Science 10 (1/8/21)

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

- Trace the development of electromagnetic wave theory.

- Define electromagnetic waves.

- Describe the transmission and propagation of electromagnetic waves.

- Discuss the properties of EM waves.

- Solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and energy of an electromagnetic wave.

- Compare the relative wavelengths, frequencies, and energies of the different regions of EM waves.

- Hans Christian Oersted is the first scientist to find the connection between electricity and magnetism.
He showed current carrying wire behaves like a magnet.

- James Clerk Maxwell predicts that connections of magnetism and electricity leading directly to the
prediction of electromagnetic waves. He contributed in developing equations that showed the
relationship of electricity and magnetism.

- Andre Marie Ampere found that wires carrying current produce forces on each other. He
demonstrated magnetic effect based on the direction of the current.

- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz showed that the theory of Maxwell was correct and that light and heat are
electromagnetic radiations. He showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link
to light. The unit of wave frequency "Hertz" which measures the wave cycles per second was named
after him.

- Michael Faraday Describes how an electric current produces a magnetic field, and conversely, how a
changing magnetic field generates an electric current in a conductor. He formulated the principle behind
electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and
magnetic field. It is a transverse wave which means that electric field and magnetic field are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of EM wave. EM waves can travel in a vacuum (can
travel even without a medium)

EM waves travel at a constant speed of 3.00 x 10^8 m/s which is the speed of light in a vacuum.
Amplitude, in physics, the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or
wave measured from its equilibrium position. It is equal to one-half the length of the vibration path.

Remember that the greater the amplitude of a wave, the greater amount of energy it carries.

Wave length

The distance between two consecutive wave crests or between two consecutive wave troughs.

The frequency, represented by the Greek letter nu (ν), is the number of waves that pass a certain point
in a specified amount of time. Typically, frequency is measured in units of cycles per second or waves
per second. One wave per second is also called a Hertz (Hz) and in SI units is a reciprocal second (s−1).

The given are:

We need to derive the equation based from what is asked in the problem:
Substitute the given to the derived equation:

The different types of EM waves are:

- Radiowave

- Microwave

- Infrared

- Visible Light

- Ultraviolet

- X-ray

- Gamma ray

From Left to Right of the Spectrum, the wavelength of the EM waves becomes shorter, while the energy
and frequency becomes higher. Remember that the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency
and energy of a wave.
Science 10 (1/14/21)

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Cite practical applications of the different regions of Electromagnetic waves,
specifically:
- Radio waves
- Microwaves
- Infrared
- Visible light

He is the first person to transmit and receive controlled radio waves.

Transmission:
- Sound waves enters the microphone and are converted into electrical impulses. The
electrical image of the sound will be transferred and taken into the transmitter.
- At the TRANSMITTER, AMPLITUDE MODULATION is being carried out, on its output high
frequency voltage is generated and creates current in the antenna. Electrical
impulses are converted into RADIO WAVES and spreads out through the ambient space.
Reception:
- The radio waves reach a radio RECEIVER and converted back into sounds by
loudspeaker, that sound is exactly the same as the sound acted upon the microphone.
This is how you were able to listen to our favorite songs and favorite radio
stations.

- Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)

- Very Low Frequency (VLF)
- Low Frequency (LF)
- Medium Frequency (MF)
- High Frequency (HF)
- Very High Frequency (VHF)
- Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
- Super High Frequency (SHF)
- Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

- ELF is useful in penetrating water and rock communication.

- LF and MF band are used in aviation radio as well as commercial AM radio
- HF, VHF, and UHF are used in FM radio, broadcast television sound, public service
radio, cellphones, and global positioning system (GPS)
- SF and EHF sometimes used for short range application such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Microwaves are used in satellite communications, RADAR, television, and cooking.

- First Earth's station transmit and receive high frequency signals from satellite
that orbit around the Earth;
- The satellite receive and re-transmit the signal back to Earth where they are
received by other Earth's stations in coverage areas of satellite.
The transmission system from the Earth to the satellite through a channel is called
Uplink while the system from satellite to the Earth's station is called Downlink.

Radio Detection And Ranging

It consist of Antenna, Transmitter, and a Receiver

- The transmitter sends out a narrow beam of microwaves in short pulses;

- A distant object reflects some of the signal back to the receiver.
The direction to which the signal receives gives the direction of the object. The
distance of the object are calculated based on time difference between the
transmitted pulse and the reflected pulse.

