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Computer Network

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COMPUTER NETWORKS Feb - 2022 Paper Code:-PCC-CSE-303-G Avote : Attempt ‘five questions in all, selecting one question Srom each Section. aN in. Lis compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. (2.5x6=15) (qi. Explain the following terms : (a) Internal History () ICMP {o Functions and services of Transport layer (@ Transmission modes (¢) Cryptography () UDP ‘Ans.(a) Internal History = ‘The Internet started off with research into what was then unas packet switching as early as the 1960s, Packet switching was thought of a better and termethod to transfer data than the hardware solution to the problem, je the circuitry. The ‘tat switching technology was essential to the development of ARPANET by the United aes Military. ARPANET is considered the first known group of interconnected computers athe intemet."This system was used to transfer confidential data between the Military. ‘This tesharing technology was then opened to educational institutes in the United States to allow sto access to the government's supercomputer, first at 56 kbit/s, then at 1.5 Mbit/s, and then 45 Mbit/s. Com Intemet service providers began to arise in the late 1980s and the internet was ilycommercialized in the US by 1995. {b) ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) : The Internet Control Message tioGol(ICMP) reports errors and sends control messages on behalf of IP. ICMP pes not tempt to make IP a reliable protocol. It simply attempts to report errors and provide feedback specific conditons. ICMP Messages are carried as IPareliable protocol Itsimply attempts to .¢ conditions. ICMP message are carried as IP port errors and provide feedback on specifi nets and are therefore unreliable, IP also lacks @ mechanism for host and management leties. A host cometimes needs to determine ifa router or another hostis alive. And sometimes ‘stork manager needs information from another host or router. The Internet Control Message ‘otocol (ICMP) has been designed to compensated for the above two deficiencies. It is a ‘mpanion to the IP, ICMP itself isa network layer protogol. However, its messages are not issed directly to the data link layer as would be expected. Instead, the messages are first ‘capsulated inside IP datagrams before going tothe lower layer. This has been shown in fig.(a). TMP message ® P header | data Frame header Frame data ee Fig(a) : ICMP Encapsulation48 Computer Netidayes to the Network layer, and ensure that all the pices arrive correctly atthe other ‘end. ‘ere alt th transport lyerprotcos canbe divided int ive expr ‘onlto-end delivery ata Tink aye, layer provides layer controls the so Addressi Reliable delivery Flow control ‘Multiplexing There are 3 types of transmission modes which are satleaane kabler mode, Hall duplex mode, and Full duplex mode, These are ons g 8 following below dnc yal mone In simplex mode, Sender can send the data but that sender cant ‘receive the data, Itis a unidirectional communication, 2. Half-dnplex mode : In half duplex mode, Sender can receive the data but one at a time. It is two-way directional cor end the data and also a ymmunication but one at a 3. Full duplex: mode |n full duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data ultancously. It is two-way directional communication simultaneously, (0) Cryptography : Cryptography refers tothe seience and art of transforming Fees aes fomake them secure and immune to attacks. Itisa method of storing and transiting 21 ina panicuar form so that only those for whom itis intended can read and process Copptography not only protects data from theft or alteration but ean also be used for usee authentication, (9) UDP: The User Datagram protocol (UDP)is a very simple protocol. Itadds litle to thebasie functionality of IP. Like IP, itis an unreliable, connectionless protocl, You donot necdto ‘establish a conneetion with a host before exchnging data with it using UDP, and there fs no Paganism for ensuring that data sent is received. A unit of data sent using UDP is called 2 Patagram, UDP adds four 16-bit header fields (8 bytes) to whatever datais sont. These fics ‘ate Leng field, a checksum field, and source and destination port numbers port number, nthe Content representsa software port nota hardware port. The concept af por numihesiseommon Peeath UDP and TCP. The port numbers Identify which protocol module sent (orf to receive) {he data, Most protocols have standard pors tht are generally use for this, Yor evarple the Tilet Protocol generally uses port 23. The Simple Mail Transfer. Protocol (SMTP) uses port 25. The use of standard port numbers makes to possible for elientsto communicate with «server Juul frst having to establish which porto use. The port mumberand the protacl fet inthe |P header duplicate each other to some extent, though the protocel field i not available to the eet “aherlevel seer TCP — rept f ® Semeite ol. IP usesthe protocol eld determine white dt shoul be paseo the Poa UP o TEP we the pr sunt odie wich opine {recive thn dt. Altoigh UDP iran sprog choke ea Hisused real-time application like Net audio and video where, if data is lost, ado without itthansend iano of sequenced by poacob ie he a gw Management Procol SNMP) a Unit=1 1 Expl varius composts 224) Whats aa commas te? Epa vie cmgeei a f data communication system. infomation ora communton oa poses fxcanging ono svveen two devices over a ‘computer networks this exchange is done between t sages In case of ssionmediun ee eth ross involves a commaieaton system which ‘seu of ta a re nesta paves ears wih PS nes yasses. The software part involves ily A ee, how is tobe commuted and whe, Misa elle Satis tobe communicate, pp of hardware and Prctocol. ‘A Data Communi iagram below jcation system has five components a shown in the diagram bel ‘ranamision Medio Fig. Components of a Data Communication System cated bythe sender tthe Message isthe infomation tobe communicated by the sen 1. Message + Message i re sander + The senders any ove ot . iver is a device that 5. Reedver: The ret sage (mesa ranssion Medi the path by which ne massa siya be wed or wireless many subs a By he sender and reser fo ee oct! isa aged upon 35 FS ws 5. Protocol : Its an nese. scape fseting te a 0. Shaner nats communi the travels from sender 10 Toco isa set of ales that governs data communication. ules that governs da ‘A protocol isa set of rules thatsi,t = a "Comper ssherlnguage the comm ~ iho chotherina diferent langu Q.2.