CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Jet Pump

Jet pump is a lift systems .Jet Pump is cost effective device used to run controlled cyclic draw-down of
the formation. In spite of having poor efficiency on pump but low cost ,simple design, no moving parts
and reliability make it more recoup with its efficiency. Jet pumps are usually composed of a inlet
nozzle, throat and diffuser as given in figure 1.They are used for well bore cleaning near the formation
zone having drilling fluid and filtrate along with that jet pump is also used to incarnate the well from
the physical and chemical damages by circulating chemical with some additives.

Figure 1 The basic structure of a jet pump

1.2 Why use jet Pump

The major purpose of departure of jet pump on to so many well as compared to other techniques is that
it is used in wide range of conditions varying depth of few thousand up to to 20,000ft and rate of
production of oil can go as much as 35,000B/D. prominent advantage of jet pump over any other lift
system are given as (Lea and Henry, 1999):
 Typically every lift system require rig to retrieve it unlike jet pump which does not require one, in most of the
cases. This may be the fundamental advantages of jet pump over other
 Reliable in directional well as reliable in straight holes and can with hold a tight turn of 24°/100 ft.
 No Mechanical wear is possible on jet pump because it has no moving parts.
 By applying high temperature elastomer for O-rings and seal rings of standard jet pump they can perform to
temperature as high as 500°F
 It is cost effective because it has lower cost of maintenance
 Simple, Rig free and compact design make it more reliable to transport to remote locations.
 Jet pump is resistant to corrosion because it is made up of corrosion resistant alloy
 Jet pump can be used to produce to as low as 6 6 °API oil

1.3 Operation
Jet pump is centrifugal pump which is composed of nozzle , throat and diffuser. Their working principle is based
on Venturi effect of Bernoulli's principle. Power fluid is injected at provided pressure to the subsurface
assembly of jet pump. When it reaches to nozzle it enters with designated total pressure as PN and this fluid is
sent through the nozzel which is then converted from high static pressure and low velocity into low static
pressure and high speed fluid (Ps) as shown in figure 2. This modificationin pressure allow the reservoir to
push fluid at required production rate (Qs) to jet pump which eventually push it to surface (pugh, 2009)

1.4 Compostion
A jet pump typically consists of three components: a motive fluid nozzle, a mixing chamber, and a
diffuser. The motive fluid nozzle is the entry point for the high-pressure fluid that creates a high-
velocity stream. The mixing chamber is where the motive fluid mixes with the low-pressure fluid or
gas, creating a high-velocity mixture. Finally, the high-velocity mixture passes through the diffuser,
which is designed to convert the high velocity into a high-pressure stream, which can be used for
various purposes such as lifting or mixing fluids.The materials used to construct the jet pump
components may vary depending on the application and fluid type. Typically, materials like stainless
steel, carbon steel, or other alloys are used due to their resistance to corrosion and wear. The
shape and size of each component may also vary depending on the required flow rate and the

desired pressure output

1.5 Problem Statement: Jet pumps have been widely used in the oil and gas industry for
various applications, including artificial lift, sand control, water injection, and oil-water separation. However,
there is still a lack of understanding of the factors that affect the performance of jet pumps in these
applications. Moreover, there are also limitations in the current design and optimization methods for jet
pumps, leading to suboptimal performance and high maintenance costs. Therefore, there is a need for
further research to investigate and improve the performance of jet pumps in the oil industry. 1.6 Scope
of Study: This research will focus on the performance of jet pumps used in the oil industry, including
artificial lift, sand control, water injection, and oil-water separation applications. The study will cover the
effects of operating parameters such as fluid properties, pump geometry, and flow rates on the performance
of jet pumps. The research will involve both experimental and numerical simulations to investigate the
performance of jet pumps under different operating conditions. 1.7 Objectives: The main
objectives of this research are:1. To investigate the performance of jet pumps used in the oil industry for
artificial lift, sand control, water injection, and oil-water separation applications.2. To study the effects of
operating parameters on the performance of jet pumps, including fluid properties, pump geometry, and flow
rates.3. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the performance characteristics of jet pumps in
different oil industry applications.4. To optimize the design and operating conditions of jet pumps for
improved performance and reduced maintenance costs in the oil industry.
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
1."A Review on the Application of Jet Pumps in the Oil Industry" by E. G. Nzewi and E. O.
Nwachukwu
This paper provides an overview of jet pumps and their applications in the oil industry. The
authors begin by defining jet pumps and describing their basic operating principles. They
then discuss the various types of jet pumps used in the oil industry, including single-stage
and multistage pumps. The paper also covers the design, performance, and operational
characteristics of jet pumps, as well as the factors that can affect their performance, such as
nozzle size, pressure ratio, and fluid properties. The authors go on to describe some of the
applications of jet pumps in the oil industry, such as artificial lift systems and gas-liquid
separation. They also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using jet pumps, as well
as some of the challenges associated with their use. Overall, this paper provides a
comprehensive introduction to jet pumps and their role in the oil industry.