- A cell phone encoded the sounds of the caller's voice in microwave by changing the
frequency of the wave called Frequency Modulation;
- The encoded microwaves are then sent from the phone through the air to a cell
tower;
- Waves travel to a switching center;
- The receiver changes the encoded Microwaves back to sounds.
Microwave oven agitates the water molecules within the food, thus creating molecular
friction which then produces heat.

- a type of radiant energy that is invisible to eyes but we can feel as heat
- the amount of energy and wavelength of radiation depends on temperature
- it is emitted by all objects

- Weather Forecasting
- Remote Control
- Thermal Scanner

4 x 10^-7 m - 7 x 10^-7 m
This is the wavelength range of white light and these are the wavelengths of the
different colors that constitute the white light.

Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

It transmits light signals over long distances. Optical cables thin strands of
carefully drawn glass

- Fiber optic transmission is faster.

- Fiber optic transmission can cover greater distances
- Fiber optic cables are resistant to electromagnetic interference (EMI)
- Save space and enhance cable management
- Fiber optics are future-proof
Fiber Optics is important to telecommunications and is now used across the globe by
many telecommunication companies to transmit telephone signals, internet
communication, and cable television signals.
Science 10 (Feb. 1,2021)

In the previous discussion, you've learned the Electromagnetic Radiation. In todays

lesson, you are expected to:
- Identify and define the terms related to reflection of light in plane mirrors;
- Distinguish Converging and Diverging Mirrors;
- Apply ray diagram technique in describing images formed by mirrors; and
- Use mirror equations in predicting the characteristics and position of an image
formed by mirrors.

Let's define first Reflection...

1. What is Reflection?
It is defined as the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane
mirror.

2. What is a Mirror?
It is a reflective surface that bounces off light-producing either a real image or a
virtual image.

To learn more about reflection of light in plane mirrors, you should be familiar
first with the following important terms:
- Incident Ray
- Reflected Ray
- Normal Line

3. How will you describe the three terms stated above?

- Incident Ray. The ray of light approaching the mirror represented by an arrow
approaching an optical element like mirrors.
- Reflected Ray. The ray of light which leaves the mirror and is represented by an
arrow pointing away from the mirror.
- Normal Line. An imaginary line (labeled N in the Figure below) that can be drawn
perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence where the ray
strikes the mirror.
The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is known as the angle of
incidence, Өi. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the
angle of reflection, Өr.

There two types of images that can be formed in mirrors in the reflection of light
rays: Real Image and Virtual Image

4. How will you differentiate Real Image from Virtual Image?

- Real Image is formed when the light rays meet at a particular point after
reflection from the mirror (in front of the mirror).
- Virtual Image is formed when the light rays appear to meet at definite point (at
the back of the mirror), after reflection from the mirror.

5. What are the characteristics of images formed by plane mirror?

The characteristics of images formed by plane mirror are:
- Virtual
- Upright
- Left-right reversed (laterally inverted)
- Same distance from the mirror as the object distance
- Same size as the object

There are two (2) laws that governs the reflection of light in plane mirrors...

6. State the two Laws of Reflection?

The two laws that governs the reflection of light in plane mirrors are:
- The normal line, incident ray, and the reflected ray lie on the same plane.
- The angle of incidence (Өi) is equal to the angle of reflection (Өr).

he reflection of light can be categorized into Regular Reflection and Irregular

Reflection
7. How will you compare Regular/Specular Reflection from Irregular/Diffused
Reflection?
Regular reflection (specular)- light reflection from a smooth surface at a definite
angle.
Irregular reflection (diffuse)- produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light
in all directions.

Another characteristic of mirrors is the Mirror Left-Right Reversal...

8. How will you describe the Mirror Left-Right Reversal effect?

The left side of the object appears as the right side of the image and the right side
appears as the left. This also explains why the word “AMBULANCE” in an ambulance
car is flipped.

Plane mirrors can also formed Multiple Images...

9. Why multiple images are formed when two mirrors are placed adjacent to each other?
Multiple images are formed when two mirrors are placed adjacent to each other at an
angle and the object is located between the mirrors. Numerous images are formed due
to multiple reflections on the mirror. The smaller the angle of the mirrors, the
greater the number of images formed.

Let's now proceed to the Spherical Mirrors...

The Spoon that we use for eating is best example of both Concave and Convex Mirror.

