CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Fire Protection Systems

1.1.1 What Fire Protection System .
 A system that includes devices, wiring, piping, equipment and controls to detect a
fire or smoke, to actuate signal, and to suppress the fire or smoke.
 Fire / Smoke Detection (for fire and smoke sensors detect) Fire Suppression (for
Fire Fighting) and Smoke Extraction (for a smoke can be removed in an attempt to
wear cloth) required in machine tools, Wires, cables, Pipelines, Machinery and
control systems System Fire Protection Systems ( fire protection system ) is called.
1.1.2 What needs in jail.
 Primary Objectives (primary objective)
 It was not for the lost housing, Building Wealth for Fire Protection
 Secondary Objectives (second goal)
 Reduce the fire, it does not seem to work for
1.1.3 Fire Produces
 Thermal element: Flame and heat (heat and flames)
 Non-thermal element: Smoke and Toxics (smoke and fume)
Smoke is primary cause of fire related death. ( Fires associated with fatal cases is
the main cause of smoke. )

1.2 Life Safety is Ultimate Building Design

1. Building a Fire Protection for minimum requirements.
 Mean of Escape for the Occupants (for migrants can safely leave)
 To preventing the Spread of Fire Within the building and from one building to
another (within the building, or any other building for a fire outbreak prevention)
 Means of detection and extinguishment of fire (fires for sensor information for
Fighting) Bluetooth.
Not dangerous to people's lives for the most important requirement for a building. If a
fire broke out inside the first risk will remain. Live, Holders, Building Mode, In addition to
business, depending on the type and height of the building Structural Fire Precaution needs
may vary.

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 High-rise Building and the fact that people need protection for a challenge by Means
of Escape . For the ability to protect people at home during the heat of the fire as necessary
for people at this High-rise Building may be required for the safer we can move.
From what people are trapped inside the fire itself is not impossible for the design
work. Fire systems are not properly maintained it, Emergency can not do your best because
of careless people's safety in the building is completely impossible for.
So Architects Engineers Building designers Life Safety , Side of the penalty, Clinical
Criteria, Extremely Design and Fire Regulations considered fairly difficult time, Restrictions
are often encountered.

1.3 Building Considered as a Whole

If you consider building an overall
1. Passive Fire Protection (fire resistant)
2. Active Fire Protection (Fire Fighting)
Preventive Passive Fire Protection Planning issues almost since the Building Design
Planning Stage Fire Hazard, Fire Risk also can reduce the risk of fire you should consider in
advance for. Fire resistant ability, For selecting materials that can not be burned, Fire,
fire, Smoke and toxic Fumes (nerve gas) no other place for the spread under control in
buildings, Fire-tight cells or compartments (rooms can penalty) Vertically Horizontally for
the alliance, Are based on an SSD installed.
Effective Passive Fire Protection is Good Planning, Good Design and Sound
Construction Show. This is to reinforce the building's other basic needs.
Active Fire Protection is getting people involved himself Fighting Manual Fire
Protection Systems can automatically Fighting Automatic Fire Protection Systems
and more. Fire for Some warn us, Fire control systems for Fighting
 Automatic Sprinklers (automatic water spray fire system)
 The stand pipe (Wet / Dry Risers) (for use by firefighters Fire water pump)
 Fire Hydrants (Inside and along the sidewalk outside the building of often using fire
water pump)
 Fire Hosereels (used in building fire hose)
 Fire and Smoke Detection (fire, heat and smoke detection alarm system),
 Gas Fire Suppression Systems(Fire gas systems, Pyrogen, CO2, Inergen XXX Halon,
FM-200, NN100, etc. )