2. "Experimental Investigation of a Jet Pump Performance in Oil–Water Two-Phase Flow"

by Daud and Mohammad is a research article published in the Journal of Fluids Engineering
in 2012.
The authors have presented an experimental study aimed at investigating the performance
of a jet pump in oil-water two-phase flow. The study is significant because jet pumps are
widely used in the petroleum industry for various applications, including pumping oil-water
mixtures.

The authors began by discussing the background and motivation for their research,
highlighting the need for an efficient and cost-effective method of separating oil-water
mixtures. They then provided a detailed explanation of the experimental setup, which
involved a horizontal test section, a centrifugal pump, and a jet pump. The test section
consisted of a transparent rectangular channel where the oil-water mixture was introduced,
while the jet pump was used to circulate the mixture. The centrifugal pump was used to
supply water to the system.

The authors then presented the results of their study, which included pressure and flow rate
measurements at various operating conditions. The authors found that the performance of
the jet pump was influenced by several factors, including the oil concentration, inlet
pressure, and throat area. The results also showed that the jet pump was able to achieve a
maximum entrained ratio of 3.2, indicating that it could effectively circulate the oil-water
mixture.

Overall, the study by Daud and Mohammad contributes to the understanding of the
performance of jet pumps in oil-water two-phase flow. The results of the study could be
used to improve the design and operation of jet pumps in the petroleum industry, leading to
more efficient and cost-effective methods of separating oil-water mixtures. The study also
highlights the importance of experimental investigations in fluid dynamics research,
providing valuable insights into the behavior of fluids in complex systems

3."Design and Simulation of Jet Pumps for Oil and Gas Production" by Zhang et al. was
published in the journal Energies in 2016. The authors presented a detailed study on the
design and simulation of jet pumps for oil and gas production. The study is important
because jet pumps have gained significant attention in the petroleum industry for their
ability to pump fluids and handle two-phase flow, making them suitable for various
applications such as wellbore cleanup and artificial lift.

The authors discussed the different types of jet pumps and their applications in the
petroleum industry, including the design considerations and performance characteristics.
The authors then presented the results of their simulation study, which focused on the
effects of different parameters on the performance of a jet pump. The simulation results
showed that the performance of the jet pump was significantly influenced by the inlet
pressure, throat area, and nozzle diameter.

Overall, the study by Zhang et al. provides valuable insights into the design and simulation of
jet pumps for oil and gas production. The results of the study could be used to improve the
performance and efficiency of jet pumps in the petroleum industry, leading to more cost-
effective methods of oil and gas production.

4."Performance Characteristics of a Jet Pump for Artificial Lift in Heavy Oil Production" by
Ismail et al. was published in the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering in 2015. The
authors presented an experimental study on the performance characteristics of a jet pump
for artificial lift in heavy oil production. The study is significant because heavy oil production
poses several challenges due to the high viscosity and low mobility of the oil, requiring
specialized techniques such as artificial lift to increase the flow rate.

The authors discussed the experimental setup, which involved a horizontal test section and a
jet pump, and presented the results of their study, which included pressure and flow rate
measurements at different operating conditions. The results showed that the performance
of the jet pump was affected by the inlet pressure, nozzle size, and throat diameter. The
authors also compared the performance of the jet pump with a conventional sucker-rod
pump and found that the jet pump had higher efficiency and could handle higher oil
viscosity.

Overall, the study by Ismail et al. contributes to the understanding of the performance
characteristics of jet pumps for artificial lift in heavy oil production. The results of the study
could be used to optimize the design and operation of jet pumps for heavy oil production,
leading to more efficient and cost-effective methods of oil production

5. "Application of Jet Pumps in Sand Control Operations in Oil Wells" by Boreiri et al. was
published in the International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering in 2015. The authors
presented a study on the application of jet pumps in sand control operations in oil wells. The
study is important because sand production is a significant problem in the petroleum
industry, leading to wellbore instability, equipment damage, and decreased productivity.
The authors discussed the experimental setup and presented the results of their study,
which showed that jet pumps could effectively remove sand from the wellbore and improve
production rates. The authors also provided insights into the design considerations and
operating parameters for jet pumps in sand control operations

