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SQL Statements

The document discusses various SQL statements and techniques for manipulating and managing data in databases. It provides examples of inserting, selecting, updating, and deleting data from tables. It also demonstrates how to import and export data from CSV files, create views, perform aggregations, use unions, add indexes for performance, and optimize databases. The document covers important database concepts like data integrity, security, backups and restoring.

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Khalil Lawal
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

SQL Statements

The document discusses various SQL statements and techniques for manipulating and managing data in databases. It provides examples of inserting, selecting, updating, and deleting data from tables. It also demonstrates how to import and export data from CSV files, create views, perform aggregations, use unions, add indexes for performance, and optimize databases. The document covers important database concepts like data integrity, security, backups and restoring.

Uploaded by

Khalil Lawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA MANIPULATION

--Populate table manually


INSERT into users (user_name, description) values ('olaola', 'ola');

---Fetch data from table in a database


SELECT sum(quantity) AS sum_of_qty, pizza_id
FROM pizzas
WHERE pizza_id in ('%s')
ORDER BY sum_of_qty DESC

0r

-- Sum of quantity of pizza ordered per pizza_id for all pizzas_id starting with the letter 's'
SELECT sum(quantity) as sum_of_qty, pizza_id
FROM order_details
WHERE pizza_id like ('s%')
GROUP BY pizza_id
ORDER BY sum_of_qty DESC;

--SELECT with DISTINCT


SELECT DISTINCT category FROM pizza_types;

-- SELECT with aliasing


SELECT
pizza_id AS Pizza_number,
quantity as Number_purchases
FROM
order_details
WHERE
quantity > 1;

--SELCT with WHere clause (In, between, like)


SELECT
*
from
order_details
where quantity<>3 or quantity <> 4;

select
*
from
order_details
where
quantity in (1,4);
SELECT
*
from
order_details
where
quantity between 1 and 3;

---- Using wildcards (_,%)


SELECT
*
from
order_details
where
pizza_id like 'm_x%m';

--Import csv file (use this in PSQL tool) (Data integration)


\COPY users FROM 'path' delimiter ',' csv header;

---Exporting Data to CSV:


COPY table_name TO '/path/to/export.csv' DELIMITER ',' CSV HEADER;

---Data Migration from one database to another

--- Insertion of Bulk record


BULK INSERT Products
FROM 'C:\path\to\new_products.csv'
WITH (FIELDTERMINATOR = ',', ROWTERMINATOR = '\n');

--Edit an existing recod


UPDATE your_table
SET status = 'active'
WHERE id = 1;

--Change table column data type


ALTER TABLE users
ALTER COLUMN new_description TYPE integer;

--Change table column name


ALTER TABLE users
RENAME COLUMN description to user_phone_number;

--Add a new column


ALTER TABLE users
Add Column email_address varchar;
--Delete column
ALTER TABLE users
Drop Column description;

--Delete row(s)
DELETE FROM users
WHERE email_address = '[email protected]';

--Add row (Use insert into)

--Delete table
DROP TABLE users;

--Convert data type of an existing column


ALTER TABLE users
ADD new_user_phone_number INTEGER;

UPDATE users
SET new_user_phone_number = CAST(user_phone_number AS INTEGER)
WHERE user_phone_number IS NOT NULL AND user_phone_number ~ '^[0-9]+$';
Note: The ~ '^[0-9]+$' condition checks whether the VARCHAR value contains only digits.

-- Cerate View for the profit and recaluculate from there


CREATE VIEW profit_table AS (
SELECT
product_category,
CAST(REPLACE(product_price, '$', '') AS numeric) - CAST(REPLACE(product_cost, '$', '') AS
numeric) AS profit,
sales.units*(CAST(REPLACE(product_price, '$', '') - CAST(REPLACE(product_cost, '$', '') AS
total_sales
FROM products
LEFT JOIN
sales
ON
products.product_id=sales.product_id
);
--- Perform aggregation (Sum, Avg, Max, Min, count etc)

SELECT
COUNT (*)
FROM
ORDER_DETAILS;

SELECT
AVG(QUANTITY) AS AVERAG_QUANITY,
SUM(QUANTITY) AS TOTAL_QUANTITY,
MAX(QUANTITY) AS MAXIMUM_QUANTITY,
MIN(QUANTITY) AS MINIMUM_QUANTITY
FROM
ORDER_DETAILS
WHERE
PIZZA_ID = 'THAI_CKN_1';

-- Perform UNION - use union to put distinct values together


SELECT * from january_class
UNION
SELECT * from february_class;

-- UNION ALL - use union to put all values together


SELECT * from january_class
UNION ALL
SELECT * from february_class;

-- Note that the above worked because the tables contain same columns with the same data types
and in the same order
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
Table Creation: Creating new tables to store data with CREATE TABLE statements.
Indexing: Adding indexes to columns for improved query performance.
Data Integrity: Defining constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints to ensure
data quality and consistency.
Backup and Restore: Regularly backing up databases to prevent data loss and restoring them if needed.
Database Security: Managing user access rights, permissions, and roles to ensure data security.
Database Optimization: Analyzing and optimizing queries and database design for better performance.

---Create database
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS Restaurant;

---Create table
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS customer (
cus_id serial PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
Customer_name VARCHAR NOT NULL
cus_address VARCHAR NOT NULL);

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