(b) Explain different types of transmission media in d advantages and disadvantages of each media, Ans Analog Teansmision: Analog transmission sa means of tans Sena plow read to thi comet The signals may represent analog date Sees ee inary a that ps trough modem) ner asthe analog Signal wi ME Neth elemate) ae a erin distance. T achive longer dine ge pe shotocns ne emitluesanplishattosth ny in thesia, Parton ‘Leg hooss the noise compoens. With amplifiers cascaded to achieve ngdige becomes more and more distorted. Foranalog data suchas voice, tolerated and the data remain iteligible. However for digit inode errs Advantages of Analog Signals : (i) Analog signals are easier to process (i) Analog signals best suited for audio and video transmission, tiparargd sia are much higher dens, and can resent refined infmato, (x) Anafog signal useless bandwidth than digital signals (©) Analog signals provide a more accurat ‘Phenomena, suchas sound. light temperature, psi (i Analog communication systerns ae etal. Also discusg (10) ng analog Voice) oe rate amir , the signal quite abit of distortion canbe data, cascaded amplifiers wit te representation of changes in physical ion, or pressure css sensitive in terms of electrical tolerance Disdvantages of Analog Signals : | 7 outa wansmission at lng distances may result in undesirable signal disturbances ) Analog signals ae prone to generation loss Analog signals are subject noise and distortion, as opposed to di have much higher immunity (Gv) Analog signals are generally ower qual signals than di ital signals, Pisital Transmission ; In contrast to analog transmission, the digital transmission is Fetoes maith the content ofthe signal A digital signal canbe ransmited only before attenuation. noise and other i distance ments distorts the integrity of the data. To achieve Peater receives the digital signal, recovers the pattern Hence. the attenuation is overcome. We can use same med that the signal carries digital data. Atappropiately as repeaters rather than amplifiers. The repeater recovers and generates anew, clean analog signal. In this way, the Advantages of Digi ‘area as fallows 1 Transmission : Some ofthe advantages of digital Transmission GRD Sos SN prs FD ROT = 6 {ip Due to the channel coding technique uscd in digital transmission iti possible to (orga the errors inroduced during the data transmission,

Addldrop multpl extraction a i vals, Anadd/drop multiplexer (ADM) can add STSs coming from diferent soures into gh xh ecired signal froma path and redirect it without demultiplexing the entire path or ean remove a desired si a signal = Terminals example, in the Interne, a teminal can bea router that needs 10s atthe other side of a SONET network, An ao snd packets to another routerComnetons tne apts ™ Sctnt: Aston the opal ik comnesing two eighbor devices: muller mliplvertoregenerayor peer. to feenaon “Lins: Alinesthe potion othe network between two mulpetts: STS mu teal drop muhplever two ad op maipleses or wo STS mliplxes, ‘ulipexer ~ Paths path sth ended potion ofthe network beteen 40 et STS ‘ers. Ina simple SONET of two STS multiplexers linked directly to ot mia be. and path are the same. " a the he section a se anaBONET Laver: The SONET sandartinl fio the section. th lin, nd the path ayer. The eonespond layers (see Fig.). ——e ath Layer: The Path Layer is responsible ferthe movement ofa sil fom Opt source tit opal destination. the The devies in he previous section ate connected king seston, multipexertg layers: the photonic, land the data ing Paine optical source, the signal is changed from an ue elsif ita ets fr, ited “with other signals, and encapsulated in a frame. al Athena dination te meved ame Sesion yer Aerltiplevd. andthe individual optical signals are changed back nother elec frm, Path Iyer overhead is aed a this ager = Line Layer i The Line Layer is responsible forthe movenii ofa sgl aos a physical line. Line layer overhead is added to | the rae a this yer = Section Layer The Seton Layers responsi 2 posi section. hadles framing, etmblng od added tothe rae a this yer. Photonic ayer le for the movement ofa signal across Tor control. Section layer overhead is iyofthereceiver, 94a) What is Ethernet? Explain gai sing Ebene The iene mn sea osingetanpe of hemnte gence sone CD). The Ethernet is a multi-access network, Lond fees ora shred tk you ean hereon nk of ‘multiple stations plugged into vk ofan vows Awan ee te ie 80. 3 comme eloped a set of specifications referred eal rovide low-cost data transfer at the rat of 100 Ny ompete with LAN protocol st was designed So ihkaN re scan ive th inert? DDD aod teat et. The fast theme uses new feature called autoneotation, fast Ethernet with example(10) loca area networking technology tis leaceess with collision detect (CSMAV that a set of nodes send and receive Ethernet or being like a bus that has sigteeh 58 & @ Semeite Solved pape FRU BOIS ND DNDN hich enables to devices to negotiate on cettin features suchas data rate of mode of ssmission,I80 allows tation to determine the capability of hub and two incomptble ames can also be connected 10 one another using tis feature. Like the standard Eteret «ess plsica yer implementations of the fast Ethernet have also been specified. Some of sate as fl108S tne aes" 00Base-TX : Wether uses two pairs of ether eatS UTP cable or STP cable. The suasinnmn length ofthe cable should not exseed 100m, This implementation uses MILT ine mating echeme due {ois high bandwdih, However, since MLP coding seme isnot sl