There are terminologies to be familiarized in Curved Mirrors:

- Principal Axis - a straight line drawn through the center of the mirror
- Center of Curvature, C - the center of the sphere of which the mirror is part. Its
distance from the mirror is known as the radius.
- Vertex, V - the center of the mirror.
- Focal Point/ Focus, F - the point between the center of the curvature and vertex.
Its distance from the mirror is known as the focal length, f.
There are two types of Curved Mirrors: Concave and Convex Mirrors...

10. How will you differentiate Concave and Convex Mirrors?

- Concave Mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges away from
the light source. It is also called Converging Mirror because the parallel incident
rays converge or meet/intersect at a focal point after reflection.
- Convex Mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards the
light source. It is also called Diverging Mirror because the parallel incident rays
diverge after reflection. When extending the reflected rays behind the mirror, the
rays converge at the focus behind the mirror.

Let us know now what are the image formed by Curved Mirrors. Take note of the
terminologies that we have previously stated!
But let's define first Ray Diagram

11. What is a Ray Diagram?

Ray diagram- representation of the paths taken by the light when the light is passed
through one point to other.

There are four (4) Principal Rays to be considered in illustrating the Ray Diagram of
Curved Mirrors. Refer to the table below
The Mirror Equation is
used to determine
the exact location
and size of the
image formed in a
curved mirror.
The magnification tells the change in size, or height (the magnification) of the
image relative to the object using the object and image distances from the mirror.
The magnification (m) is given by the formula below:

Sign Conventions should be considered in performing the Mirror Equation

Science 10 (2/5/21)
In the previous discussion, you've learned all about plane and curved mirrors as well
as the image formation by these kind of mirrors. In todays lesson, you are expected
to:
- Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by lenses.

In your past Science lesson, you have learned that when light strikes a mirror it
will be reflected to form an image. But what will happen when light passes from one
medium like air to another medium like water? Have you ever experience to stand on
the side of the pool and tried to dive for an object like coin on the bottom? You may
be surprise that the coin was not on the place where you expected it to be in. This
is due to the other property of light that is called as refraction.

1. What is Refraction?
It is the bending and changing in the direction of light as it passes obliquely from
one medium to another medium of different optical densities. Light bends because it
changes speed when it moves between materials that have different densities such as
air and water.

2. What is the reason why you couldn't run fast in water and why is it easier for you
to run against air on the ground?
It is because water is denser than air. Your speed in water is much lower because it
is denser.

Same thing happen to the light when it enters the water from the air. It's speed
becomes less and the direction changes. Thus the bending of light makes the object's
image appear in different position from where the object is.
Let's proceed on our main topic...the Lenses

3. What are lenses?

Lenses are made up of transparent materials like glass or plastic that can
bend/refract light rays and focuses them at a point.

The word LENS came from the Latin word "LENTIL", which is a type of bean that is used
for cooking. We sometimes associated it to the vegetable called "patani".

4. How do lenses work?

A lens works by refraction. It bends light rays as they pass through and change
direction.

Thanks to this bending of light by refraction it made it possible for us to have

lenses used in eye glasses, prism in rainbow, magnifying glass, and even our eyes
utilize this bending of light. Without refraction, wouldn't be able to focus light
onto our retina.

There are two (2) types of lenses: Convex and Concave Lenses

5. How will you compare the two types of lens?

- A Convex Lens, also called as converging lens, is thicker at the middle but thinner
at the edge. It forms real and virtual images depending on the position of the
object.
- A Concave Lens, also known as diverging lens, is thicker at the edge but thinner at
the middle. It forms upright and reduced images.

In describing the image formed by Convex and Concave Lens, we can use the graphical
method through Ray Diagramming...

Let us determine first determine the different parts of the Lens...

6. What are the different parts of the Lens? Describe each.

The different parts of the Lens are:

- Principal axis – the straight line passing through the geometrical center of a
lens and joining the two centers of curvature of its surfaces. Aside from the
Principal axis, you can also draw a vertical imaginary line. This imaginary line will
serve as guide when to bend the refracted ray in graphical method.
- Vertex (V) – geometric center of the lens.
- Focal point/Focus (F) – is a point where light rays parallel to the principal axis
converge after refracted by the lens. Its distance from the Vertex is called the
focal length. (*F’ is for the virtual focus and F is for the real focus.). You can
also double the value of focal length or f and mark it as 2F.

You also need to take note the two sides of the Lens: The Front of the Lens where the
object can be located and the Backside/Behind the Lens where the image maybe formed.

