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What - Are - Signals - 2 Signal and Systems Iiitb

The document provides an introduction to signals and systems concepts including: 1. Periodicity of discrete-time signals and the fundamental period. 2. Definitions of even and odd signals using their behavior under time reversal. 3. The concept of energy and power signals and computing their energy and power. 4. Various transformations that can be applied to signals including time-shifting, reflection, and scaling.

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8 views36 pages

What - Are - Signals - 2 Signal and Systems Iiitb

The document provides an introduction to signals and systems concepts including: 1. Periodicity of discrete-time signals and the fundamental period. 2. Definitions of even and odd signals using their behavior under time reversal. 3. The concept of energy and power signals and computing their energy and power. 4. Various transformations that can be applied to signals including time-shifting, reflection, and scaling.

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SIGNALS & SYSTEMS :

INTRODUCTION
2ND SEP 2022
SIGNAL ATTRIBUTES

• Periodicity :
• For a Discrete-time signal to be periodic with period ‘N’ it
has to satisfy, x[n] = x[n+N], for all integer values of n

• i.e x [n] = x[n + mN], m Ɛ Z

• Fundamental period ?
PERIODICITY

• What is the span of a Periodic signal ?

• Find whether the given signal is periodic and find fundamental period :

1. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝜋𝑡
2. 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 6𝜋𝑡 + cos(5𝜋𝑡)
3. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝑛
4. 𝑥 𝑛 = cos(3𝜋
4
𝑛)

5. 𝑥 𝑛 = sin(3𝜋
4
𝑛) + cos(5𝜋
7
𝑛)
EVEN SIGNALS

What is an Even signal ?


When s(t) = s(-t), then it is EVEN, Eg. cos(t)
ODD SIGNALS

• What is an Odd signal ?


When s(t) = -s(-t), then it is ODD, Eg. sin(t)
EVEN-ODD DECOMPOSITION
PROBLEMS

1. Find the even and odd components of 𝑒 𝑗𝑡


PROBLEMS

1. Find the even and odd components of 𝑒 𝑗𝑡


Show that the product of two even signals or of two odd
signals is an even signal and that the product of an even and an
odd signaI is an odd signal.
Show that the product of two even signals or of two odd
signals is an even signal and that the product of an even and an
odd signaI is an odd signal.
For each of the following signal determine if it is even or odd or
neither even nor odd
PRACTICE PROBLEM
ENERGY

• Signal with finite energy is Energy signal

Typically, signal with finite energy should be non-zero over a compact interval
POWER

• A signal with finite Power is called Power signal


POWER-ENERGY SIGNALS
POWER-ENERGY SIGNALS

What is the power of an Energy signal ?


SAMPLE PROBLEMS
DETERMINE VALUES OF P∞ AND E∞

1. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗(2𝑡+ 𝜋Τ4)
2. 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡
𝜋𝑛 𝜋
3. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗( 2 + 8 )
𝜋
4. 𝑥 𝑛 = cos( 𝑛)
4
PROBLEMS

1) x[n] = 1/n, for nǂ0; Else 0

Find Energy
E = 2 x Σ(1/n2) = 2 x (π2/6)

Hence Energy signal


What do you observe in the signal ?
PROBLEMS

2) x[n] = (-1)n

What is the Energy of this signal ?


PROBLEMS

2) x[n] = (-1)n
For finite length signal → Eg : x = [1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1]
What is the Energy of this signal ?
Energy in python → sum(abs(x)**2)
Infinity..why ??
Power in python → (1/(2*N+1))*sum(abs(x)**2)
PROBLEMS

2) x[n] = (-1)n
For finite length signal → Eg : x = [1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1]
What is the Energy of this signal ?
Energy in python → sum(abs(x)**2)
Infinity..why ??
Power in python → (1/(2*N+1))*sum(abs(x)**2)

What is the Power of this signal ?


𝑛
1
𝑃 = lim ∗ ෍ 1
𝑛→∞ (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑚=−𝑛

P=1 → This is a Power signal


DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF A SIGNAL

• What are possible Transformations of the Independent Variable ??


TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

• Time shift
a) For Cts-time signal, x(t), time-shift makes it x(t-t0)
Time-shift preserves the shape of the signal
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

x(t)
EXAMPLE
TIME-SHIFT FOR DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS

For Discrete-time signal, x[n], time-shift makes it x[n-n0]


Time-shift preserves the shape of the signal
REFLECTION

• x(t) When time-reversed gives x(-t)


• x[n] when time-reversed gives x[-n]

• Real-life examples :
• Mirror Reflection
• Playing audio/video tape in reverse
REFLECTION

• x(t) When time-reversed gives x(-t)


• x[n] when time-reversed gives x[-n]

• Real-life examples :
EXAMPLES
SCALING

• x(t) When time-axis is scaled by “A” gives x(At)


PROBLEM

For x(t) indicated in Figure,


sketch the following:
1. x(-t)
2. x(t+2)
3. x(2t+2)
4. x(1-3t)
PLOT THE FOLLOWING SIGNALS

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