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  Portable Fire Extinguishers (fire extinguishers)
 Smoke Spill / Smoke Control Systems (optimized for smoke breaks rent system,
smoke control system).
These Fire Alarm (fire alarm system) and Communication Systems Communication
Systems
(1) For the fire brigade can communicate with one another in the Fire Brigade
communication Systems
(2) Emergency instructions for the people can properly Evacuate solemnity, Public
Address Systems will participate.
You should use emergency Standby Power (Usually by Diesel Generator) when
considering the following equipment and emergency must be calculated depending on the
requirements.
 Electric Fire Pumps
 Emergency Command Center / Fire Command Center Equipment & Lighting
 Fire Lifts (serving all floors)
 Mechanical Equipment for Smoke Proof Enclosure
 Power for Detection, Alarm, and Communication Systems
 Emergency Lightings

1.4 Fire Science

Figure 1.1 Fire Triangle (Triangle)

Three basic causes fire
1. Fuel (fuel) , ie Something To Burn
2. Air (air, oxygen) , ie oxygen to Sustain the combustion
3. Heat (thermal)

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 Fire from the fulfillment of these three problems. Add including Chemical
Reaction fire tetrahedron (pyramid) is also considered. This will be taken to a
fire. This principle (principle) is the base for all fire systems.

Causing huge losses causing great fires,timely, While a glass of water can be enough
to put out the latent cup.
Ignition, Growth and Development of Fire

 Ignition : Fuel and Oxygen reactive open fire, heat and light generated Process .
 Growth : open fire with fire by itself and is likely to accelerate, Locked in an
apartment fire can burnCombustible Material can reach Gas Constriction heating
allows Critical Stage fire came suddenly Kinect devices will open
fire. Flashover forbidding world.
 Flashover : Enclosed Area Combustible Material simultaneously in a fire and called
us.
 Development: the heat of the fire at this time run. Other places with high temperatures
from the printing speed and the infection can cause burns.
 Decay: after burning any fuel or oxygen, Feebleness fire fallen fire (fire Nyunt
reasonable level) arrived.
 fire Combustible Material that can scale (liquid) was called Fuel Load .

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1.5 Fire Protection in Buildings
Fire hits Total Fire Safety System Structural Integrity, a fire at a building's capacity
can not fall is reproduced. There are still people inside the building's collapse if
recession. Workmanship quality (quality of workmanship) and Durability of materials
used (raw capacity), Sustainability (ability Durable) The need for close attention. Effectively
the extent needed for Fire Resistance (fire resistant syrup) for clients. Fire Resistance Criteria
 Insulation : resistant heat resistant and conductive heat resistance capability.
 Integrity : Simply can not waste time getting it, Flames and smoke control capacity.
 Stability : for structural elements of an emergency capabilities.
Structural Fire Protection 's role is to fire and smoke spread from somewhere other
place. Fire can not control the infection for the best way for early detection (for sensory
information), and Extinguishment (murder). This situation can trust for a fire system
and requires a Good Housekeeping .

1.6 Fire Hazard Assessment

Fire support points
 Burning a material consideration
 These fires pairs (ie their calorific value)
 Surface Area : Many of the items at the near surface usually ignite.
 The potential heat source
 Airflow condition and unrestricted air supply that sustain combustion.
 Within the building design and construction materials can impact more than one.
Architects or Engineer building's use, location, area, Can remain inside and high
population mobility (movement ability) estimate fire risk scale depending on the Design and
Construction of justifying.
Fire Fire Tests object when asphyxiating gases, Fume and with eyes irritation, Blur
and mood visually block smoke emissions. Many plastic materials when burning a highly
poisonous vapors and very dense smoke emission. The Building Consultant of materials used
to building features important feature for checking before. Factors that you should consider
 fire, Smoke and water damage that can
 Burning parts falling Commons - skylight etc.
 Fire resistant prepare your case Repair Issue

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  In exchange for the maintenance and for the maintenance and replacement issues ,
Bluetooth.