7. What are the three (3) most useful rays in Ray Diagram for Concave and Convex
Lens?
The three (3) most useful rays in Ray Diagram for Concave and Convex Lens are:
- P-F Ray
- F-P Ray
- V Ray
where:
P=Parallel Ray
F=Focal Point or Focus
V= Vertex
Take note: You will be needing at least two of these rays to describe the images
formed by a lens.

8. How will you describe the image formed by Convex and Concave Lenses?
It is through the acronym L-O-S-T which stands for:
* Location of the Image = it is categorized into two: Behind the Lens (Between V and
F, At F, Beyond 2F, Between F and 2F, At 2F) and In Front of the Lens
* Orientation of the Image = Upright (if the Image is drawn above the Principal axis)
or Inverted (if the Image is drawn below the Principal axis)
* Size of the Image = Same, Reduced, Enlarged
* Type of the Image = Real Image or Virtual Image
Note: The image is Real if it is inverted, and the image is Virtual if it is upright.

Let us now have a Sample Ray Diagramming for Convex Lens. The first thing that you
need to do is to draw the important parts of the Lens which includes the Principal
axis, the Focus, the Vertex, and 2F. Second, draw the Object in front of the Lens
based on the indicated location. After having the important parts of the Lens, draw
at least two (2) of the three useful rays in Ray Diagram for Convex and Concave
Lenses. It can be either a combination of P-F Ray and F-P Ray, P-F Ray and V Ray, or
F-P Ray or V-Ray. The merging or intersection of the refracted rays behind the lens
is where the image to be drawn.
Same goes with the Ray Diagramming for Concave Lens, draw the important parts of the
Lens which includes the Principal axis, the Focus, the Vertex, and 2F. Second, draw
the Object in front of the Lens based on the indicated location. And lastly, draw at
least two (2) of the three useful rays in Ray Diagram for Convex and Concave Lenses.
It can be either a combination of P-F Ray and F-P Ray, P-F Ray and V Ray, or F-P Ray
or V-Ray. The merging or intersection of the refracted rays in front of the lens is
where the image to be drawn.
Science 10 (2/11/21)
In the previous discussion, you've learned all about lenses. In todays lesson, you
are expected to:
- Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in
optical instruments.

In today's discussion, we will give emphasis on the different Optical Instruments

including their uses and functions.

Let's define first Optics...

1. What is Optics?
It is the study of visible light and how it can be used to extend human vision and do
other tasks like it. Optical instruments are based upon the study of optics.

2. What is the function and type of lens used in Magnifying

- It is a simple optical instrument used for viewing details of objects with some
magnification.
- A magnifying glass is a convex (curved outward) lens.

3. What is the function and type of lens used in Compound Microscope?

Did you know that although Galileo Galilei is often credited with inventing
Telescope, he actually did not. The first Telescope were created in Netherlands in
1608 by spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey.

4. What is the function of Telescope?

Telescopes are meant for viewing distant objects, producing an image that is larger
than the image that can be seen with unaided eye. There are two (2) types of
Telescopes: Refracting and Reflecting.

Did you know that although Galileo Galilei is often credited with inventing
Telescope, he actually did not. The first Telescope were created in Netherlands in
1608 by spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey.

5. What is the function and type of lens used in Camera?

- The camera is a box-like device used for taking pictures.
- It uses a lens that produces a real image on photographic film.

6. What is the function and type of lens used in Binocular?

- It consist of a pair of telescopes mounted together, each having an objective lens
and an eyepiece.
- It uses a system of prisms to switch the image left to right and right to left.
Then the eyepiece create a large, virtual, and upright images.

7. What is the function and type of lens used in Endoscope?

- It is an illuminated optical, typically slender and tubular instrument used to look
deep into the body and used in procedure called an ENDOSCOPY.
- It has a converging lens and bunches of optical fibers that convey the image to the
end of the tube, where the image can be observed through a computer monitor or
screen.

8. What is the function and type of lens used in Spectrometer?

It uses the principle of diffraction to create a spectrum of colors emitted by a
light source. This aid scientists and engineers in identifying different substances.

9. What is the function of Periscope?

It is an optical device consisting of a tube attached to a set of mirrors or prisms,
through which an observer (typically in a submerged submarine) can see things that
are otherwise out of sight.
- It is used to project images or written material onto a wall or screen.
- It has a mirror, which focuses light from an intense source onto a pair of
converging lenses. These lenses direct the light through the slide to a projection
lens. The lens is also mounted on a sliding tube so that it can be adjusted to be
able to focus the real image on the screen.