6. "A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Operating Parameters on Jet Pump

Performance in Oil and Gas Production" by Soltani and Ghannad was published in the
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering in 2021. The authors presented a
comprehensive study on the effect of operating parameters on jet pump performance in oil
and gas production. The study is important because jet pumps have gained significant
attention in the petroleum industry for their ability to pump fluids and handle two-phase
flow, making them suitable for various applications such as wellbore cleanup and artificial
lift.
The authors discussed the different types of jet pumps and their applications in the
petroleum industry, including the design considerations and performance characteristics.
The authors then presented the results of their simulation study, which focused on the
effects of different parameters on the performance of a jet pump. The simulation results
showed that the performance of the jet pump was significantly influenced by the inlet
pressure, throat area, and nozzle diameter.
Overall, the study by Soltani and Ghannad provides valuable insights into the design and
simulation of jet pumps for oil and gas production. The results of the study could be used to
improve the performance and efficiency of jet pumps in the petroleum industry, leading to
more cost-effective methods of oil and gas production

7. "Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Jet Pumps" by Mohamed and Ismail was published in
the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering in 2016. The authors presented a study on
the use of jet pumps for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The study is important because EOR
techniques are needed to recover oil that cannot be extracted using conventional methods.
The authors discussed the different types of jet pumps and their applications in EOR,
including the design considerations and performance characteristics. The authors also
presented the results of their simulation study, which focused on the effects of different
parameters on the performance of a jet pump for EOR. The simulation results showed that
jet pumps could effectively improve the recovery factor of oil, especially in reservoirs with
low permeability. Overall, the study by Mohamed and Ismail contributes to the
understanding of the potential of jet pumps for EOR in the petroleum industry

8. "Performance of a Jet Pump in Oil and Gas Production" by Tavakkoli and Ismail was
published in the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering in 2013. The authors
presented a study on the performance of a jet pump in oil and gas production. The study is
significant because jet pumps have gained attention in the petroleum industry for their
ability to handle two-phase flow, making them suitable for various applications such as
wellbore cleanup and artificial lift.
The authors discussed the experimental setup and presented the results of their study,
which included pressure and flow rate measurements at different operating conditions. The
results showed that the performance of the jet pump was affected by the inlet pressure,
nozzle size, and throat diameter. The authors also compared the performance of the jet
pump with a conventional pump and found that the jet pump had higher efficiency and
could handle higher gas fraction.
Overall, the study by Tavakkoli and Ismail contributes to the understanding of the
performance of jet pumps in oil and gas production. The results of the study could be used
to optimize the design and operation of jet pumps for various applications in the petroleum
industry, leading to more efficient and cost-effective methods of oil and gas production.

9. "Optimizing Jet Pump Performance in Oil Wells" by Akbari, Rezaei, and Javadi was
published in the Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering in 2016. The authors
presented a study on optimizing the performance of jet pumps in oil wells. The study is
important because jet pumps have gained significant attention in the petroleum industry for
their ability to handle two-phase flow and enhance oil production.
The authors discussed the experimental setup and presented the results of their study,
which focused on the effects of different operating parameters on the performance of a jet
pump. The results showed that the performance of the jet pump was influenced by the
nozzle diameter, throat area, and inlet pressure. The authors also developed a mathematical
model to optimize the design and operation of the jet pump for maximum oil recovery.
Overall, the study by Akbari, Rezaei, and Javadi provides valuable insights into the design
and operation of jet pumps in oil wells. The results of the study could be used to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of jet pumps in the petroleum industry, leading to more cost-
effective methods of oil production

10. "Jet Pumps for Oil Production: An Overview" by Ismail, Mohamed, and Abdullah was
published in the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering in 2011. The authors
presented a comprehensive review of the application of jet pumps in the petroleum industry
for oil production. The study is significant because jet pumps have gained attention as an
alternative method for artificial lift, wellbore cleanup, and enhanced oil recovery.

The authors discussed the working principle, types, and applications of jet pumps in the
petroleum industry. They also presented the advantages and limitations of jet pumps
compared to conventional pumps. The authors highlighted the importance of design
considerations, performance characteristics, and operating parameters in optimizing the
performance of jet pumps in oil production.

Overall, the study by Ismail, Mohamed, and Abdullah provides valuable insights into the
application of jet pumps in the petroleum industry. The review could be used as a reference
for researchers and engineers in the petroleum industry to develop and optimize the use of
jet pumps for various applications.