1.7 Good Building Design with Fire Safety Measures

Fire vehicles and fire appliances access must be placed sufficiently. Fire brigade and
rescue of persons targeted to support fire hydrants and other necessary facilities are required.
Can be fast, efficient detection and fighting for the appropriate conditions for
adequate pay a fixed installation .
Building services when designing and installing work, Services Smoke and toxic
fumes epidemic, we must take into consideration for the aid. (For example, Fire Damper in
air ducts, Fire seal for pipes when penetrating fire rated walls ..)
Construction can not swim faster, No dangerous smoke and fume emissions, choose
the materials .Building fire resisting walls and floors, three equal-
sized compartments (rooms) as it must have been. Floor interconnections between
one or a Fire compartment and openings along must also provide appropriate fire stops .
exterior of a building over a building from a fire escape thinking must Designing and
constructing .

1.8 Fire Safety Regulations / Acts

 Almost all countries for the protection of people's lives are often imposed in the Fire
Safety Regulations . The main building, Both those inside, Fire brigade protective
provisions for non-compliance are often involved. Building permit for the Fire
Department also usually requires Approval . So knowing International Fire legislations
and Standards need for respect.
 Protecting the risk of fire in a building with sufficient and safe risk when considering
migrants sufficient and safe fire brigade risk relate
adaptable, smoke, Fume effects (consequences) overall solution designed to kill the
three facilities, are important for understanding.

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 CHAPTER II
Classification Of Fire Protection System
2.1 Classification
Fire Protection Systems Design wave group called the Classification of justifying
discrimination.
 Classification of Fire
 Classification of Hazards
 Classification of Occupancy
 Classification of Commodity Stored

1. Classification of Fire (NFPA / BS)

Class Method of Extinguishing
Risk Involved
NFPA BS Extinguishment Agent

Ordinary Combustible materials

water
A A (such as Woods, fold the clothes, Cooling
Foam
paper, plastics, etc.)
Inflammable liquid Dry Powder,
B B (oils, Greases, Tars, Oil-based paints, Smothering CO2 gas,
Lacquers, Flammable gases, etc.) Foam
Fire Involving Gases, eg oxygen, Dry Chemical
- C Smothering
LPG, LNG, etc. Powder
Combustible Materials
D D (magnesium, titanium, Zirconium, Special Methods Special Methods
sodium, lithium and potassium)
Smothering with
Dry Powder,
C E Energized Electrical Equipment non-conductive
CO2 gas,
agent
Dry Powder,
- F Fire Involving fats and cooking oils Smothering
CO2 gas,
Unlike a system Classifications and after careful research relevant Classifications . These
criteria are often shown with Graphics .

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2. Classification of Hazards (NFPA)
Class Locations Combustible Materials Abbr.
Non-Industrial Type Premises
Minor Amount of Class A
Light (Low) (Offices, Classroom, churches, XLH
Materials .
assembly halls, etc.)
Commercial and Industrial
Handling and processing
Premises OH1
of materials class A &
Ordinary (Mercantile shops and allied OH2
B ; Unlikely to burn
(moderate) storage, light manufacturing, OH3
intensely in the early stage
research operations, auto OH3 (S)
of fire.
Showroom, garages, etc.)
High Storage / Production Cat I
Commercial and Industrial
Extra of Class A & B materials . Cat II
Premises With abnormal Fire
(high) Likely to develop rapid and Cat III
Load
intensely burning fires Cat IV

3. Classification of Occupancy (BOCA, UBC, SBC)

Group Description Abbr.
A-1 : Occupied by more than 1,000 people and the
A Assembly A-2 : Less Than 1,000 People A-1 to A-5
A-3, A-4 & A-5 : Others
B Business Used for offices, professions, or service-type transitions B
E-1, E-2 : Elementary Schools,
E Educational E-1 to E-3
E-3 : Daycare
F-1 : Hazard moderate,
F Factory F1, F2
F-2 : Low Hazard
H-1 to 7 : Depends on the hazardous material handled /
H Hazard H-1 to H-7
stored.
I-1 : Nurseries, Hospitals, Nursing Home.
I Institutional I-1 to I-3
I-2, I-3 : Others
M Mercantile Used for display, storage, and sale of merchandise M
R Residential R-1 : Hotels or Motels, or boarding Houses R-1 to R-4

