INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT SERVICE

• One of the prerequisites to successful mass tourism is convenient

access to destinations
• Transport industry has acquired a fundamental place in the global
network system by facilitating mobility of persons and goods from
one place to another through various modes of transportation.
TRANSPORTATION
• is the movement of people and goods from one place to
Another
• The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare
("to carry")

INTERMODAL
TRANSPORT
• Use of more than one
mode of transportation to
move a shipment to its
destination
• Most common example:
rail/truck
• Also water/rail/truck or
water/truck
• Grown considerably with
increased use of
containers
• Increased global trade has also increased use of intermodal transportation
PIPELINE TRANSPORT
• is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Liquids and gases are
transported in pipelines and any chemically stable substance can be sent
through a pipeline.

BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION

ANCIENT TRANSPORTATION
- The history of transportation goes back to the prehistoric ages when man
learned to live in groups and traveled extensively in search of food and
shelter. The prehistoric transportation mostly consisted of walking and
swimming (when required).
- Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between 4,000 and
3,000 BC. Camels were domesticated slightly later between 3,000 and
2,000 BC.
- Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented in Iraq. At first,
wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together to form a
circle but after 2,000 BC they were made with spokes.
 - About 3,100 BC the Egyptians invented the sailing boat. They were
- made of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together.
- About 2,700 BC the Egyptians began using wooden ships for trade by
sea. Early ships were steered by a long oar.
ROMAN TRANSPORTATION
- They built large merchant ships called cortia, which could carry up to
1,000 tons of cargo.
- The Romans also built lighthouses to aid shipping.
11th and 12th CENTURY
- The Compass: First used by Chinese sailors around 1100 A.D., the
compass made navigating ships and traveling long distances much more
reliable and safe.
14TH CENTURY
- The Caravel: This type of sailing ship was used by Spanish and
Portuguese explorers and traders during their voyages of discovery. From
Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, the caravel was popular due to its
speed. Caravels have also been used for fishing and war.
15TH CENTURY
- Circumnavigation- As better ships and maps were developed, European
explorers embarked on longer voyages. The first known expedition to
successfully sail around the world was led by Ferdinand
Magellan (1519-1522). Magellan set out on his journey with five ships but
only ship returned to Spain ; Magellan himself died in a battle during the
voyage.
1663
- The first turnpike roads open. Turnpikes are privately owned and
maintained but you have to pay to use them. Their name comes from an
old word for a gate, pike. In towns the wealthy are carried by sedan
chairs.
17TH – 18TH CENTURY
- In the early 18th century goods were often transported by pack horse.
Moving heavy goods was very expensive. However in 1759 the Duke of
Bridgewater decided to build a canal to bring coal from his estate at
Worsley to Manchester. He employed an engineer called James Brindley.
- Meanwhile in France the Montgolfier brothers invented the hot air balloon
in 1783. The hydrogen balloon was also invented in 1783. In 1785 two
men, Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries flew over the English
Channel in a hydrogen balloon.
19TH CENTURY
1815 - Steamships begin crossing the English Channel
1819 - The Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic
1825 - The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England, the world’s first
passenger railway.
1863 -The first underground railway in Britain was built in London
1890 - The first electric underground trains began running in London
1900 - The Paris Metro opened.
1869 - The first transcontinental railway is completed in America.
1885 and 1886 - Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars.
1885 - The motorbike was patented
1880s - the safety bicycle was invented and cycling soon became a popular
hobby.

20th CENTURY
- Transportation greatly improved during the 20th century.
- However in 1940 only about one in 10 families in Britain owned a car.
They increased in number after World War II. By 1959 32% of
households owned a car. Yet cars only became really common in the
1960s. By the 1970s the majority of families owned one.
- Aircraft and space ships are also some of the defining technologies of the
twentieth century. Safe air travel makes it possible to visit another country
for a short vacation and return – a luxury that would have been
impossible for Magellan and Columbus to imagine.
1903 - The Wright Brothers conduct the world’s very first flight at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina.
1919 - planes began carrying passengers between London and Paris.
1908 - The first plane flight in Britain was made
1952 - The first passenger jet service began
1908 - The first Model T Ford automobile is built-in Detroit, Michigan.
1927 - Pilot Charles A. Lindbergh completes the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flight
from America. He covered a distance of more than 3,600 miles in only 33 hours.
1961- Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human being to reach
space in the Vostok 1 spacecraft. The first American in space, Alan Shepard,
went into space later.
1970 - The Boeing 747, the first 'Jumbo jet' was introduced
1994 - The Channel Tunnel opened

21ST CENTURY
- The next step in transport will probably be commercial suborbital space
flight. At the moment it is still in the future and at first it will inevitably be
very expensive but it will eventually become cheap enough for ordinary
people to afford.