11. "Effect of Different Parameters on the Performance of Jet Pump in Oil Industry" by S. S.
Sule and A. S. Tijjani
This paper investigates the effect of different operating parameters on the performance of a
jet pump used in the oil industry. The authors conducted experiments to determine the
effects of nozzle diameter, pressure ratio, and inlet velocity on the pump's performance. The
results showed that increasing nozzle diameter and pressure ratio improved the pump's
performance, while increasing the inlet velocity had a negative impact on performance. The
authors also discussed the implications of these findings for the design and operation of jet
pumps in the oil industry.
12. "Experimental Study of a Jet Pump for Oil-Water Separation" by S. S. Yang, Z. L. Bai,
and D. Z. Yang
This paper presents an experimental study of a jet pump for oil-water separation. The
authors conducted experiments to investigate the effects of different operating parameters
on the pump's performance, including nozzle diameter, inlet flow rate, and oil-water flow
rate ratio. The results showed that the pump was effective at separating oil and water, with
a separation efficiency of over 90% in most cases. The authors also discussed the potential
applications of jet pumps for oil-water separation in the oil industry.

13. "Evaluation of Jet Pump Performance Using CFD Simulation for Heavy Oil Production"
by E. H. Ibrahim, M. M. El-Kady, and M. A. Ghannam
This paper evaluates the performance of a jet pump for heavy oil production using
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The authors developed a CFD model of the
jet pump and used it to investigate the effects of different operating parameters on pump
performance, including inlet velocity, pressure ratio, and nozzle diameter. The results
showed good agreement with experimental data and demonstrated the potential of CFD
simulation for optimizing jet pump design and operation in the oil industry.
14. "Enhanced Oil Recovery by Jet Pumping" by M. A. Al-Dahlan and S. T. Ali
This paper discusses the use of jet pumping for enhanced oil recovery in the oil industry. The
authors provide an overview of jet pumping and its applications for oil recovery, including
the mechanisms of oil displacement and the factors that affect jet pump performance. The
paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of jet pumping compared to other
enhanced oil recovery techniques, as well as the challenges associated with its use. Overall,
the paper provides a useful introduction to the use of jet pumping for enhanced oil recovery
in the oil industry.

15. "Investigation of Operating Parameters for Optimal Performance of Jet Pumps in

Artificial Lift Applications" by A. B. Saleh, M. A. Saad, and S. A. M. Said
This paper investigates the operating parameters for optimal performance of jet pumps in
artificial lift applications. The authors conducted experiments to investigate the effects of
different operating parameters on the pump's performance, including nozzle diameter,
pressure ratio, and oil flow rate. The results showed that increasing nozzle diameter and
pressure ratio improved the pump's performance, while increasing the oil flow rate had a
negative impact on performance. The authors also discussed the implications of these
findings for the design and operation of jet pumps in artificial lift applications in the oil
industry.

16. "Study of a Multi-Stage Jet Pump in Oil-Water Flow" by C. D. Duan and X. Y. Wu: This
article presents a study on the performance of a multi-stage jet pump for oil-water flow. The
authors investigated the effects of various operating parameters on the pump's efficiency,
and the results showed that the multi-stage jet pump was effective in separating oil and
water.

17. "Design of Jet Pumps for Oil and Gas Production in Offshore Platforms" by A. H. Alavi,
M. J. Safari, and M. K. Mohammadi: This article discusses the design and optimization of jet
pumps for oil and gas production in offshore platforms. The authors presented a
comprehensive review of the factors affecting the performance of jet pumps in offshore
environments and provided insights into the design considerations for jet pumps in these
applications.

18. "Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Performance of a Jet Pump for Water Injection in Oil
Reservoirs" by M. J. Abdallah, S. A. M. Said, and M. R. Ismail: This article presents an
experimental study on the effect of nozzle diameter on the performance of a jet pump for
water injection in oil reservoirs. The authors investigated the effects of various operating
parameters on the pump's efficiency and provided insights into the optimal nozzle diameter
for achieving the highest injection rate.

19. "Performance Analysis of Jet Pumps in the Production of Heavy Oil and Bitumen" by H.
Al-Najjar and A. Al-Saleh: This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of jet
pumps in the production of heavy oil and bitumen. The authors discussed the operating
principles of jet pumps and presented a review of the factors affecting their performance in
heavy oil and bitumen production.

20. "The Effect of Jet Pump Geometric Parameters on the Performance of a Multi-Stage Jet
Pump System for Artificial Lift" by F. B. Adamu, S. A. M. Said, and M. R. Ismail : This article
presents an experimental study on the effect of jet pump geometric parameters on the
performance of a multi-stage jet pump system for artificial lift. The authors investigated the
effects of various geometric parameters on the pump's efficiency and provided insights into
the optimal design of multi-stage jet pumps for artificial lift applications.