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 R-2 : Multi-family dwellings
R-3 : One or two family dwelling.
R-4 : Child Care
S-1 : Hazard moderate
S-2 : Low Hazard
S Storage S-3 : Repair Garage S-1 to S-5
S-4 : Open Parking Garage
S-5 : Air Craft
U Utility Building that does not covered by the above groups. U

4. Classification of Commodity Stored

 NFPA plastic, Rubber material and graphene properties, then Group A, Group
B or Group C identify. Storage (wood, metal, wood, plastic, etc.), product
type (type) and quantity (amount) has Commodity defines Class I to
IV classification. The same type but with different amounts of material from the
same Class .
 Both British Standard Standards Class / sub- categories there are other cases. Able to
find the necessary requirements for notification.

2.2 Active Fire Protection

Active Fire Protection Systems are used in a system as shown below.
1. Portable Fire Extinguishers (fire extinguishers)
2. Fire Hydrants (Inside and along the sidewalk outside the building of often using fire
water pump)
3. Fire Hosereels (used in building fire hose)
4. The stand pipe / Rising Mains (Wet / Dry Risers)(for use by firefighters Fire water
pump)
5. Automatic Sprinkler System (automatic water spray fire system)
6. Gas Fire Suppression / extinguishing systems(Fire gas systems, Pyrogen, CO2,
Inergen XXX Halon, FM-200, NN100, etc. )
7. Fire (Heat) / Smoke detection and alarm systems (fire, heat and smoke detection
alarm system),
8. Pressurization System (which boost air pressure systems)

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 9. Smoke Control System Using Natural (Displacement) or Powered (Extracted)
ventilation (smoke breaks paints and enamels system, smoke control system)
10. Fire Lift (use emergency fire brigade elevators)
11. Emergency Power Systems (emergency generators)
12. The Fire Engineering-Performance-based approach (properly calculated, Simulate and
settlement system.)
Based Systems first introduced. But no rights when more information will be submitted
for each.

2.3 Components of Fire Protection System

2.3.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable Fire Extinguishers lets you use your fire extinguisher. Fire equipment is
based on the initial outbreak of fire incident (Trigger fire) mode is used for speed or
maintained to prevent something bigger. Fire Extinguisher technically utilization is still
sometimes called the fire brigade could put out the fire while effectively control its
dominance. But momentum is strong for a large scale fire Fighting. Portable for portable use,
as there needs to be a need for so much weight at least 20 kg ( 44 lb) more than for food.
Extinguishers for fire can quickly take the initiative in such a convenient way of
getting support must be provided.
Room exit door, Corridor, stairways Stair, lobby and landings should be set for. the
potential Fire Hazards (fire equipment), there must also close. Fire support was not for the
location must be very careful. As mentioned above classification, hazard class, and will be
calculated depending on the fire size selected.Rating indicates how flames called Fire
Size . Fire extinguishing agent containing material within usually take this describes Rating .
Singapore CP55: 1991 Select Class A Fire Extinguisher A 40 m 2 per unit for Low
Hazard Occupancy, 20 for medium and 15 for High Hazard. Low, Med, High Light,

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Ordinary, High and similar. 200m 2 Low hazard area in room 200/40 = 5 A needs. Class A
Fire in the room where you might want to take the case up to
the nearest extinguisher Maximum travel distance is 15m .
British Standard and Malaysia, Singapore ordinary buildings are often used
is called ABC Fire Extinguisher Dry Chemical Type . He said Class A, B, C Fire (in BS) just
use only. In addition, Class E (Electrical Fire) can also be used. ABC Fire Extinguisher and
the need to keep fighting for carbon disulphite and Class D: flammable metal
Fire fire, such as magnesium and sodium .
2.3.2 Fire hydrant