TRAVEL EVOLUTION ERA

PRE-INDUSTRIAL TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
- It was the era of stagecoach and the wayside inns
- Only few people had the money and the reason to travel
EARLY INDUSTRIAL TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
- The era of steam ships
- Road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamship services
were brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in
transportation technology
MATURE RAILWAY SYSTEM ERA
 - This era was characterized by railway which expanded their operations
by running hotels and providing other travel- related services

EXPRESS TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA

- Express services increased
- Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or
terminal but only at the major ones
AUTOMOBILE-BASED TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
- This influence of the privately- owned automobile was enhanced in North
America and Europe from the 1920’s onward
- Car ownership boomed in North America
MODERN TOURISM TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
- The period from 1945-1974 is known as the modern tourism travel
system era
- Car ownership continued to grow
- Mass air travel was another post World War II occurrence
- The introduction of wide-bodied jets in 1970 greatly increased air travel
POST MOBILITY ADJUSTMENT ERA
- This era began in 1973-1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by
OPEC and the resulting increase in fuel prices
- The events of the energy crisis basically changed the travel patterns
throughout the world
PRESENT ERA
- The present era is one in which travelers continue to look to alternative,
group – oriented modes of transportation

ROAD TRANSPORTATION
- A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
Most definitions of car say they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight
people, have four
tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods.
Reasons why automobile are the most popular mode of transport:
1. Affordability
2. Flexibility
3. Convenience
4. Personal Control
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
1769 - The first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation
was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.
1808 - François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal
combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.
1870 - Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine,
which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively more sophisticated
combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars.
1873 - One of the first "real" automobiles was produced by Frenchman Amédée
Bollée
1885 - Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is
also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other
identical copies
1913 - The Ford Model T of Henry Ford, created by the Ford Motor Company
five years prior, became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving
assembly line.
1927 - Ford had produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles.
Electric vehicles first appeared in the mid-19th century.
- At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and other
alternative fuel vehicles has increased due to growing concern over the
problems associated with hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles, including damage
to the environment caused by their emissions, and the sustainability of
the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure as well as
improvements in electric vehicle technology.
THE GROWTH OF CAR OWNERSHIP NECESSITATED ROAD
IMPROVEMENTS
- The United States federal government participated in the construction
and maintenance of roads when it passed an act in 1916, matching state
appropriations for new roads
- It was climaxed by the Interstate Act in 1949 which allowed traveler to
move coast to coast, border to border
1930’s – German constructed their network of autobannen, these four-lane
divided highways were the world’s first high speed roads
1940 - the first turnpike was built in Pennsylvania
TWO IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL ARE
RECREATIONAL VEHICLES AND CAR RENTALS
1918 - Car rental industry began when a Chicago Ford dealer started to rent
secondhand model T’s
1924 – the company was bought by John D. Hertz, the founder of yellow Cab
Company
1946 – Avis, the biggest competitor of Hertz was founded by a retired US Air
Force officer, Warren E. Avis. Avis specialized in airport rental locations
1948 – Avis started downtown rental locations
- It was during the same period that National Car Rental was organized
- Four companies that dominated the US market : Hertz, Avis, Budget and
National
- Other companies: Alamo, Dollar, Thrifty and General
- 1960’s and early 1970’s can be attributed to the introduction of fly/drive
Concept
RECREATIONAL VEHICLES
- The recreational vehicle (RV) deserves special mention because
according to the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA), there