10. What is the function and type of lens used in Overhead Projector?
- It is used to project images or written material onto a wall or screen.
- It has a mirror, which focuses light from an intense source onto a pair of
converging lenses. These lenses direct the light through the slide to a projection
lens. The lens is also mounted on a sliding tube so that it can be adjusted to be
able to focus the real image on the screen.
Science 10 (2/18/21)
In the previous discussion, you've learned all about Optical Instruments. In todays
lesson, you are expected to:
- Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator.

Electricity is now an essential part of modern life. Electricity provides lighting,

heating, cooling, refrigeration, and more. To provide electrical power, energy is
converted from other forms to electricity. Converting energy from one form to another
is the key to understanding our lesson for today which are the: Electric Motors and
Generators.

1. What is the main difference between Electric Motors and Electric Generators?
Electric Motors converts electrical energy to mechanical energy providing a power
source for machineries while Electric Generators does the opposite of Electric
Motors, it converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Despite the significant difference in function, Electric Motors and Electric

Generators are closely connected by their underlying mechanisms, both rely on
important law of physics which is known as the Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction.

2. Who is Michael Faraday?

In 1831, he discovered electromagnetic induction, revealing the intimate relationship
between the observed phenomena of magnetism and electricity.

3. What is Faraday's Law of Induction?

Faraday's Law of Induction is a law of physics designed to accurately predict and
measure how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF).

4. What is Electromotive Force (EMF)?

It converts other forms of energy, such as mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Let's focus first to Electric Generators.

5. What is an Electric Generator?

- It is a machine used to convert mechanical energy into electricity.
- It is powered by a fuel source such as oil, gasoline, wind, or moving water,
generators create an electrical current through electromagnetic induction.

6. What are the two categories of Electric Generators?

- Dynamos generate direct current.
- Alternators generate alternating current.

7. How do you describe a Dynamo?

Dynamo
- was the first form of an electric generator that was useful for industrial
applications.
-uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fuels to convert mechanical energy into
direct current (DC).
- Historically, dynamos were used for electric power generation, often using steam as
a source to generate the needed mechanical energy.

8. How do you describe Alternators?

- Alternators are far more widespread for electricity generation. This type of
generator converts mechanical energy into alternating current;
- A rotating magnet serves as the rotor, turning within a set of conductor coils on
an iron core, which serves as the stator;
- As the magnetic field rotates, it generates an AC Voltage in the stator. The
magnetic field can be created either by permanent magnets or by a field coil
electromagnet.

9. What are the uses of Electric Generators?

- Generators widely serve as backup power sources for factories and hospitals, where
the facility can set them up to work immediately if the main power goes out;
- Commonly used by residential homes and small businesses, commercial generators are
usually the size of a large barbeque grill and allow for easy storage.

Let's now proceed to Electric Motors...

10. What is an Electric Motor?
It takes electricity and converts it into mechanical energy.

11. What are the different parts of an Electric Motor?

- Stator: The stationary part of an electric motor. It is often consisting of a
permanent magnet.
- Rotor: Located inside the stator. It is the rotating part of an electric motor and
consists of a conducting coil inside it.
- Commutator: Located at one end of the coil. It is a metal ring divided into two
halves. It reverses the electrical current in the coil each time the coil rotates
half a turn.
- Brushes and Terminals: Located at one end of the motor. They are at the opposite
end from where the rotor exits the motor casing. Brushes send electrical current to
the Commutator and are typically made of graphite. Terminals are the locations where
the battery attaches to the motor and sends the current to spin the rotor.

12. What are the two (2) classifications of Electric Motors? Describe each.
- AC Motors are powered by main electricity use Alternating Current (AC).
- DC Motors are powered by using Direct Current (DC), which is produced by cells and
batteries.

13. How does Electric Motors work?

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the
motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in
the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.

14. What are the uses of Electric Motors?

Electric motors can be found in a diverse range of applications, from industrial
manufacturing machinery to everyday household appliances, like Electric Fan, Washing
Machine, Refrigerator, Blender, Cars, and Food Mixers.
Faraday's monumental discovery that magnetic fields interact with electric currents
to create an electromotive force, open the door to modern electrical technology.
Faraday's Law of Induction is the principle behind Transformers, Electric Motors,
Electric Generators, Inductors, and Solenoids. Without these knowledge, it would have
been impossible to develop the reliable equipment that generates electricity to the
grid or electric motors to power other machineries.