Growing economies with one's street side yard fireman called Fire hydrants in the
building using a water pump 300 - you'll see that there are about 500 apart. Generally
appropriate water pressure Pressure water plan and get ready to fire when necessary. Fire
Hydrant Firemen nearby open're usually closed Valve Chamber . Fire or other fire
engine hose shower and death by fire sprinkling Fire Hydrant water from other rent
supplement.
Fire Hydrant topics are not appropriate water pressure Pressure hydrant
pumps Pressure can give. Pressurized made it to film, or in a car, Plane through a street, Ape
big players injured insurgents wererunning Fire Hydrant on a prison scenes are shooting a
movie director to create a logical manner copied.
2.3.3 Fire Hose reel system

Hose reel is triggered emergency fire inside the building at the time are expected to be
used for a fire hose. To get require Pressure and Flowrate), hose reel pumps, fire water
storage tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves are installed if needed. Has been the need for

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storage space cabinet (box) compartment (Chapter I) can be in the room literally can expose.
When you select the number you can consider depending Coverage . Normal Standard
hose length and distance is usually set in advance. Many here Coverage Although they draw a
circle with the actual need, then people started wandering same channel measurements.
Hose reels are inside are used as intended for use safely is important for close and
easily accessible. Generally along escape routes or Fire near the exit . Accidental fire at the
time they are ready to leave it with me. Especially office Lift or Stair Lobby must run on Fire
exits . Or Lobby Smoke Stop Doors will open three full- time in the Lobby smoke and
optimal conditions to protect your system. Hose used a 30m Hose Normal Hose nozzle 6-
m distance from the defined Coverage Although mostly used with 30m earmarked.
Typically Architect infusion. This country, By city, Regulation would be needed for
the war. Adopted NFPA system was found Standpipe Class II and Standpipe (or) Fire
Sprinkler I'm using. Visually similar, but slightly used and has a slightly
different configuration.
2.3.4 Standpipe / Rising Mains

Rising Mains is equipped for use Firemen Internal Hydrants plates are. His
term Standpipe . NFPA used because Standpipe . There are two main Types used .
1. Dry (Dry Rising Mains / Dry Risers)
2. Wet (Wet Rising Mains / Wet Risers)
Dry Riser is not regularly fill water pipelines because MANs. He Fire Engine can be
used via the form. Wet Riser are Pressurized Water and fill it. Singapore, Malaysia
used Landing Valves Hose connection size 65mm (2-½ "). NFPA 1-½ "and 2-½ ".
Wet riser system usually involved some are
1. Riser pipe for driving duty fire pump with standby pump

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 2. Each 150mm diameter riser pipe and Canvas Hose Connection Connect for Landing
Valves
3. For spraying fire Canvas Hoses with nozzles
4. Canvas Hose hook For Hose cradle
5. System pressure can maintain for the jockey pump Pump called minor
Wet Riser stage each has a high specification. Allows up to 120m in Singapore
and Malaysia set up to 60m, even if exceptions are allowed 70.15m angry maximum allowed
No need to have a situation where systems are often set based on the building's
height. This fire appliance access level specified height has called Fire Base where the
vehicle is stopped .
Malaysia
 18.3 meters up to 30.5 meters: Dry Riser
 Above 30.5 meters: Wet Riser
 Wet Riser: 60 to 70.15m / Stage
Singapore country
 above 24m (general) / 10m (Purpose group II - Other residential) up to 60m: Dry
Riser
 Above 60m: Wet Riser
 Wet Riser: 120m / Stage
NFPA (US)
According to NFPA
 If you are more than 30 feet higher than the top ()
 Underground bottom floor if more than 30 feet lower,
 Fire department vehicle access and 400 feet longer than far if (exceptions. Sprinkler
Protected (or) less than 10,000 sqft (or) Boca: Group A-4, A-5, F-2, R-3, S-2 and U . )
 Malls
 Stages of a theater, auditorium, etc. where props are prepared and used.
Was Standpipe must add. Then the following frame define should use Wet System .
Buildings under 75 feet
 Less than 150 feet Automatic Sprinkler Protected Building
 Less than 150 feet Open Parking Structure
Standpipe has been divided into three Classes .
 Class I : 2-½ " Hoses station for use by the fire department,

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  Class II : 1-½ " Hoses station for use by the occupants of the building or the fire
department,
 Class III : Both Class I & Class II hoses
This has a Class II Malaysia, Singapore and British Standard Hosereel System and
find a private. Nature, there is little difference. Systems Wet, Dry and three
single Manual Classified vinyl. Its Dry Systems is a common occurrence at Compressed
Air fill the necessary Whether Automatically Semi-automatically add any driver. Manual Fire
Department is necessary (wet / dry) for use in the installation of private giving.