are currently 8.3 million RVs on the road in the United States. RVers
 travel an average of 4,500 miles per year, spending 26 days in their
vehicle. In Canada, privately owned RVs are at 500,000 to 850,000.
- A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or
trailer which includes living quarters designed for accommodation.
- Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, caravans (also known
as travel trailers and camper trailers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers
and truck campers.
CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
- An important aspect of automobile travel is the rental car industry, whose
growth has been paralleling or exceeding the growth in air travel.
- Air travel is critical to the car rental business as airport revenues account
for much of overall car rentals in the United States. Hertz is the airport
market leader with about 25 percent of the airport rental business.
KEY MARKETS - GLOBAL OPERATING CAR RENTAL COMPANIES SELL
THEIR SERVICES DIRECTLY TO:
1. The Public
2. Travel Agent (individual and chains)
3. Airlines
4. Specialized car rental brokers – the brokers resell to the travel trade; the legal
contract however remains between the client and the car rental company, broker
and travel trade act only as intermediaries.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN MARKETS TO CAR RENTAL: BUSINESS AND
LEISURE. AS TRAVEL AGENT, YOU HAVE FOUR MAIN PARTNERS:
1. Car rental companies
2. Tour operators
3. Car brokers
4. Airlines
VEHICLE AND VEHICLES MATRIX CODE
To make it easy for booking agents to define the vehicles requested by each
customer, there is the vehicles matrix code and outlined in the trade practice
Standard Interline Passengers Procedures (SIPP).
- Carmaster, Galileo’s car rental program, uses globally recognized
standard codes to define car groups. Each character in the 4-character
Vehicle Code represents characteristics of the vehicles.
- Example – CCMN is a compact car/ 2 or 4 door / manual transmission /
no air- conditioning
EXTRA AMENITIES
Cars can be equipped according to your client’s particular needs or for particular
road conditions in certain areas, such as:
1. Toddler and baby car seats
2. Roof luggage racks
3. Ski / winter equipment – including ski rack, ice scrapers, all weather or snow
tires and snow chains
4. Computer navigation systems
5. Mobile telephone
SPECIAL REQUEST AND SERVICES
- Special physical challenged or handicapped drivers, services such as
designated parking at car rental stations and easy access transfer buses
in airport locations are provided.
- Chauffeur-driven vehicles are recommended in difficult terrain, in
countries where people drive on the other side of the road than at home
and in countries whose language differs from the tourist. Chauffeurs often
serve also as a tour guide and aides in difficult situations.
INSURANCE
- The only general rule is that cars usually do not come with insurance.
Insurance options depend on the rate type and program booked.
MAINTENANCE
- The major car rental companies operate on fleet quality program. They
check their vehicle after each rental. Normal wear and tear is included in
the rental fees. However, petrol is the client concern.
o Bring the tank back full
o Leave the filling up to a rental company and pay more than the fuel cost
o Buy a tank full of petrol at relatively low cost from the car rental
company at the beginning of the rental
HOW AND WHERE CAR RENTAL IS DISTRIBUTED - THERE ARE THREE
WAYS TO BOOK A CAR:
1. Directly
2. Travel agents and airlines offices
3. Car rental offices and their websites
CAR RENTAL IN THE PHILIPPINES - car rental companies in the Philippines
are Avis, Hertz, Car Rental Manila, among others
TAXI AND LIMOUSINE SERVICE - Taxi and limousine service plays an
exceedingly important part of tourism. Business persons and tourists alike would
have a difficult time getting from place to place if these services were not
available.
TNVS - Transport Network Vehicle Service or TNVS in the Philippines is an
efficient lifestyle change according to Filipinos. It is a convenient alternative
instead of facing the everyday commute woes of Metro Manila.
ROAD WORTHINESS
Roadworthiness or streetworthiness is a property or ability of a car, bus, truck or
any kind of automobile to be in a suitable operating condition or meeting
acceptable standards for safe driving and transport of people, baggage or cargo
in roads or streets, being therefore street-legal.
A CERTIFICATE OF ROADWORTHINESS (also known as a ‘roadworthy’ or
‘RWC’) shows that your vehicle is safe enough to be used on public roads. A
roadworthy is required in the selling of a vehicle and when it's being re-
registered, and to clear some problematic notices.
o wheels and tires
o steering, suspensions and braking systems
o seats and seatbelts
o lights and reflectors
o windscreen, and windows including front wipers and washers
o vehicle structure
o other safety related items on the body, chassis or engine

SIGNIFICANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORT TO TOURISM

- Today, the most popular and widely used mode of road travel is the
automobile. Road transport is dominated by the automobile, which
provides views of the landscape and the freedom to travel. Tourist often
travels with their entire family for holidays. To promote tourism, tourist
cars are significant in traveling.
- Tourist also uses their own motorcar when holidaying. The car rental
segment of the tourism industry is in a very advanced stage in foreign
countries.
LAND TRANSPORT: THE BUS AND MOTOR COACH
- Bus travel is usually cost-effective, eco-friendly, flexible and tourists often
get to appreciate the sceneries going to their destination. In big countries
like the United States and Australia, travel by bus is sometimes the
cheapest way to get around.
TYPES OF BUSES
1. Single-decker bus - A bus with one floor and can carry about 30 people.
Some
single-decker buses have doors at the front only and others have doors in the
middle and back.
2. Double-decker bus - A bus that has two floors or sometimes called decks. It
can carry about 70 people. There are buses that have doors in the middle and
back and some buses only have doors at the front.
3. Low-floor bus - A bus that is nearer the ground than other buses so you can
get in and out more easily. This type is often used in cities. The floor may get
lower when the bus stops and higher when it moves.
4. Trolleybus - A bus that gets its energy from electric cables above the street,
not
from petroleum fuel.
5. Articulated bus - A bus that can bend in the middle so that it can be long and
still move in small streets.
6. Guided bus - A bus that is guided on rails like a train but is used on normal
streets.
7. Hybrid bus - A bus that has two engines, for example a fuel engine and an
electric engine.
8. An open top bus is a double-decker or single-decker bus, which has been
built without a roof or has had the roof removed. Some open top buses have half
a
roof at the front and some don't have one at all. Open top buses are usually
used by tourists for sightseeing
9. Shuttle bus - a bus that drives between places without many stops. It is often
seen on places where lots of people meet like airport.
10. School bus - a bus used to transport students to their school and university.
In most countries, the color of school bus is usually yellow.
11. Minibus - A bus that is smaller than normal buses. It can carry about 8 to 25
people.
12. Coach / Motor coach - A bus that is used for driving long distances with as
much comfort as possible and more room. This type of bus is usually used on
tours.

BUS VERSUS COACHES

Buses and coaches are both used for transporting passengers from one place to
another. Coaches are often confusedly referred to as buses and vice versa.
Generally speaking buses are term used for public transportation while a coach
refers to a more luxurious form of bus and is frequently used in the travel and
tourism industry. Also, buses and coaches differ in service, pricing and comfort.

BRIEF HISTORY OF
BUS AND MOTOR
COACH
1820s – horse-drawn buses
were used
1830s - regular intercity bus
services by steam-powered
buses were pioneered
in England
1833 – the first
mechanically propelled
omnibus appeared on the
streets of
London on April 22
1882 – The Siemens
brothers, Sir William of England and Ernst Werner in
Germany collaborated on the development of the trolleybus concept. Sir
William proposed the idea and his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens made
and presented to the public the very first trolleybus called Electromote in
Halensee, Germany.
1895 – the first internal combustion engine buses or motor buses were used
using old Benz model
1898 – Gottlieb Daimler produced one of the earliest motor-bus models using a
double-decker bus. With the success and popularity of this bus, Daimler
expanded production selling more buses in London
1910 – The first mass-produced bus model, the B-type double-decker bus
designed by Frank Searle, entered into service. It was operated by the London
General Omnibus Company.
1910 – Gray Line, the largest sightseeing coach operator in the US began its
operations
1913- Royal Blue Coach Services purchased their first charabanc, one of the
earliest motorized vehicles
1923 – The Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company, which rapidly became a
major manufacturer of buses in the US, was founded in Chicago by John D.
Hertz.
1925 – General Motors purchased a majority stocks and changed its name to
the Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company
1928 – Greyhound Company, the largest privately owned bus company in the
world, was established
20th Century – widespread introduction of the contemporary recognizable form
of full-sized buses
21st Century – interest in using and manufacturing hybrid electric buses, fuel
cell buses and buses using natural gas or biodiesel are growing because of
environmental concerns particularly in finding ways to decrease the carbon
dioxide emissions