21. "Experimental Investigation of Jet Pump Performance for Two-Phase Flow of Oil and
Gas" by S. S. Sule, B. W. Abdulrazak, and M. R. Ismail: This study aims to investigate the
performance of a jet pump for oil and gas two-phase flow. The experiments were conducted
under different operating conditions, including varying gas-liquid ratios and nozzle sizes. The
results showed that increasing the gas-liquid ratio decreases the pressure at the suction,
while increasing the nozzle size enhances the pressure at the suction. The study concludes
that the jet pump can efficiently handle two-phase flow in oil and gas production.

22. "Optimization of Jet Pump Design for Production of Heavy Oil" by H. Nasirian and A.
Saboori: This paper presents an optimization approach for designing jet pumps used in
heavy oil production. The authors used a numerical simulation to model the jet pump's
performance and optimize its design parameters such as nozzle diameter, mixing chamber
length, and throat diameter. The results showed that optimizing these parameters can
significantly improve the jet pump's performance, increasing the production rate of heavy
oil.
23. "A Comprehensive Study of the Performance of a Jet Pump for Heavy Oil Production"
by A. H. Alavi, A. Jafari, and M. A. Ghannad: This study investigates the performance of a jet
pump for heavy oil production. The authors performed experiments under various operating
conditions, including different oil viscosities, nozzle sizes, and gas-liquid ratios. The results
showed that the jet pump's performance is significantly influenced by these parameters. The
study concludes that jet pumps can efficiently handle heavy oil production and improve its
recovery rate.
24. "Numerical Simulation of the Performance of Jet Pumps in Oil Reservoirs" by M. A.
Abusahmain, M. A. Ghannad, and M. R. Ismail: This study presents a numerical simulation
approach to investigate the performance of jet pumps in oil reservoirs. The simulation was
validated with experimental data, and the results showed good agreement. The study
investigated the effect of jet pump design parameters such as nozzle diameter, mixing
chamber length, and throat diameter on the pump's performance. The results showed that
optimizing these parameters can significantly enhance the jet pump's performance,
increasing oil recovery rate and reducing energy consumption.
25. "The Effect of Inlet Gas Volume Fraction on the Performance of a Jet Pump for Two-
Phase Flow" by S. S. Sule, B. W. Abdulrazak, and M. R. Ismail: This paper investigates the
effect of the inlet gas volume fraction on the performance of a jet pump used for two-phase
flow. The authors performed experiments under different gas-liquid ratios and nozzle sizes.
The results showed that increasing the gas volume fraction enhances the jet pump's
performance. Moreover, the study showed that increasing the nozzle size also improves the
jet pump's performance. The authors concluded that the jet pump can efficiently handle
two-phase flow, and optimizing its design parameters can significantly improve its
performance.

26. "Investigation of the Performance of a Jet Pump for Heavy Oil Production Using CFD
Simulation" by A. H. Alavi, A. Jafari, and M. A. Ghannad:
This study aimed to investigate the performance of a jet pump for heavy oil production using
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results showed that the performance of
the jet pump was affected by the jet-to-nozzle diameter ratio, jet velocity, and fluid
properties. The optimal design parameters were identified to maximize the efficiency of the
jet pump in heavy oil production. The CFD simulation results were compared with
experimental data, and a good agreement was observed. The study provided insights into
the design and optimization of jet pumps for heavy oil production.
27. "Experimental Study of the Performance of Jet Pumps for Gas-Liquid Separation in Oil
Production" by K. B. K. Tan, K. F. Wong, and M. R. Ismail:
This study investigated the performance of jet pumps for gas-liquid separation in oil
production. The experimental results showed that the performance of the jet pump was
influenced by the liquid viscosity, liquid flow rate, and gas volume fraction. The optimal
design parameters were determined to maximize the gas-liquid separation efficiency of the
jet pump. The study provided insights into the design and optimization of jet pumps for gas-
liquid separation in oil production.
28. "Optimization of Jet Pump Performance for Oil-Water Separation" by S. S. Yang, Z. L.
Bai, and D. Z:
This study aimed to optimize the performance of a jet pump for oil-water separation. The
results showed that the performance of the jet pump was influenced by the jet velocity,
nozzle diameter, and inlet fluid properties. The optimal design parameters were identified to
maximize the efficiency of the jet pump in oil-water separation. The study provided insights
into the design and optimization of jet pumps for oil-water separation.
 Chapter 3
Methodology