2.4 Automatic Sprinkler System

Automatic sprinkler system is the Water Supply, a network of pipes, sprinkler heads,
and other components are included in the building Temperature (or) Smoke
Level Detect and, When it concerns a predefined number automatically to put out the
fire, Wanring people can make an Integrated Fire Suppression System .
Normal Fire Sprinkler Systems include fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve
sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipework and
valves . This System can automatically operates itself without . Broken simply by heating at a
temperature defined Sprinkler Head consists of a liquid filled glass bulb , This split within
closed valve that opens when a Pressurized (high pressure) water around him started to put
out the spraying itself. The fire reached the required temperature
close Sprinkler plates Operate (broken water).
Available Temperature Ratings
Maximum
Nominal
Part ID Ambient Glass Bulb Color
Temperature Rating
Temp. Allowed
A 135 ° F / 57 ° C 100 ° F / 38 ° C Orange
C 155 ° F / 68 ° C 100 ° F / 38 ° C Red
E 175 ° F / 79 ° C 150 ° F / 65 ° C Yellow
F 200 ° F / 93 ° C 150 ° F / 65 ° C Green
J 286 ° F / 141 ° C 225 ° F / 107 ° C Blue
K 360 ° F / 182 ° C 300 ° F / 149 ° C Purple
M Open - No Bulb

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 All glass bulbs are rated for temperatures from -67°F/-55°C up to those shown in
adjacent table. Manufacturer and product code . Viking 's Product Code Temperature
SUFFIX (° F / ° C): 135 ° / 68 ° = A , 155 ° / 68 ° = B , 175 ° / 79 ° = D , 200 ° / 93 ° = E ,
212 ° / 100 ° = M, 286 ° / 141 ° = G , 360 ° / 182 ° = H , 500 ° / 260 ° = L , OPEN
= Z (Teflon® only) rating.
According to NFPA 13
Maximum Ceiling Temperature Temperature Color Code (with
Glass Bulb Color
Temperature Rating Classification Fusible Link)

135-170 ° F/ Uncolored or Orange(135°F) or

100 ° F / 38 ° C Ordinary
57-77 ° C Black red (155° F)
175-225 ° F/ Yellow (175°F) or
150 ° F /66 ° C Intermediate White
79-107 ° C Green (200° F)
250-300 ° F/
225 ° F / 107 ° C High Blue Blue
121-149 ° C
325-375 ° F/
300 ° F / 149 ° C Extra High Red Purple
163-191 ° C
400-475 ° / Very Extra
375 ° F / 191 ° C Green Black
204-246 ° C High
500-575 ° F/
475 ° F / 246 ° C Ultra High Orange Black
260-302 ° C
650 ° F /
625 ° F / 329 ° C Ultra High Orange Black
343 ° C

CHAPTER 3
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
3.1 List of Components

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 Table 3.1. Material Lists of Fire Protection System

Sn Items Nos
1 Pressure Pump 1
2 Fake Pump 2
3 Water Tank 2
4 Water Level Sensor 1
5 Sprinkler 3
6 Landscape 6
Sprinkler
7 Alarm Bell 1
8 No.1 Panel 1
9 PVC Pipe 7
10 Valve 10
11 Striner 1
12 45T 2
13 Cap 7
14 Air Vant 1
15 Casing 1
17 Exhaust Fan 1
18 Pressure Gauge 1
19 Wire 30 M

3.2 Main Diagram

3.3 Water Level Sensor Circuit

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3.4 Water Pumping System

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18