Bus performs two major roles:

1. to provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services or
for public transport
2. to provide charter and tour services
CHARTERS AND TOURS
- Both domestic and international travelers are heavy users of motor
coaches because coach travel gives them time to see and experience
sights with a group of friends or colleagues without having to deal with
road restrictions, traffic and road maps, especially in a foreign country.
- Charter and tour service is the fastest growing segment of the bus or
motor coach industry.
- City sightseeing is the largest operator of a good view. Specialist tour
buses are also often owned and operated by safari parks and other
theme parks or resorts.
FEATURES OF MOTOR COACHES
- Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods of time on long
journeys, are designed for comfort. They vary considerably in quality from
country to country and within countries.
o Comfortable seats that may include a folding table, armrests and recliner
o Luggage racks above the seats where passengers can access their carry-on
baggage
o Baggage compartments, often under the main floor or at the rear, where
passengers' luggage can be stowed away from the seating area
o Passenger service units mounted overhead, on which personal reading lights
and air conditioning ducts can be controlled and used by individual passengers
with little disturbance to other passengers
o Onboard rest rooms fitted with chemical toilets, hand basin and hand sanitizer
o On some coaches, on-board entertainment including movies and games
o On-board refreshment service or vending machines
o Wheelchair accommodation, possibly including a wheelchair lift for access
o Onboard Wi-Fi access
o Onboard AC Power

BUS TRAVEL AROUND THE WORLD

Japan – the JR Bus Kanto - collectively refers to the bus operations of Japan
Railways Group of companies in Japan. JR Bus is operated by eight regional
companies, each owned by a JR railway company. JR Bus companies provide
regional, long distance, and chartered bus services.
Thailand - Green Bus Thailand - provides Transport service and travel cover all
over Thailand and all country members in ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Central America – the Tica Bus Co. provide tours in Central America covering
the
capitals and cities of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica and Panama
Europe - Eurolines - is a network of 29 co-operating coach companies from all
over Europe offering partially integrated ticketing and extensive connections,
rather than a single company. As at March 2019, it was operating in 25 countries.
United Kingdom - National Express – is an intercity and interregional coach
operator providing services throughout United Kingdom.
Australia – the Firefly Express is one of the biggest interstate coach operators
USA and Canada - Greyhound Lines is an intercity bus common carrier serving
over 3,800 destinations across North America. The company's first route began
in
Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914, and the company adopted the Greyhound name in
1929. Since October 2007, Greyhound has been a subsidiary of British
transportation company, First Group but continues to be based in Dallas, Texas
where it has been headquartered since 1987. Greyhound and its sister
companies in FirstGroup America are the largest motorcoach operators in the
United States and Canada.

BUS TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The bus transportation in the Philippines is governed by DOTr through its
line agencies LTFRB and LTO. Most public buses operate intercity.
Provincial buses like Victory Liner, Genesis Transport, First North Luzon
and JAC Liner operate in Luzon and the Ceres Liner for Visayas and
Mindanao.
 - There are also tours and private companies that offers coach rentals for
tours such as Circle Transport Corporation, JTB Tours Philippines and
Luxe Bus.
PREMIUM POINT-TO-POINT BUS SERVICE
- Formerly known as Express Connect the Premium Point-to-Point (P2P) is
an express bus service in the country administered by the Department of
Transportation and operated by private bus companies in partnership with
the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board.
- Introduced in March 2015, the service is initially available in Metro
Manila connecting the city's suburbs to the central business districts,
including the Makati CBD, Ortigas Center and Bonifacio Global City. In
February 2016, the express bus service to the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport was launched with the franchise awarded to Air Freight 2100
(UBE Express). The service runs 24 hours a day with scheduled stops at
the SM Mall of Asia, Entertainment City and the Makati CBD.
- In September 2017, the land transportation board announced services to
Clark International Airport in Pampanga with three new routes provided
by Genesis Transport.
- As of March 2019, the Department of Transportation's premium P2P bus
service runs 31 routes across 52 stops in Metro Manila and nearby
suburbs in the Greater Manila Area.