also called corporation cock.
the building. CURB COCK
FIXTURE BRANCH A control valve for shutting off the water
A pipe connecting several fixtures. supply to a building on case of an
FIXTURE SUPPLY emergency, installed in a water service
A water supply pipe connecting the pipe and operated by means of a long
fixture with the fixture branch or directly key inserted through a curb box.
to a main water supply pipe. Also called curb stop.
CURB BOX
A vertical enclosure with a removable
cover providing access to a curb cock.
Also called buffalo box.
SERVICE PIPE The system must provide adequate
A pipe connecting a building to a water supply of water, with adequate
or gas main, usually installed by or under pressure, up to the extremities of the
the jurisdiction of a public utility. system.
SHUTOFF VALVE
Any valve shutting off the flow of water The safety and quality of the water
or gas from a supply pipe. should not be impaired by defects in the
WATER METER system. It should be provided with
A device for measuring and recording sufficient valves and blow off’s, to allow
the quantity of water that passes through repair work without undue interruption
a pipe. of service to some areas, and to allow
the flushing of the system.

There should be no unprotected open

reservoir, or cross connections with
inferior water system to enter the
distribution system.

The water system should be tight against

leakage.

The water system design, shall afford

WATER effective circulation of water with
TREATMENT
RAIN WATER minimum number of dead-end mains.
The act or
Water that POTABLE
process of
requires WATER
treatment
making As much as possible, water main should
water more Water fit for
before it
potable or human be laid above the elevation of concrete
can be
used for
useful by consumption sanitary sewers, or crossover points, and
purifying,
drinking.
clarifying, or at least 3 meters horizontally from such
softening. sanitary sewer when they are parallel.

METER CONNECTION DETAIL

WATER METER
A mechanical device used to measure
the volume of water passing through a
pipe.
METER STOP
A valve placed at the street side of the
water meter and serves as a controlling
device for the building installation.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• DIRECT PRESSURE – UPFEED SYSTEM
• INDIRECT SYSTEM
1. GRAVITY OR DOWNFEED
2. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM OR
PNEUMATIC AIR-PRESSURE SYSTEM

GRAVITY WATER SYSTEM

A water supply and distribution system in
which the water source is set at a height
sufficient to maintain adequate supply
pressure throughout the water
distribution system.
Also called down feed distribution system.
HEAD
The pressure at the lower of two given
points in a liquid, expressed in terms of
the vertical distance between the points.
Also called pressure head.
UPFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PRESSURE DROP
A loss of head or fluid pressure between
two points of a pipe or across a valve,
due to hydraulic friction.
FIXTURE UNIT
A unit for measuring the probable
demand for water by a plumbing fixture,
or the probable discharge of liquid waste
from the fixture, equivalent to 7 ½ gallons
or one cubic foot per minute.
WATER SYSTEM
A system of pipes, valves, and fixtures for
distributing and using water in a building.
BRANCH
Any member of a piping system other
than a main, riser, or stack.
RISER
A vertical pipe, conduit, or duct in a
utility system.
MAIN
A principal pipe, conduit, or duct in a
utility system.
EXPANSION BEND
An expansion Joint of pipe and pipe
fittings permitting thermal expansion to
occur in a long run of hot-water piping.
Also called expansion loop.

TYPES OF WELLS
1. DUG WELL
• Most common type
• Usually dug manually
• Dug around 15 meters deep
• Also referred to as the shallow
well.

2. BORED WELL
• Similar to a dug well, but
constructed using an auger.
3. JETTED WELL WATER TANK
• Use of extreme water pressure so 1. Tanks should be designed and
as not to affect existing constructed so as to be:
foundations in the vicinity. a. Watertight
• Used only where ground is b. b. vermin-proof (rat proof)
relatively soft. c. corrosion proof
d. capable of withstanding the
pressure under which they are to
be operated and
e. provided with safe and easy
means of access for inspection.
2. The capacity of any single tank in or
on building shall not exceed 113,000
liters(30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic
meters.
3. Tanks shall not be located over
openings in floor and roof
construction.
4. DRIVEN WELL
4. Potable water supply tanks for
• Dug with driven point attached to
domestic supply and for standpipe or
the pipes.
automatic sprinkler systems shall be
designed and installed to furnish
water in sufficient quantity and
pressure for such systems.

5. DRILLED WELL
• Used for drilling oil
• Can reach depths of 1000m
WATER DEMAND PROBABILITY OF
SIMULTANEOUS USE OF
FIXTURES
No. of Percentage of
fixture Simultaneous Use
units
1 -5 50-100%
6 to 50 25-50%
51 or 10-25%
more
The probable demand is not likely to
exceed 25% of the Maximum demand,
esp. for average size residential building.

MAXIMUM AND PROBABLE

DEMAND
Maximum Demand refers to the
maximum water discharge of fixtures in
terms of fixture units. the maximum
demand of water is equivalent to the
total fixture units in the plumbing system
where “1 fu is valued at 8 gallons of water
discharge per minute interval. “
PROBABLE DEMAND OR PEAK
LOAD
One factor to be considered in
determining the size of the water service
pipe. The question of how many will be
used simultaneously at one point in time
is difficult to ascertain but according to
statistical survey, The fewer the number
of fixtures installed, the higher the
percentage of probability of their
simultaneous use, and the greater the
number of fixtures, the lower the
percentage of probable simultaneous
use.”